絲路文物展重現(xiàn)千年文明

葛宏庚

絲綢之路綿亙?nèi)f里，延續(xù)千年，積淀了無(wú)數(shù)文化遺產(chǎn)，這些承載人類文明的寶貴文化遺產(chǎn)為全人類所共有。2014年6月22日，中國(guó)、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦三國(guó)聯(lián)合申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)“絲綢之路：長(zhǎng)安——天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”成功。

3年后的2017年6月22日，“古道新知：絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)科技成果展”在杭州的中國(guó)絲綢博物館舉辦。從公元前5世紀(jì)到公元8世紀(jì)，從哈薩克斯坦，到我國(guó)的新疆、甘肅、陜西，144件精美而珍貴的展品、—段段鮮為人知的歷史故事，在時(shí)空穿越中重現(xiàn)千年絲路的文明與輝煌

絲路古韻裊千秋

走進(jìn)展廳，就可以看到一對(duì)華麗的車輿立在中間，吸引人們的眼球。在車輿旁邊，則是一些玻璃柜，里面擺放著出土的車輿零件、飾件等文物。這些豪車來(lái)自甘肅張家川馬家塬戰(zhàn)國(guó)墓地。

馬家塬墓地自2006年始共發(fā)掘墓葬60余座，發(fā)掘整理工作仍在進(jìn)行中。墓地年代為戰(zhàn)國(guó)晚期，其規(guī)格和等級(jí)較高，應(yīng)是戎人首領(lǐng)及貴族墓地。馬家塬墓地以獨(dú)特的形制、華麗的車輿、豪華的服飾以及一大批珍貴文物而著稱，充分體現(xiàn)了戰(zhàn)國(guó)晚期西戎文化的獨(dú)特性、多元性。馬家塬墓地共有60余座墓葬，絕大多數(shù)墓葬中隨葬有車輛或車器，其形制之多樣，裝飾之華麗實(shí)為罕見。

車輿是古代機(jī)械制造最高工藝水平的集大成者。馬家塬墓地出土的大量車輿，為中國(guó)古代車輿的研究及復(fù)原提供了不可多得的實(shí)物資料?？脊殴ぷ髡咄ㄟ^現(xiàn)代科技手段對(duì)車輛本體及裝飾材料進(jìn)行科學(xué)分析鑒定，再結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)工藝，總結(jié)馬家塬戰(zhàn)國(guó)墓地出土隨葬車輿的形制、裝飾及制作工藝，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字模擬復(fù)原及實(shí)物復(fù)原。在展廳展出的古代豪車并不是原本出土狀態(tài)的車輿，而是利用資料圖與科技手段復(fù)原出來(lái)的車輛。

此次展出的不少文物都與甘肅敦煌懸泉置遺址有關(guān)。懸泉置遺址于1987年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)。1990年至1992年進(jìn)行發(fā)掘，出土大量簡(jiǎn)牘及貨幣兵器、農(nóng)具獵具、絲綢服飾、谷物糧食、石硯毛筆等各類遺物。這個(gè)遺址出土的文物可以分為漢簡(jiǎn)和器物兩大部分，器物佐證了簡(jiǎn)牘，簡(jiǎn)牘復(fù)活了器物。涉及日常生活的器物有陶器、木器、漆器、石器、骨器、絲織品、皮鞋等，其中錦、羅、紗、絹等絲綢殘片正是絲綢之路名副其實(shí)的實(shí)物見證。

此次展出的被稱為“我國(guó)最早的環(huán)境保護(hù)法”的《月令詔條》，就是在懸泉置遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)的?！对铝钤t條》，是西漢時(shí)由王莽奏呈，以太皇太后名義頒布的一份詔書，主要涉及一年四季的農(nóng)事活動(dòng)安排與自然生態(tài)保護(hù)的禁令，上面明確地寫著什么時(shí)候該收谷，什么時(shí)候不能捕魚……策展人周旸介紹，這件文物出土?xí)r已經(jīng)破碎為200余塊，是經(jīng)過多次拼合修復(fù)才大致恢復(fù)了原貌，它被認(rèn)為是迄今為止我國(guó)發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的一部關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)的法規(guī)。

2014年6月22日，懸泉置遺址作為中國(guó)、哈薩克斯坦和吉爾吉斯斯坦三國(guó)聯(lián)合申遺的“絲綢之路·長(zhǎng)安——天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”遺址點(diǎn)，成功列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

西域奇珍爭(zhēng)亮相

2001年，西安南郊西安理工大學(xué)曲江新校區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)一座未經(jīng)盜掘的唐代小型洞墓。出土遺物有玉器、銀器、銅器、瓷器等十余類。根據(jù)墓志可知，墓主人是唐高祖李淵第五代孫女李倕——一位真正的大唐公主。她葬于唐開元二十四年（736年），時(shí)年只有25歲。

“這位公主的出土遺物非常多，包括玉器、瓷器、銀器、銅器等十余類，但主體還是可以分為兩類，生前所用之物和后事隨葬之物”。策展人周旸說。復(fù)原的頭冠和生前穿的華美飾物，光一件頭冠，就包含了金、銀、銅、鐵、瑪瑙、珍珠、琥珀、綠松石、玻璃等多種材質(zhì)，工藝之精湛、數(shù)量之眾多，再現(xiàn)這位大唐公主的奢華生活，映射出盛唐長(zhǎng)安的物質(zhì)文明。

1974年3月11日兵馬俑被發(fā)現(xiàn)，向世人打開了一個(gè)秦始皇營(yíng)造的地下帝國(guó)。它被譽(yù)為“二十世紀(jì)考古史上偉大的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一”和“世界第八大奇跡”，1987年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織批準(zhǔn)列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。

秦俑的陶體表面原本均施有明快艷麗的彩繪，但考古發(fā)掘中由于濕度變化造成底層收縮卷曲，導(dǎo)致彩繪層脫落。1999年首次采用“抗皺縮劑和加固劑聯(lián)合處理法”，對(duì)二號(hào)坑彩繪跪射俑實(shí)施彩繪保護(hù)并獲得成功。

本次展覽除了展出面部表情傳神韻的兵馬俑頭像真跡之外，還有一尊由考古科研人員將色彩還原的真彩秦俑，參觀者駐足觀賞，贊嘆不已。

1995年，考古工作者在新疆尉犁縣營(yíng)盤遺址清理發(fā)掘了一個(gè)漢晉時(shí)代的大型墓地。營(yíng)盤遺址位于地處絲綢之路樓蘭道要沖。營(yíng)盤墓地中，最引人注目的是15號(hào)墓出土的營(yíng)盤男尸。他被放置在展廳中一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的玻璃柜中，引得人們紛紛圍觀。他戴著貼金面具、身著中西合璧的奇美華服。據(jù)專家推測(cè)，這具男尸大約生活在1800年前的東漢時(shí)期，身高180厘米以上，身份可能是一位來(lái)往于絲路從事貿(mào)易的年輕富商。

敦煌320窟的形制為方形覆斗頂，是盛唐的代表窟之一。南壁千佛之中有一鋪釋迦說法圖，說法圖的上部繪有四身兩兩相對(duì)飛天，線描流暢，色彩艷麗，造型優(yōu)美，是莫高窟飛天藝術(shù)中的杰出作品。這次大展展出的正是敦煌320窟的數(shù)字化復(fù)原成果。敦煌研究院的王小偉介紹，這是敦煌最美的飛天，“你看她們身上的衣裙飄逸，很有絲綢的質(zhì)感：據(jù)此就能知道當(dāng)時(shí)絲綢之路的深遠(yuǎn)影響了?！?/p>

開放交流寫新篇

“古道新知”展分“草原之路——絲路發(fā)端”“秦皇漢武——絲路開啟”“都城西陲——絲路繁榮”三個(gè)板塊展示絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)。開幕式上，由21家國(guó)家文物局重點(diǎn)科研基地聯(lián)合倡議而成立的“絲綢之路文物科技聯(lián)盟”舉行了簽名儀式。開幕式后，作為展覽的重大學(xué)術(shù)配套活動(dòng)，為期兩天的“古道新知：絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)科技成果”學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告會(huì)解讀絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)開放與交流、永續(xù)發(fā)展與繁榮等問題。

聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織駐華代表處主任歐敏在開幕式致辭中指出，絲綢之路上流通的陶瓷、紙張、木頭、雕塑、金屬、漆器、絲綢等，在“古道新知”展覽中得以系統(tǒng)展示，為我們帶來(lái)了跨越時(shí)空的科學(xué)、藝術(shù)信息。同時(shí)，她對(duì)“絲綢之路文物科技聯(lián)盟”給予了高度評(píng)價(jià)。

薩爾馬特人是生活在古代歐亞草原上的游牧民族，是曾經(jīng)的南俄草原霸主。薩爾馬特女祭司墓位于哈薩克斯坦，墓葬年代為公元前6世紀(jì)至公元前5世紀(jì)，出土?xí)r發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量豐富而復(fù)雜的陪葬品，包括裝飾服裝和身上的金飾、玻璃珠及器皿、貼金木質(zhì)容器、馬具等，尤其是那獨(dú)特冠飾令人驚奇萬(wàn)分。

在展覽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，伊塞克金人墓出土的尖頂帽，高近70厘米，綴著很多金飾和馬、雪豹、山羊、鳥、樹等紋飾，熠熠閃光，顯示墓主是一位具有顯赫社會(huì)地位的女祭司，由此折射出哈薩克斯坦的另一種游牧文明。

文化訴說歷史，歷史凝結(jié)文化，文化交流是千年絲路最重要的交流。此次大展昭示著2000多年前先輩開拓的絲綢之路，令“使者相望于道，商旅不絕于途”，打開了各國(guó)友好交往的新窗口，書寫了人類交流發(fā)展的新篇章。

On June 22， 2014， UNESCO designated a 5，000 km stretch of the Silk Road network from Central China to the Zhetsyu Region of Central Asia as a World Heritage Site. This stretch is officially known as Silk Roads： the Routes Network of Changan-Tianshan Corridor， which spans China， Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and includes 33 new sites and several previously designated heritage sites.

In commemoration of the designation in 2014， China Silk Museum in Hangzhou held a silk-centered exhibition with 144 exhibits covering the long corridor stretching from the east to the west. The exhibition goes from June 22 through September 24.

The exhibits highlight a period of about 1，300 years from the 5th century BC to 8th century AD. A big part of the exhibits were unearthed from Chinese sites along the Silk Roads. One of the key archaeological discoveries is Xuanquanzhi Site， Dunhuang， Gansu Province. The site was first spotted in 1987 and the archaeological dig proceeded from 1990 to 1992. Unearthed at the site were a lot of objects that fall into two major categories： bamboo slips bearing documents of the Han Dynasty （202BC-220AD）， and everyday life objects including objects made of stone， wood， bone， silk， and leather. Various silk fabrics on display verify the reputation of Silk Roads in the region.

The most noteworthy exhibit from Xuanquanzhi Site is probably Chinas most ancient law on environmental protection issued by the royal house in the Western Han. The decree stipulates dos and donts in farming and environment protection all the year round. The decree was in over 200 pieces when it was unearthed. Experts restored the object after many tries. The site is a part of the Silk Road network designated by UNESCO.

Some exhibits on display came from a tomb unearthed in a southern suburb of Xian， a key city on the Silk Road in ancient times. It was discovered on a college campus under construction. The tomb had never been visited by tomb robbers. It was a tomb of a princess who died at the age of 25 in 736 AD. The objects unearthed from the tomb fall into two categories： the things the princess used in her aborted young life and the burial objects meant for her afterlife in another world. Her headgear， something that resembles a crown， is ornately decorated with gold， silver， pearl， agate， amber， turquoise， glass. The imperial headgear reflects not only the luxury the princess enjoyed but also the material prosperity of the Tang dynasty.

Also on display at the exhibition are some terracotta warriors excavated in Xian， where the mausoleum of the First Emperor of the Qin is situated. The biggest 20th-century archaeological discovery was made in 1974 when a local farmer stumbled onto the underground army while sinking a well. The gigantic site became a UNESCO world heritage site in 1987. The original terracotta warriors had bright colors painted on them. The colors faded and peeled off due to increased moisture in the air during the dig. In 1999， a technique was successfully developed to protect the colors. At the exhibition， there is a real terracotta warrior with the authentic colors restored.

The scariest exhibit at the exhibition is probably a well preserved mummy unearthed at a tomb in Xinjiang in 1995. It came from a cemetery that dates back to the centuries that spanned the Eastern Han （25-220AD）. The mummy is dressed in garments in luxurious colors and wears a gold mask. The 1.80-meter-tall young man lived about 1，800 years ago and was very probably a rich businessman who traveled along the Silk Road.

Some exhibits came from Kazakhstan. Specifically， they came from a tomb of a priestess of the Sarmatians， a nomadic tribe that flourished and roamed the Eurasian grasslands from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD. The tomb had an abundant quantity of burial objects， testifying to the noble position of the woman living in the 6th or 5th century BC.

At the opening ceremony of the exhibition， 21 key science bases of the National Bureau of Cultural Relics signed an agreement to set up a league of science and technology for cultural relics of the Silk Roads. Experts from the key bases will focus on scientific and technological issues of preserving cultural relics of the Silk Roads and promote academic exchanges.

A representative from UNESCO China Office spoke at the ceremony， confirming the significance of the new perspectives people have of the ancient Silk Roads.