魏 敏 程文芳 平 晶 夏 露南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江寧醫(yī)院消化科(000) 南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江蘇省人民醫(yī)院消化科
膽汁酸受體FXR和TGR5在潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎中的表達(dá)
魏 敏1程文芳2*平 晶1夏 露1
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江寧醫(yī)院消化科1(211000) 南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江蘇省人民醫(yī)院消化科2
背景:發(fā)達(dá)國家潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)的發(fā)病率高于發(fā)展中國家,可能與西化的生活方式有關(guān),特別是高動(dòng)物蛋白和低復(fù)雜碳水化合物的飲食習(xí)慣。隨著高脂肪、高肉類攝入的增加,肝臟合成和分泌的膽汁酸相應(yīng)增加,可能對UC的發(fā)生產(chǎn)生影響。目的:觀察法尼醇X受體(FXR)、G蛋白偶聯(lián)膽汁酸受體5(TGR5)在UC中的表達(dá)。方法:選取2013年1月—2016年6月南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江寧醫(yī)院30例活動(dòng)期UC患者,以30名健康者作為對照。采用免疫組化法檢測結(jié)腸黏膜中FXR和TGR5表達(dá)。結(jié)果:與對照組相比,UC組FXR表達(dá)顯著降低(4.63±2.07對6.91±2.62,P=0.00),TGR5表達(dá)無明顯差異(6.70±2.90對6.11±2.44,P=0.40)。右半結(jié)腸炎患者的FXR表達(dá)顯著高于左半結(jié)腸炎患者(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:UC患者結(jié)腸黏膜FXR表達(dá)明顯減少,在UC發(fā)病中可能起一定的作用,而TGR5在UC發(fā)病中可能無明顯作用。
TGR5; FXR; 結(jié)腸炎, 潰瘍性; 免疫組織化學(xué)
潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)是一種病因尚不清楚的慢性反復(fù)發(fā)作性的腸道非特異性炎癥?;谌丝诘牧餍胁W(xué)研究顯示,UC的患病率以北美、北歐最高,亞洲較低;歐洲和北美的患病率為192/106~243/106,而我國基于多家醫(yī)院病例統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果推測,UC的患病率約為11.6/106[1-2]。UC發(fā)病率和患病率的地域差異可能與西化的生活方式有關(guān),特別是高動(dòng)物蛋白和低復(fù)雜碳水化合物的飲食習(xí)慣。近年研究已證實(shí)膽汁酸與腸道疾病有一定關(guān)系,如腸道膽汁酸暴露增加可影響腸易激綜合征(IBS)患者的排便習(xí)慣和腸道轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)間[3]。膽汁酸在胃腸道中主要通過兩個(gè)受體影響其功能,分別為法尼醇X受體(farnesoid X receptor, FXR)和G蛋白偶聯(lián)膽汁酸受體5(G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5, TGR5)。本研究通過檢測UC患者膽汁酸受體FXR和TGR5表達(dá)的變化,旨在探討膽汁酸與UC發(fā)生的關(guān)系。
一、資料來源
選取2013年1月—2016年6月南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬江寧醫(yī)院30例UC患者,診斷符合2012年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)消化病分會(huì)炎癥性腸病學(xué)組制定《炎癥性腸病診斷與治療的共識意見(2012年·廣州)》[4]。入院詳細(xì)詢問病史,排除合并膽道疾病、妊娠期婦女、酗酒者、藥癮者以及長期服用質(zhì)子泵抑制劑、激素或非甾體消炎藥者。30例UC患者中,男16例,女14例;年齡20~76歲,平均49歲;病變范圍為左半結(jié)腸型7例,全結(jié)腸型23例。隨機(jī)選擇同期30名健康者作為對照,其中男14名,女16名;年齡16~74歲,平均44歲。兩組患者的基本情況相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
二、研究方法
采用免疫組化SP法,獲取UC患者和對照者的結(jié)腸組織(其中UC患者僅活檢右半結(jié)腸2例,僅活檢左半結(jié)腸10例,左右結(jié)腸均活檢18例,多處活檢者取均值。11名對照者活檢部位為回盲部,19名為左半結(jié)腸),石蠟包埋,切片。常規(guī)脫蠟水化,行抗原修復(fù)后,分別加入FXR一抗(購自Sigma公司,工作濃度為1∶200)和TGR5一抗(購自Novus公司,工作濃度為1∶100);加入二抗;DAB染色,顯微鏡下觀察。
結(jié)果判定:FXR主要定位于細(xì)胞核,TGR5主要定位于細(xì)胞膜。兩種抗體評分采用半定量法,顯微鏡下隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野,觀察細(xì)胞染色情況。陽性細(xì)胞百分?jǐn)?shù):1分,陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)<5%;2分,5%~25%;3分,26%~50%;4分,>50%。染色強(qiáng)度:1分,淺黃色;2分,棕黃色;3分,深棕色。陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)與染色強(qiáng)度評分之積為染色總評分。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
一、FXR表達(dá)
FXR在UC組和對照組結(jié)腸組織中均有表達(dá)。對照者FXR均陽性,主要為細(xì)胞核染色,部分陽性染色位于腺體周圍結(jié)締組織(圖1)。UC組FXR陽性染色明顯減弱,以胞質(zhì)染色為主。UC組FXR表達(dá)顯著低于對照組(4.63±2.07對6.91±2.62,P=0.00)(表1)。
二、TGR5表達(dá)
TGR5在UC組和對照組結(jié)腸組織中均有表達(dá),主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞膜,部分陽性染色位于胞質(zhì)(圖2)。UC組TGR5表達(dá)與對照組相比無明顯差異(6.70±2.90對6.11±2.44,P=0.40)(表1)。
三、不同部位的FXR表達(dá)
右半結(jié)腸炎患者的FXR表達(dá)顯著高于左半結(jié)腸炎(4.99±1.92對4.35±2.21),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.003)。
表1 UC組和對照組中FXR和TGR5表達(dá)情況
A:UC患者;B:對照組
A:UC患者;B:對照組
UC的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,目前認(rèn)為環(huán)境、遺傳、炎癥、免疫反應(yīng)等因素致腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂、腸黏膜上皮功能障礙、黏膜免疫反應(yīng)異常,最后導(dǎo)致腸道反復(fù)炎癥,引起UC的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[5]。膽汁酸參與的腸肝循環(huán)對腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)起至關(guān)重要的作用。作為一種信號分子[6],膽汁酸通過激活各種核受體和膜受體,在肝臟和胃腸道的自我調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮重要作用[7]。FXR是核受體超家族的成員,是一種配體依賴性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,主要表達(dá)于肝臟、腸道、腎臟等組織中,可調(diào)節(jié)膽汁酸代謝和膽汁酸腸肝循環(huán)[7]。TGR5是一種細(xì)胞膜受體,定位于人染色體2q35,同源性在人和哺乳動(dòng)物中高度保守(>80%)[8]。TGR5在免疫細(xì)胞、腸道、膽囊等中高表達(dá),在肺、脾、腎、子宮等中度表達(dá),其他組織中弱表達(dá)或不表達(dá)[9]。膽汁酸通過激活FXR和TGR5信號通路,在調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡、控制糖脂和能量代謝中具有重要作用,參與腸道免疫調(diào)節(jié)和屏障功能,減輕炎癥反應(yīng),保證腸道上皮完整性,防止腸道菌群易位[10-11]。
本研究通過檢測UC患者和對照者結(jié)腸黏膜膽汁酸受體的表達(dá)情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)FXR表達(dá)在UC患者中顯著下降,而TGR5表達(dá)無明顯差異。說明FXR降低可能參與了腸道炎癥的形成。Vavassori等[12]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基礎(chǔ)狀態(tài)下,敲除FXR基因16周后,野生型小鼠出現(xiàn)了明顯腸道炎癥反應(yīng)和前炎性因子mRNA表達(dá)。FXR激動(dòng)劑GW4064可明顯抑制膽管結(jié)扎小鼠腸道細(xì)菌過度生長和腸上皮絨毛中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤,保護(hù)腸黏膜完整性[13],但對FXR基因敲除小鼠無此作用。此外,F(xiàn)XR缺失導(dǎo)致容易患膽囊結(jié)石[14]、原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化[15]。FXR表達(dá)與多種代謝、再生過程、細(xì)胞分化有關(guān),說明其可能具有一定的抗炎作用[16]。
有研究表明,F(xiàn)XR表達(dá)從正常腸黏膜的末端回腸到遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸呈逐漸降低的梯度變化[17];UC緩解組、對照組的回腸和升結(jié)腸FXR mRNA表達(dá)無明顯差異[18]。目前尚未見FXR在UC患者不同腸道部位分布情況的報(bào)道。UC好發(fā)于乙狀結(jié)腸和直腸,本實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示UC患者右半結(jié)腸FXR表達(dá)明顯高于左半結(jié)腸,說明FXR在UC的發(fā)生中可能起保護(hù)作用。
膽汁酸是結(jié)直腸癌的促進(jìn)因素,長期暴露于膽汁酸使機(jī)體活性氧簇(ROS)和活性氮簇(RNS)顯著增加,加劇了對細(xì)胞膜和線粒體的破壞,促進(jìn)DNA損傷、突變和凋亡,因此,膽汁酸暴露時(shí)間可能是消化道腫瘤發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[18]。目前相當(dāng)多的證據(jù)證實(shí)FXR表達(dá)與結(jié)腸腺瘤、結(jié)直腸癌呈負(fù)相關(guān)[19]。UC的嚴(yán)重程度與結(jié)直腸腫瘤的發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān)[20],據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),約7%~10%的UC患者在發(fā)病20年后發(fā)展為結(jié)直腸腫瘤[21],從另一方面證實(shí)了FXR與UC的相關(guān)性。
本研究中,UC患者TGR5表達(dá)與對照組無明顯差異,說明膽汁酸對UC的影響可能主要通過FXR起作用,但這一結(jié)論需擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。體外研究[22]證實(shí),UC與TGR5表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),小鼠結(jié)腸炎模型中TGR5 mRNA表達(dá)增加,TGR5活化后可激活腺苷酸環(huán)化酶,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)cAMP濃度增加,參與機(jī)體重要功能的調(diào)控。TGR5在腸神經(jīng)元表達(dá),使抑制性運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元釋放一氧化氮并抑制腸道運(yùn)動(dòng),這可能是膽汁酸影響腸道動(dòng)力的一種新機(jī)制[23]。目前膽汁酸對腸道疾病影響的研究結(jié)果不一,可能與膽汁酸受體在不同疾病的不同表達(dá)有關(guān),其機(jī)制還需行進(jìn)一步研究探討。膽汁酸對UC可能有保護(hù)作用,但這一結(jié)論仍需開展大樣本研究深入探討
綜上所述,F(xiàn)XR在UC患者結(jié)腸黏膜中的表達(dá)明顯降低,導(dǎo)致對腸道的保護(hù)作用減弱,在UC的發(fā)病中起有重要作用。FXR可能是通過抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB通路從而抑制炎癥反應(yīng),但仍需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。此外,膽汁酸受體在炎癥反應(yīng)時(shí)間軸的哪一點(diǎn)、如何調(diào)控炎癥反應(yīng)過程仍需進(jìn)一步研究。隨著研究的深入,膽汁酸受體可作為藥物靶點(diǎn),用于治療臨床胃腸道疾病。
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(2017-02-15收稿;2017-03-24修回)
Expressions of Bile Acid Receptor FXR and TGR5 in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
WEIMin1,CHENGWenfang2,PINGJing1,XIALu1.
1DepartmentofGastroenterology,theAffiliatedJiangningHospitalofNanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing(211000);2DepartmentofGastroenterology,JiangsuProvinceHospital,NanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing
CHENG Wenfang, Email: 13062589271@163.com
TGR5; FXR; Colitis, Ulcerative; Immunohistochemistry
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.08.005
*本文通信作者,Email: 13062589271@163.com
Background: The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) in developed countries is higher than that in developing countries, which may be related with westernized lifestyle, especially high animal protein and low complex carbohydrate diet.With the increased high fat and meat intake, synthesis and secretion of bile acid in liver is also increased, which may have an impact on the occurrence of UC. Aims: To investigate the expressions of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) in patients with UC. Methods: Thirty patients with active UC from January 2013 to June 2016 at the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled, and 30 healthy subjects were served as controls. Expressions of FXR and TGR5 were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Compared with control group, expression of FXR was significantly decreased in UC patients (4.63±2.07vs. 6.91±2.62,P=0.00), however, no significant difference in expression of TGR5 was found between the two groups (6.70±2.90vs. 6.11±2.44,P=0.40).Expression of FXR was significantly increased in right hemicolon colitis than in left hemicolon colitis (P<0.05). Conclusions: There is a significant decrease in FXR in active UC patients, indicating that FXR may have some role in the pathogenesis of UC, however, TGR5 may have no obvious effect in the pathogenesis of UC.