橐橐而行醉經(jīng)閣

碧水

寧波慈城曾經(jīng)有座醉經(jīng)閣，藏書很出名。聽老輩人述說，當(dāng)年通往醉經(jīng)閣的是一條長長的弄堂，經(jīng)過時(shí)，腳步聲“橐橐”地在冷冷的高墻間回蕩，虛化起嚴(yán)正肅穆的氣氛……前些年，筆者在做田野調(diào)查時(shí)，聽說了諸多有關(guān)故事。

庋藏之珍

醉經(jīng)閣主人叫馮云濠。馮家是數(shù)世藥商，家境素豐，也有文風(fēng)。馮云濠幼年喪父，讀書勤奮，于清道光十四年（1834）鄉(xiāng)試中式。他建有藏書閣，閣名“醉經(jīng)”，取自隋學(xué)者王通“心若醉六經(jīng)，目若營四海”（《中說·事君》）句，潛心經(jīng)學(xué)。閣中藏書數(shù)萬卷，既多經(jīng)部、子部之孤本珍本善本，尤多明版之輿地圖籍，可見藏書特色。

舊時(shí)，有人說，醉經(jīng)閣與寧波范氏天一閣齊名，這應(yīng)當(dāng)是因醉經(jīng)閣收藏有慈溪鄭氏二老閣的藏書，而二老閣的藏書一半得之余姚黃氏續(xù)抄堂之故。古代藏書往往有一條軌跡相接，代代傳承。江浙藏書宏富，明清時(shí)稱天下有三得其二，或說十占其七。如今寧波城市口號“書藏古今”，醉經(jīng)閣大約可為一佐證。

歷史上，藏書樓常有整理刻書之舉，以顯主人身價(jià)、學(xué)識，并保存文化，用作私家交流。醉經(jīng)閣也曾刻過一些書，其中《宋元學(xué)案》一種，為學(xué)界所重?！端卧獙W(xué)案》是思想家黃宗羲的一部未竟的學(xué)術(shù)史稿，后有多人包括史學(xué)家全祖望續(xù)修，亦未能完全撰定。馮云濠從鄞縣盧氏抱經(jīng)樓購來這一百卷稿本，與同年王梓材共同校訂完稿，并于道光十八年（1838）刻印。這也是后世將醉經(jīng)閣寫入藏書史志之中的重要原因之一。

在校訂《宋元學(xué)案》的同時(shí)，王氏、馮氏又作《補(bǔ)遺》，輯錄了四十二卷，后又補(bǔ)充，于道光二十一年（1841）整理出與《宋元學(xué)案》正編相同的卷數(shù)。由此，兩人在學(xué)術(shù)研究方面也有貢獻(xiàn)。據(jù)說，“醉經(jīng)閣，經(jīng)史子集四部各歸其伍，宋元儒文集不下百數(shù)十家，藉是以詳?！秾W(xué)案》，無待旁借于諸藏書舊家者；即《補(bǔ)遺》之輯，亦是閣有以成也”（王梓材《宋元學(xué)案補(bǔ)遺跋》），這也從旁證明了醉經(jīng)閣藏書的學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值。

此外，醉經(jīng)閣所藏之珍，有浙江巡撫曾恒德滋蕙堂刻石。曾氏是特別喜好名人書法真跡的官員，一路仕宦，一路收集，于清乾隆三十三年（1768）撰集刊刻叢帖《滋蕙堂法帖》。后來，曾氏動用巨額庫銀，請良匠刻石百方，擬作傳世，因而削官下獄。救人期間，曾子向慈城馮氏借銀墊補(bǔ)，后無力償還，就以百方刻石抵?jǐn)?shù)。馮云濠謝世后，這些碑刻被后人嵌入醉經(jīng)閣壁間。

散失之謎

醉經(jīng)閣現(xiàn)在已不在，其原因是發(fā)生竊書之案。筆者在寧波市檔案館查閱過舊報(bào)章上有關(guān)報(bào)道。

第一次重大竊案發(fā)生在1920年。當(dāng)年7月21日、8月10日、8月13日《時(shí)事公報(bào)》報(bào)道：

《藏書被竊》：慈溪馮氏醉經(jīng)閣藏書樓……其所藏之書半系宋明板木……平時(shí)不準(zhǔn)閑人登樓，此次不知如何被業(yè)古董者潛入樓中將宋板大書四十二部竊出運(yùn)至上海售于某書局，得價(jià)銀二萬元，前日因分贓不平，互相攻訐，致被樓主人得悉，即聯(lián)名稟縣請究。

《失書案定期傳訊》：茲聞竊賊蔣高明獲案后供是書賣與寧波三禮堂、三余堂兩家等。

《藏書被竊又一說》：茲探悉蔣高明……刁狡異常，于竊取之書售與掮客金某一層雖疊經(jīng)審究，堅(jiān)不承認(rèn)。查本案初因（族人）馮智先債臺高筑將父遺書籍售與高明，并談及醉經(jīng)樓藏書之富，（以致禍端）。

第二次重大竊案發(fā)生在1935年。當(dāng)年4月21日《時(shí)事公報(bào)》報(bào)道如下：

《醉經(jīng)閣珍籍私運(yùn)出境截獲后》：慈溪馮氏醉經(jīng)閣藏書豐富，版本珍貴，與寧波范氏天一閣，為浙東有數(shù)之藏書樓。前夜（十九日）竟發(fā)現(xiàn)有人將閣中珍籍偷販運(yùn)滬，售與日人，經(jīng)縣政府中途截獲，亟錄詳情如次

[偷販裝運(yùn) 幸經(jīng)截獲]十九日晚間……有江蘇吳縣人書賈李勁庵、楊彭齡等，偷販醉經(jīng)閣圖籍，已成交待運(yùn)，（縣府）立飭車站輪埠警丁，守候查截……至則果見書籍十余大包，已經(jīng)裝就，正待挑運(yùn)，有二書賈在旁指點(diǎn)，遂帶人到案

[午夜開庭 審問詳情]……此次馮氏出賣醉經(jīng)閣書籍，系出于四房公意，主賣人為房長馮葵仙

[保護(hù)文獻(xiàn) 決予收買]……已而房長馮葵仙以及介紹賣書人南山嫂，亦均傳到……此次偷買珍籍，全系南山嫂所拉攏，即諭發(fā)押，馮葵仙、吳書賈二，均交保出外……本縣熱心保護(hù)鄉(xiāng)邦文獻(xiàn)者之多，決不肯坐視運(yùn)往外埠，淪于異域，決函旅滬殷紳，籌款收買

古代藏書樓多有風(fēng)雨沉浮。其實(shí)，醉經(jīng)閣在遭遇這兩次竊案之前，馮氏后人有零星不斷的盜賣，“其精華之被潛移默運(yùn)者久也”（1935年《文瀾學(xué)報(bào)》第二卷第一期），只是不被外界所詳知罷了。

殘存之幸

1936年，醉經(jīng)閣第二次被盜追回的珍籍由同邑秦氏抹云樓作價(jià)收藏，主人秦潤卿有日記一一記錄：

1936年1月3日，晴。商售醉經(jīng)閣存書。

7月24日（晴）。抹云樓承買醉經(jīng)（閣）書籍，先送來二千冊，整理曬之。過了兩天（晴）。整理書籍半天，醉經(jīng)閣又來書四千余件，非一星期不能整齊，惟書櫥新做既不及，馮氏意見分歧，未允價(jià)賣，殊一難事也。

27日（晴）。請干欐卿、錢炳南等整理書籍，向醉經(jīng)閣借書櫥八口。

8月6日（晴）。馮葵仙到抹云樓參觀。馮葵仙為1935年竊書案的主賣人，不知其是否羞慚，要可知曾祖父的藏書藏入他姓的書樓，這可是其祖先一生的心血喲？！

這年11月，秦氏再次買盡醉經(jīng)閣所剩無多的殘書，庋藏抹云樓。

此外，據(jù)文獻(xiàn)資料查考，醉經(jīng)閣其他失竊書籍，部分為寧波馮氏伏跗室收藏，其余流失在民間。

新中國成立后，抹云樓藏書歸入浙江圖書館，伏跗室藏書歸入天一閣，慈城的文粹終得更好歸宿。endprint

需要特別說一下的是，醉經(jīng)閣《宋元學(xué)案》一百卷雕板久被焚毀，故流傳較少，僅見北京圖書館入藏，后有翻刻本，今已列入《中國古籍善本書目》。《宋元學(xué)案補(bǔ)遺》一百卷，當(dāng)年未及刊印而馮云濠、王梓材先后去世。數(shù)十年后，此稿本由王氏之孫售于鄞縣屠氏古娑羅館，后為藏書家張壽鏞訪得，即著手整理，歷五年寒暑，初由原稿錄副，一校再校，于1937年刻入《四明叢書》第五集?！端卧獙W(xué)案補(bǔ)遺》最初之四十二卷傳抄本今藏于伏跗室。

書去閣空。醉經(jīng)閣拆除時(shí)，滋蕙堂石碑遭丟棄，被附近居民隨便抬去做了石凳或灶底石。1986年，寧波江北區(qū)文物管理所出資搜集回三十多方，保管陳列，計(jì)有唐拓《靈飛經(jīng)》《心經(jīng)》，王羲之、褚遂良、虞世南、懷素、鍾繇、歐陽詢、顏真卿、柳公權(quán)、米芾、蘇軾、黃庭堅(jiān)、趙孟頫、鮮于樞、董其昌書法，《滋蕙堂法帖》姜宸英、梁同書跋，曾恒德跋，醉經(jīng)閣馮氏友人跋。這總算一代名刻也有所存留。

醉經(jīng)閣只剩故事在慈城流傳。筆者鉤沉這文史往事時(shí)想，如果通過天一閣、浙江圖書館、國家圖書館等公共圖書館來講述醉經(jīng)閣的珍藏，說不定更為精彩。

（除署名外，本文圖片由梁鳳英提供）

Zuijingge Library in Cicheng

By Bi Shui

Zuijingge Library in Cicheng， Ningbo is now a memory. Famed for a collection of ancient books， it was established and owned by Feng Yunhao from a local family engaged in pharmacy business for generations. He successfully passed the imperial examination at the provincial level in 1834， the 14th year of Emperor Daoguang of the Qing （1644-1911）. He started the collection and named it Suijingge， meaning drunkenly absorbed in classic studies， based on a sagacious statement by scholar Wang Tong of the Sui Dynasty （581-618）.

Zuijingge is no more due to theft. The first damaging theft occurred in 1920. Forty-two Song editions were stolen from the library and sold to a bookstore in Shanghai for 20，000 silver dollars. A dispute erupted among the thieves as they disagreed how to share the filthy lucre. In 1935， another major theft occurred. The thieves were caught. The two major thefts were covered in press. Actually they were stolen and sold by descendents of Feng Yunhao. A local book collector surnamed Qin bought several thousands of books from the library in 1936 and put them into his own library called Moyunlou. Historical literature indicates that Fufushi Library owned by someone surnamed Feng in Ningbo also came into possession of a part of the Zuijingge collection. After the Peoples Republic of China came into being in 1949， Moyunlous books all went to Zhejiang Library and Fufushis collection merged into Tianyige Library in Ningbo.

The collection was famed for its rare and good editions of books published in the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）. Some books were in the category of Classics and some in the category of Masters. It also boasted quite a few collections of maps published in the Ming Dynasty. It was said that Zuijingge Library equaled Tianyige Library in Ningbo in terms of books in its collection. The comparison was understandable： part of the books in Zuijingge Library came from a private collection previously owned by two brothers of Zheng Family in Cixi. And the half of the collection in the possession of the two brothers had come from another private collection owned by a man surnamed Huang in Yuyao. In ancient China， books often changed hands from one private collection to another through generations. More often than not， a timeline could be established to trace these books from one bibliophile to another.endprint

Zuijingge Library was important for a number of reasons. Feng Yuanhao published ， an unfinished history of thought of the two dynasties authored by Huang Zongxi （1610-1695）. Scholars after Huang contributed to the completion of the book. The unpublished manuscripts came into Fengs possession. In collaboration with another scholar named Wang Zicai who passed the civil service examination in the same year as Feng did， Feng edited the manuscripts and published the book in 1838. While editing the manuscripts， Feng and Wang added 42 volumes on scholars not mentioned in the original mini-encyclopedia. The two scholars were able to put together the 42 volumes largely thanks to the private collection at Zuijingge Library. The publication of the encyclopedia put Zuijingge into the history of Chinese culture.

Another big treasure of Zuijingge was one hundred stone steles previously owned by Zeng Hengde， a provincial governor of Zhejiang who had passion for calligraphy and built up a collection of works of great calligraphers. In 1768 he published a collection of rubbings of the calligraphic masterpieces in his possession. He went to jail for having used public funds to pay engravers for carving calligraphic masterpieces onto the steles. He mortgaged the tablets to the Feng family to raised funds and returned the funds to the government. Out of jail， he had no money to buy back the steles. The steles became the property of the Feng family. They were embedded into the walls of Zuijingge.

After the collection was gone， the library was soon dismantled. The stone tablets in the walls were thrown away. They were picked up as recycled construction materials and used in homes in the neighborhood. Many were lost. In 1986， a government agency in Ningbo put money up to buy back the lost tablets. Eventually， 30 plus were purchased back. The steles that retain the authentic handwritings of famed calligraphers are now in the hands of the government agency designated for the protection of cultural relics.endprint