萬(wàn) 濤 胡世玲 尹明華 周 峻 周茹欣
重慶萬(wàn)州地區(qū)妊娠期婦女血清甲狀腺激素參考區(qū)間研究
萬(wàn) 濤①胡世玲①尹明華①周 峻①周茹欣①
目的:建立重慶萬(wàn)州地區(qū)不同孕期婦女甲狀腺激素參考區(qū)間,為準(zhǔn)確篩查及診斷孕期甲狀腺疾病提供依據(jù)。方法:選取在醫(yī)院就診的5320例妊娠婦女,按照美國(guó)甲狀腺學(xué)會(huì)(ATA)推薦分期將妊娠婦女分為3組:妊娠早期組(孕1~12周)1632例,妊娠中期組(孕13~27周)1731例,妊娠晚期組(孕28~40周)1957例。另選同期相匹配的426名非妊娠期健康婦女為健康對(duì)照組。分析所有妊娠婦女和非孕期健康婦女的血清促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、游離甲狀腺素(FT4)水平,并建立各孕期參考區(qū)間。結(jié)果:所有妊娠婦女及非妊娠婦女的TSH水平均呈偏態(tài)分布,故以中位數(shù)(M)及雙側(cè)限值(P2.5~P97.5)表示其參考范圍。TSH水平在妊娠早期組[0.81(0.03~3.19)]、妊娠中期組[1.11(0.04~3.71)]、妊娠晚期組[1.97(0.42~5.41)]期逐漸上升,兩兩比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。其中妊娠晚期組與健康對(duì)照組[1.79(0.59-5.51)]比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。FT4水平在T1[13.59(10.39~17.61)]、T2[12.56(9.28~16.06)]、T3[11.54(8.37~15.02)]期逐漸降低,均低于健康對(duì)照組[14.01(11.01~18.18)],各組兩兩比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:建立重慶萬(wàn)州地區(qū)不同孕期婦女甲狀腺激素水平的參考區(qū)間,有助于正確評(píng)價(jià)本地區(qū)妊娠期婦女的甲狀腺功能。
甲狀腺激素;參考區(qū)間;孕婦;萬(wàn)州
甲狀腺疾病好發(fā)于女性,尤其是育齡婦女。在妊娠過(guò)程中,雌激素的改變、人絨毛膜促性腺激素的作用和碘代謝異常等生理變化會(huì)導(dǎo)致甲狀腺相關(guān)激素指標(biāo)發(fā)生復(fù)雜的變化,這些變化可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致與妊娠有關(guān)的甲狀腺疾病[1-6]。妊娠期合并甲狀腺疾病時(shí)可導(dǎo)致早產(chǎn)、流產(chǎn)及死胎等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加,妊娠期甲狀腺功能不足,如甲狀腺功能減低癥、亞臨床甲狀腺功能減低癥和低T4綜合癥,甚至單純的甲狀腺過(guò)氧化物酶抗體陽(yáng)性均可對(duì)胎兒和母體健康產(chǎn)生不良影響,可嚴(yán)重?fù)p害胎兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育,導(dǎo)致其出生后的智力下降,因此對(duì)妊娠婦女甲狀腺疾病的診斷和治療顯得尤為重要[7-11]。
目前,尚無(wú)公認(rèn)的妊娠各期甲狀腺激素參考范圍可應(yīng)用于臨床,通常實(shí)驗(yàn)室多借用非孕期參考值范圍,但由于人種、碘攝取水平和試劑廠商等的差異,可能會(huì)造成漏診和誤診。美國(guó)國(guó)家生化學(xué)院(National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry,NACB)在《實(shí)驗(yàn)室診斷與監(jiān)測(cè)甲狀腺疾病的應(yīng)用指南》中強(qiáng)調(diào),在檢驗(yàn)妊娠婦女的甲狀腺功能時(shí),應(yīng)使用不同妊娠期的正常參考值范圍對(duì)甲狀腺疾病進(jìn)行篩查,并建議各地區(qū)建立自己的妊娠甲狀腺激素參考范圍,對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的甲狀腺疾病及早的進(jìn)行診斷和治療[12]。為此,本研究針對(duì)重慶萬(wàn)州地區(qū)妊娠標(biāo)本,建立本地區(qū)妊娠甲狀腺激素水平的正常參考區(qū)間,以期為孕婦甲狀腺功能篩查提供準(zhǔn)確可靠的依據(jù),降低對(duì)妊娠甲狀腺疾病的漏診率和誤診率。
1.1 一般資料
收集2014年8月至2016年1月于重慶市萬(wàn)州區(qū)婦幼保健院就診的5320例門診及住院妊娠婦女;所有妊娠婦女經(jīng)過(guò)篩選,按美國(guó)甲狀腺協(xié)會(huì)(American Thyroid Association,ATA)推薦分期將其分為妊娠早期組(孕1~12周)1632例,妊娠中期組(孕13~27周)1 731例,妊娠晚期組(孕28~40周)1 957例。另選426名同期相匹配的非妊娠期健康婦女作為健康對(duì)照組。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
健康孕婦參照美國(guó)NACB標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13]制定本研究的入選和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
(1)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①18歲以上無(wú)重大疾病體檢孕婦;②所有妊娠婦女和非妊娠期健康婦女均簽署知情同意書(shū);③妊娠婦女樣本量≥120例。
(2)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①抗甲狀腺過(guò)氧化物酶抗體(antithyroid peroxidase autoantibody,Anti-TPO)和甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(anti-thyroglobulin antibodies,TGA)陽(yáng)性者;②甲狀腺史和家族史患者;③服用甲狀腺藥物者(雌激素類除外);③資料不全者;④排除嚴(yán)重心臟、肺、肝臟、腎臟及胃腸疾病者;⑤離群值偏離中位數(shù)值5 SD。
1.3 儀器與試劑
Maglumi 2000全自動(dòng)化學(xué)發(fā)光分析儀(深圳市新產(chǎn)業(yè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程股份有限公司);促甲狀腺激素(thyrotropin,thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,F(xiàn)T3)、游離四碘甲狀腺原氨酸(free tetraiodothyronine,F(xiàn)T4)、Anti-TPO、TGA試劑盒以及配套的定標(biāo)品和質(zhì)控品均由深圳市新產(chǎn)業(yè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程股份有限公司提供。血清TSH線性范圍為0.01~100 μIU/ml;血清FT3線性范圍為0.2~50 pg/ml;血清FT4線性范圍為1~120 pg/ml;血清Anti-TPO線性范圍為0.38~1 000 IU/ml;TGA線性范圍為0.5~2 800 IU/ml。
1.4 檢測(cè)方法
收集各組婦女適量空腹靜脈全血,靜置30 min后以離心半徑15 cm、3 000 r/min離心10 min,分離血清標(biāo)本后嚴(yán)格按照說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。如果出現(xiàn)溶血標(biāo)本時(shí)則重新采集標(biāo)本進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,數(shù)據(jù)正態(tài)性分布采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn)。指標(biāo)若為正態(tài)分布,采用均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x-±s)表示,兩兩對(duì)比采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA);若為偏態(tài)分布,指標(biāo)使用百分位數(shù)法表示,其結(jié)果用中位數(shù)及雙側(cè)限值表示,選擇95%可信區(qū)間,即P2.5~P97.5作為參考區(qū)間,兩組比較和多組比較分別選用Mann-Whitney檢驗(yàn)和Kruskal Wallis檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
(1)妊娠早期組、妊娠中期組及妊娠晚期組的年齡指標(biāo)均符合正態(tài)分布,平均年齡(26.87±6.03)歲;妊娠早期組年齡20~42歲,平均年齡(26.74±4.69)歲;妊娠中期組年齡19~40歲,平均年齡(26.21±4.58)歲;妊娠晚期組年齡19~39歲,平均年齡(26.35±5.26)歲;健康對(duì)照組年齡19~41歲。所有入組婦女年齡呈正態(tài)分布,4組間年齡比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=0.89,P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
(2)TSH和FT4相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)均呈偏態(tài)分布,兩組比較和多組比較分別選用Mann-Whitney檢驗(yàn)和Kruskal Wallis檢驗(yàn)。TSH值在妊娠早期最低,妊娠中期略有升高,隨著孕周增加,TSH值逐漸升高,在妊娠晚期達(dá)到高峰,甚至略高于非孕期健康對(duì)照組。TSH值采用Mann-Whitney檢驗(yàn)兩兩比較:①妊娠早期與健康對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.00<0.05);②妊娠中期與健康對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.00<0.05);③妊娠晚期與健康對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=1.23>0.05);④妊娠早期與妊娠中期比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.008<0.05);⑤妊娠早期與妊娠晚期比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.00<0.05);⑥妊娠中期與妊娠晚期比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.001<0.05)。FT4采用Kruskal Wallis檢驗(yàn)多組比較,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.009<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
表1 入組婦女基本資料(x-±s)
組別例數(shù)TSH(μlU/ml)FT4(pg/ml)妊娠早期組16320.81(0.03~3.19)*13.59(10.39~17.61)△妊娠中期組17311.11(0.04~3.71)*12.56(9.28~16.06)△妊娠晚期組19571.97(0.42~5.41)**11.54(8.37~15.02)△健康對(duì)照組4261.79(0.59~5.51)14.01(11.01~18.18)△
妊娠合并甲狀腺疾病對(duì)母體和胎兒均有不良的影響,可致妊娠期高血壓、貧血、糖代謝異常、胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限及新生兒低體重等并發(fā)癥的產(chǎn)生,甚至?xí)鹪绠a(chǎn)、流產(chǎn)和胎死腹中[14-15]。甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)癥或甲狀腺功能減退癥的臨床表征在妊娠期易被妊娠生理反應(yīng)所掩蓋,如果診治不及時(shí),不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生率將極大提高。部分孕婦早期出現(xiàn)亞臨床甲狀腺功能減退,隨著孕期增長(zhǎng)病情可進(jìn)展為妊娠期甲狀腺功能減退,從而導(dǎo)致不良妊娠結(jié)局。因此,對(duì)于上述疾病的早期診斷尤為重要。
血清甲狀腺功能指標(biāo)的測(cè)定是門診初步評(píng)估被檢者甲狀腺功能的首選檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目和敏感指標(biāo)。影響正常人群TSH測(cè)定值的因素包括所在地區(qū)的碘營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)和測(cè)定試劑,多數(shù)研究指出,TSH、FT4的參考區(qū)間的界定因不同地區(qū)、人群、種族、碘攝取量、孕期以及檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)等而異。絨毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,HCG)因其α亞單位與TSH相似,對(duì)孕婦甲狀腺有直接刺激作用,在妊娠8~10周逐漸達(dá)到高峰并對(duì)垂體分泌TRH水平產(chǎn)生抑制作用,使血清TSH水平降低20%~30%[16]。本研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,隨著妊娠期的增長(zhǎng),TSH測(cè)定值逐漸升高而FT4測(cè)定值逐漸下降,這一變化趨勢(shì)與以往的研究結(jié)果相符[17-19]。國(guó)內(nèi)外均有報(bào)道指出TSH、FT4在不同檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)中不具有可比性,但具有相關(guān)性,Maglumi 2000全自動(dòng)化學(xué)發(fā)光分析儀尚未建立妊娠婦女甲狀腺激素參考區(qū)間,采用其他儀器參考區(qū)間可能發(fā)生甲狀腺疾病的漏診和誤診,延誤患者診治。采用非孕期或者同一參考區(qū)間評(píng)估不同妊娠期婦女甲狀腺狀態(tài)也是不適宜的。
本研究建立了重慶市萬(wàn)州地區(qū)正常孕婦不同孕期甲狀腺激素水平的參考范圍,揭示不同孕期妊娠期婦女甲狀腺激素水平的變化規(guī)律,期望能為本地區(qū)孕期婦女甲狀腺疾病的臨床診斷、治療、監(jiān)測(cè)以及相關(guān)研究提供一定的參考意義。
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WAN Tao, HU Shi-ling, YIN Ming-hua, et al//
China Medical Equipment,2017,14(8):105-108.
Objective: To establish the reference ranges of serum thyroid hormone for pregnant woman of different gestation in Wanzhou area of Chongqing so as to provide reference for accurately screening and diagnosing thyroid disease of gestation. Methods: 5320 pregnant women and 426 non- pregnant healthy women were divided into first trimester of pregnancy group (1-12 weeks, 1632 cases), second trimester of pregnancy group (13-27 weeks, 1731 cases) and third trimester of pregnancy group (28-40 weeks, 1957 cases) according to the standard of American thyroid association (ATA). The matching healthy non- pregnant women were divided into control group. The serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), the free thyroxine (FT4) of all of cases were analyzed and the different reference ranges of various gestation was established. Results: The TSH of all of cases were skew distribution, so the median and bilateral limiting value (P2.5 and P7.5) were used to reflect its reference ranges. The TSH levels of first trimester of pregnancy group, second trimester of pregnancy group and third trimester of pregnancy respectively were [0.81(0.03~3.19)], [1.11(0.04~3.71)] and [1.97(0.42~5.41)], and the difference of comparison between any two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). While the difference of TSH level between third trimester of pregnancy and control group [1.79(0.59-5.51)] were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Besides, the FT4 levels gradually decreased with the change of gestation and all of them were lower than that of healthy control group, and the differences of FT4 levels between any two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The reference ranges of thyroid hormone levels in different gestation for Wanzhou area of Chongqing are established, and it contributes to correctly estimate and evaluate the thyroid function of pregnant women in local area.
Thyroid hormones; Reference ranges; Pregnant women; Wanzhou
Maternal and Child Care Hospital of Wanzhou District in Chongqing, Chongqing 404100, China.
1672-8270(2017)08-0105-04
R714.256
A
10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2017.08.029
2016-11-10
①重慶市萬(wàn)州區(qū)婦幼保健院產(chǎn)科圍產(chǎn)醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 重慶 404100
萬(wàn)濤,男,(1981- ),本科學(xué)歷,主管技師。重慶市萬(wàn)州區(qū)婦幼保健院產(chǎn)科圍產(chǎn)醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,從事醫(yī)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)工作。