Helicobacter pylori antibody responses in association with eradication outcome and recurrence: a population-based intervention trial with 7.3-year follow-up in China

Tianyi Wang, Yang Zhang, Huijuan Su, Zhexuan Li, Lian Zhang, Junling Ma, Weidong Liu, Tong Zhou, Weicheng You, Kaifeng Pan

1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China;2Linqu Public Health Bureau, Linqu 262600, China

Helicobacter pylori antibody responses in association with eradication outcome and recurrence: a population-based intervention trial with 7.3-year follow-up in China

Tianyi Wang1, Yang Zhang1, Huijuan Su1, Zhexuan Li1, Lian Zhang1, Junling Ma1, Weidong Liu2, Tong Zhou1, Weicheng You1, Kaifeng Pan1

1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China;2Linqu Public Health Bureau, Linqu 262600, China

Objective:To identify serum biomarkers that may predict the short or long term outcomes of anti-Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) treatment, a follow-up study was performed based on an intervention trial in Linqu County, China.

Methods:A total of 529 subjects were selected randomly from 1,803 participants to evaluate total anti-H. pyloriimmunoglobulin G (IgG) and 10 specific antibody levels before and after treatment at 1-, 2- and 7.3-year. The outcomes of anti-H. pyloritreatment were also parallelly assessed by13C-urea breath test at 45-d after treatment and 7.3-year at the end of follow-up.

Results:We found the medians of anti-H. pyloriIgG titers were consistently below cut-off value through 7.3 years in eradicated group, however, the medians declined in recurrence group to 1.2 at 1-year after treatment and slightly increased to 2.0 at 7.3-year. While the medians were significantly higher (>3.0 at 2- and 7.3-year) among subjects who failed the eradication or received placebo. For specific antibody responses, baseline seropositivities of FliD and HpaA were reversely associated with eradication failure [for FliD, odds ratio (OR)=0.44, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.27–0.73; for HpaA, OR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.17–0.60]. The subjects with multiple positive specific antibodies at baseline were more likely to be successfully eradicated in a linear fashion (Ptrend=0.006).

Conclusions:Our study suggested that total anti-H. pyloriIgG level may serve as a potential monitor of longterm impact on anti-H. pyloritreatment, and priority forH. pyloritreatment may be endowed to the subjects with multiple seropositive antibodies at baseline, especially for FliD and HapA.

Helicobacter pylori; biomarker; serology; treatment outcome; recurrence

View this article at:https://doi.org/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.02.05

Introduction

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection has been recognized as the leading cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer (1,2). Accumulating evidences indicated that anti-H. pyloritreatment could reduce the risks of precancerous gastric lesions and gastric cancer (3-6). Therefore, gastric cancer prevention by eradication ofH. pyloriin a high risk population is highly encouraged (7).

Although new regimens have been developed to eradicateH. pyloriinfection, two challenges existed, failure of eradication and recurrence of the infection (8,9). Currently, even under conventionalH. pylorieradication therapy, there were still 10%–30% failure (8,10). Moreover, the annual recurrence rates after eradication were about 3.4% in developed countries and 8.7% in developing countries, respectively (9). The short- and longterm impacts on anti-H. pyloritreatment may require a relevant monitor to evaluate biological effectiveness of the eradication and recurrence, particularly in a large community-based gastric cancer intervention.

13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) is currently a golden standard to identifyH. pyloriinfection but it requires specific devices and the cost is relatively high (11). And alternative to13C-UBT, serum biomarker is an area of investigation, particularly forH. pylorispecific antibodies. Although the sensitivity and specificity to evaluate the status ofH. pyloriinfection by antibody responses are relatively lower than13C-UBT, it is more feasible, practical, and cost-effective in a large scale populationbased anti-H. pyloritreatment (12). In addition, it is also interesting to know whether certain serumH. pyloriantibodies are more specifically associated with the outcomes ofH. pyloritreatment, which could be potential markers for targeting population at a high risk of gastric cancer.

Our previous Shandong Intervention Trial in Linqu County (SIT, clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00339768), one of the highest risk areas of gastric cancer in the world, provided us a unique opportunity to conduct such investigation (3,13,14). This 7.3-year follow-up trial allowed us to dynamically assess the total anti-H. pyloriimmunoglobulin G (IgG) and specific antibody levels before and after anti-microbial treatment, which may serve as a surrogate monitor of13C-UBT to evaluate long-term risk of recurrence, and short-term impact on the effectiveness of eradication.

Materials and methods

Study subjects

Details of this trial were described in elsewhere (3,15). Briefly, 3,365 eligible trial participants aged 35–64 years were recruited from 13 villages selected at random to conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial in 1995. TheH. pyloriinfection status of each individual was determined by serumH. pyloriantibody test at baseline. Amoxicillin and omeprazole treatment ofH. pyloriinfection or the corresponding placebos were randomly assigned to 2,258H. pyloriseropositive subjects in 1995. Among them, a total of 1,803 trial participants received a13C-UBT at 45-d after the completion of antibiotic treatment and at the end of this trial in 2003. In the meantime, total serum anti-H. pyloriantibody levels were parallelly determined among the same trial participants at 1-year (in 1996), 2-year (in 1997) and 7.3-year (in 2003) after anti-H. pyloritreatment, respectively.

For the current study, we further randomly selected 473 participants from active treatment group (908 eligible subjects) and 56 participants from placebo group (895 eligible subjects), to evaluate serum total anti-H. pyloriIgG and 10 specific antibody levels before and after treatment at 1-, 2- and 7.3-year. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University Cancer Hospital, and written informed consent was provided by all participants in the study.

Questionnaires

At study enrollment, all participants were interviewed in person by trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire, consisting of the following sections: 1) demographic background; 2) personal habits; 3) medical history; and 4) dietary habits (3,15).

13C-UBT

Details of13C-UBT were described previously (15). In brief, participants fasted overnight before baseline exhaled CO2samples were collected. Expired gas was collected 30 min later after drinking 20 mL water with a pill of 80 mg13C-urea (>99%) (Baylor Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA).13CO2values were determined by a gas isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (Finnigan MAT, Bremen, Germany), and any concentration of13CO2at 30 min that exceeded the baseline concentration by more than 0.6% was regarded as a positive result (15). The sensitivity and specificity of this test were 93.1% and 95.7%, respectively (16).

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Serum totalH. pyloriIgG antibodies were evaluated by ELISA as previously described (17). Cultured from two patients’ gastric biopsies in Linqu County,H. pyloristrainswere used as a group antigen to provide the antigenic preparation for serology (17). The protein concentrations were measured by the modification of the Lowry method, and the soluble material from the two strains was pooled for the ELISA procedure (18,19). All assays were done in duplicate on coded samples and the optical density was measured with a commercial ELISA reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA). The mean absorbance (optical density) for IgG was used for quantification of antibody titers. An individual was determined to be positive forH. pyloriinfection if the mean optical density for IgG exceeded 1.0, a cut-off point based on theH. pylorinegative subjects and reference sera (17). Appropriate blanks, positive and negative controls were included in each assay as described (19-21). The intra-assay and inter-assay variation were less than 10%, as estimated with positive and negative control sera. Quality-control samples were assayed at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. This method yielded an estimated sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94.9% (15,19,22-24).

RecomLine H. pylori IgG

The recomLineH. pyloriIgG is a line immune assay (Mikrogen, Munich, Germany) based on recombinantly expressedH. pyloriproteins that, in contrast to ELISA, allows the identification of specific antibody responses against distinctH. pyloriantigens (25). AllH. pylorirecombinant proteins were derived from strain J99. This method was applied to simultaneously detect 10 highly immunogenic recombinantH. pyloriantigens (CagA, VacA, GroEL, FliD, HpaA, gGT, HtrA, NapA, HP0231, and CtkA). Compared with histology findings, this assay yielded an estimated sensitivity of 99.3% and specificity of 100% (26).

Statistical analysis

Differences of baseline characteristics across various outcome groups afterH. pylorieradication were compared using Chi-square tests for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables.

To assess different serumH. pyloriantibody levels associated with eradication outcome and recurrence, we further classified the 473 trial participants in active arm into three groups according to the results of13C-UBT: failed eradication (13C-UBT positive at 45-d after treatment; n=140); recurrence (13C-UBT negative at 45-d and positive at 7.3-year after treatment; n=156); and sustainably eradicated groups (13C-UBT negative at 45-d and 7.3-year after treatment; n=177). Because the distributions of serumH. pyloriantibody levels were skewed, we used medians of the antibody to present the levels of each group.

Associations between serumH. pylorispecific seropositive antibodies andH. pylorieradication outcomes were estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using unconditional multiple logistic regression adjusting age and gender. The Bonferroni correction was applied to recognize P values at <0.005 (0.05/10 markers). Education, smoking, and drinking were evaluated as the potential confounders but not included in the final models, because they did not substantially alter the risk estimates (data not shown). We calculated Spearman’s correlation coefficients (r) to assess colinearity between differentH. pylorispecific antibodies. Tests for linear trend were performed by entering the categorical variables as continuous parameters in the models. Effect modification by specific antibodies was calculated using a likelihood ratio test to compare models with and without interaction terms. All statistical analyses were conducted with SAS software (Version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

Results

A total of 529 trial participants were included in the present study with a median age of 43.0 years old at baseline. The dominant trial participants were female (57.8%), nonsmokers (64.5%), non-drinkers (57.8%), and had low education background (80.2% with elementary school education or less). Among the three active anti-H. pyloritreatment groups and placebo group, participants in failed eradication group were younger (P=0.004) and male (P=0.016) (Table 1). No statistically significant differences were observed for education, smoking and drinking between groups (P>0.05).

The dynamic changes of total anti-H. pyloriIgG titers were compared among different groups during the 7.3-year follow-up (Figure 1). The medians of IgG titers at baseline in 1995 showed no significant difference among four groups (3.2 in placebo, 2.8 in failed eradication, 2.9 in sustainably eradicated, and 3.0 in recurrence group, P=0.142) (Supplementary Table 1). However, after treatment, the medians of IgG titers remained at the highest levels in the placebo group throughout the followup period (3.1 at 1-year, 4.2 at 2-year and 4.9 at 7.3-year after treatment, respectively). Similar trend was alsoobserved in failed eradication group (2.5 at 1-year, 3.3 at 2-year and 3.9 at 7.3-year). For subjects in sustainably eradicated group, the medians of IgG titers declined rapidly from 2.9 at baseline to 0.7 at 1-year after successful eradication, remaining at 0.6 both at 2- and 7.3-year after treatment. On the contrary, the medians of IgG titers in recurrence group dropped to 1.2 (slightly higher than the cutoff value of 1.0) at 1-year, 1.3 at 2-year and 2.0 at 7.3-year after treatment, respectively.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population in Shandong Intervention Trial

Figure 1SerumHelicobacter pylori(H. pylori) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers by eradication outcome in Shandong Intervention Trial.

We further examined the distribution of specific antibodies against distinctH. pyloriantigens in each group (Table 2). Compared with sustainably eradicated group, the frequencies of FliD and HpaA seropositivities of the 10 individualH. pyloriproteins included in the biomarker panel at baseline were significantly lower in failed eradication group [for FliD, OR=0.44; 95% CI, 0.27–0.73;for HpaA, OR=0.32; 95% CI, 0.17–0.60; adjusting for multiple comparisons with α at 0.005 (0.05/10 markers)]. When grouping individuals into four categories by these two factors, participants co-positive to two proteins showed further less risk of failed eradication compared to conegative subjects (OR=0.27; 95% CI, 0.14–0.54). While no interaction was found between FliD and HpaA on the risk of failed eradication (Pinteraction=0.843).

We also compared the number of positive antibodies in this panel at baseline between sustainably eradicated and failed eradication groups (Table 2). Individuals with combination of three to six seropositive antibodies showed a declined risk of failed eradication than those with up to two antibodies (OR=0.43; 95% CI, 0.21–0.89), and the risk further decreased for those with more than six positive antibodies (OR=0.29; 95% CI, 0.13–0.68). Increasing number of seropositive antibodies was associated with a decreased OR for failed eradication in a linear fashion (Ptrend=0.006).

Nevertheless, with the same analysis strategy, no association was found between baseline seropositivities andH. pylorirecurrence (Table 3). Although we did observe a decreased risk of recurrence for those with three to six seropositive antibodies (OR=0.45; 95% CI, 0.22–0.92), the association was attenuated among individuals with more than six antibodies (OR=0.60; 95% CI, 0.28–1.32).

The dynamic changes of specific antibody levels were further explored between sustainably eradicated and recurrence groups. In sustainably eradicated group, the percentages of seropositivity for all 10 antibodies decreased significantly in the first year after treatment (all P<0.001), with the relative differences ranging from 22.6% for CagA to 63.0% for HtrA (Figure 2). In the 7.3-year after treatment, the decreases of all antibodies were further enlarged, from 48.2% for HpaA to 81.0% for FliD (all P<0.001). For the recurrence group, no significant decrease was found for the frequencies of CagA and VacA seropositivity in the first year after eradication (P=0.346 and 0.061 for CagA and VacA, respectively), which was followed by delayed decreases in the 7.3 years (P<0.001 and P=0.033 for CagA and VacA, respectively). The percentages of the other eight specificH. pyloriantibodies all decreased significantly at 1-year after treatment, while no additional decline was observed in the 7.3-year. Seropositivies of HpaA and HP231 even rebounded and showed no difference with baseline (for HpaA, P=0.289; for HP231, P=0.201). The comparison of the seropositivity alteration between these two outcome groups found fewer participants reversed from positive to negative in recurrence group. Statistical significances were observed for six antibodies (CagA, VacA, GroEL, FliD, HpaA, and HtrA) in the 1-year after treatment (all P<0.05), and additional three (NapA, HP231, and CtkA) in the 7.3-year.

Discussion

In our population-based study, utilizing the serum samples collected at different time points during the follow-up in an intervention trial, the total anti-H. pyloriIgG and 10 specific antibody levels were determined to evaluate the association betweenH. pyloriantibody responses and outcomes of anti-H. pyloritreatment. We found that the medians of anti-H. pyloriIgG titers were consistently below cut-off value of 1.0 throughout the 7.3-year follow-up period in eradicated group. While relative elevatedH. pyloriIgG antibody levels at 1-year after treatment may indicate increasing risk of recurrence. Moreover, our study also suggested that multiple seropositivities of specificH. pyloriantibodies at baseline, especially FliD and HpaA, may serve as serum biomarkers to predict a better outcome of eradication.

By dynamically investigating total anti-H. pyloriIgG titers at several time points before and after interventions, our present study found significantly different alteration tendency in various outcome groups. Compared to the persistent high levels of serum IgG in placebo and failed eradication groups as expected, significant declines were noticed at 1-year after eradication in recurrence and sustainably eradicated groups. Although previous studies have evaluated serum IgG levels as the recurrence monitor, our study added the new evidence in a long-term follow up for its predictive significance in a population-based prevention (27,28). In our study, the relative higher median of IgG titers at 1-year after eradication in recurrence group may provide a warning of recurrence risk. Interestingly, medians of IgG titers from 1-year to 7.3-year after treatment always kept at a lower level in recurrence group compared to those in failed eradication groups. One possibility was that new infection might not occur thereafter, instead, relapse of silentH. pyloriafter antibacterial treatment could lead to the recurrence (9). The low serum antibody responses shown by this serological result may suggest lesser extent and density ofH. pyloriexcising in gastric mucosa, while majority ofH. pyloribacteria was eliminated (29). These important findings may explain our previous finding in this trial that, even subjects with recurrence ofH. pylori, long-term beneficial effectscould also be obtained for reduction of gastric cancer risk (30).

Table 2 Association betweenH. pylorieradication outcome and baseline sero-prevalence toH. pyloriantigens in Shandong Intervention Trial

Table 3 Association betweenH. pylorirecurrence after eradication and baseline sero-prevalence toH. pyloriantigens in Shandong Intervention Trial

Besides the total IgG, the specific antibodies against distinctH. pyloriproteins at baseline were also investigated for the predictive significances of short and long term eradication outcome. A recent meta-analysis suggested the absence of CagA, one of the most important bacterial virulence factors for peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma, may serve as a predictor for failure ofH. pylorieradication [risk ratio (RR)=2.0; 95% CI, 1.6–2.4], which was not confirmed in our study (OR=1.25; 95% CI, 0.50–3.16) (31). While in this meta-analysis, none of the 14 selected studies were conducted in East Asia. Accumulating studies in East Asia, including ours, reported more than 90% of infectedH. pyloristrains were CagA positive, which may not be used as a helpful marker in this population (32-34).

Instead of CagA, absence of FliD or HpaA antibodies at baseline was found as independent predictors for failure ofH. pylorieradication in the Chinese population. TheH. pyloriflagella hook-associated protein 2 homologue, FliD, is essential in the assembly of the functional flagella, which not only plays a vital role in bacterial motility, but also is necessary for colonization and persistence ofH. pyloriinfection (35,36). Known asH. pyloriadhesin A, HpaA is a surface-located lipoprotein, which is essential for the colonization ofH. pylori(37-40). Recognized by human dendritic cells, HpaA could induce their maturation and antigen presentation (41). Although the mechanisms of FliD and HpaA with the tendency of successful eradication are still unknown, it may involve dysfunction of colonization by reducing the adhesion ofH. pylorito gastric mucosa in the absence of these two proteins.

Not only the specific antibodies like FliD and HapA, increasing number of various seropositiveH. pyloriantibodies at baseline was also found to be associated with successful eradication outcome in a linear fashion. According to our previous results from the same intervention trial, the subjects with increasing number ofH. pyloriseropositive antibodies at baseline showed a higher risk for progression to gastric cancer (42). Both of these prospective studies suggested a potential preferential population for anti-H. pyloritreatment in the subjects with multiple seropositive antibodies, especially FliD and HapA, for their higher risk of gastric cancer and easier eradication tendency.

Although no significant association was found between baseline seropositivities andH. pylorirecurrence risk, the dynamic changes of specific antibodies levels showed fewer participants reversed from positive to negative in recurrence group. For the subjects recurringH. pyloriinfection in the long follow-up period, seropositivities of CagA and VacA still remained at high levels at 1-year after successful eradication and showed delayed declines in 7.3-year. The discrepant change trends of CagA or VacA seropositivity in recurrence group from sustainably eradicated subjects may also suggest potential indicators of recurrence risk.

Certain limitations of the present study should be considered in interpreting the results. In recent studies,H. pylorirelated serum biomarkers such as Omp, HP 0305, HyuA, and HcpC were found to be associated with gastric cancer risk (34,43,44). However, our biomarker panel included only 10H. pylori-specific antibodies, more defined markers need to be further investigated. Nevertheless, we employed CagA and VacA as the two most important virulence factors, and GroEL, HtrA, NapA, HP231, CtkA for their close associations with severe gastric diseases (45-48). Moreover, blood samples were only performed at baseline and 1, 2, 7.3 years after intervention in our followup study. The detailed fluctuation of antibodies levels could not be observed between two and seven years after treatment, and the exact recurrence time point could not be identified in the current cohort. To better elucidate these problems, further monitor with more frequent follow-up time points is needed in the future.

Our study has a number of strengths. Most notably, to our knowledge, it is the first study to assess multiple serology toH. pyloriindividual antibodies at several time points both before and after treatment, and its association with short- and long-term anti-H. pyloritreatment outcome in the high-risk population of gastric cancer in China. We took advantage of stored serum samples and rich covariate information from a strictly conducted population-based intervention trial in China. Furthermore, the results from13C-UBT, recomLineH. pyloriIgG, and conventional ELISA in the same population enabled us to explore their differing applications at each time point. Additionally, the long-term follow-up in our study enabled the accurate evaluation of eventual eradication outcome.

Conclusions

Our long-term follow-up intervention trial based study in the high-risk area of China confirmed the previous research and provided additional evidence thatH. pyloriantibodies could be used as a potential indicator forH. pylorirecurrence risk. Subjects with multiple seropositive specific antibodies at baseline, especially FliD and HpaA, may be associated with better anti-H. pyloritreatment outcome. The results of this study suggested potential targeted strategies for anti-H. pyloritreatment in a gastric cancer high-risk population in China with different distribution ofH. pyloristrains from Western countries.

Acknowledgements

The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81171989, 30801346), National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program: 2010CB529303), and the Capital Health Research and Development of Special (2014-2-1022).

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Cite this article as:Wang T, Zhang Y, Su H, Li Z, Zhang L, Ma J, Liu W, Zhou T, You W, Pan K.Helicobacter pyloriantibody responses in association with eradication outcome and recurrence: a population-based intervention trial with 7.3-year follow-up in China. Chin J Cancer Res 2017;29(2):127-136. doi: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.02.05

10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.02.05

Kaifeng Pan. Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China. Email: pankaifeng2002@yahoo.com; Weicheng You. Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China. Email: weichengyou@yahoo.com..

Submitted Mar 02, 2017. Accepted for publication Apr 17, 2017.