解密推斷套路，武裝最強(qiáng)大腦

在全國各?。▍^(qū)、市）的高考英語試題中，閱讀理解的分值普遍為40分。其中，推理判斷題一般占12分左右。推理判斷題要求考生在理解原文表面信息的基礎(chǔ)上做出合理的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義及深層含義。因此該題型是閱讀理解中的高難度題，是考生失分較多的題目。

套路一：攻克深層推理題

深層推理題屬于推理判斷題中難度稍小的題型，要求考生能根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容推斷出具體的細(xì)節(jié)，如人物之間的關(guān)系、原因、事件，等等。做題時(shí)，考生需遵循以下幾個(gè)原則：（1）忠于原文，以文中的信息為依據(jù)，做到有理有據(jù)，絕不可主觀臆斷，對(duì)文中沒有的信息做出推斷。（2）文中的原句只能是細(xì)節(jié)題的答案，不能表示推理后得出的結(jié)論。（3）要對(duì)文章的表層信息進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理，不能無限推測。（4）善于揣摩作者的思路，盡可能與作者的思路相吻合。

該題型常見的表達(dá)方式為：（1）What can be inf- erred from the …paragraph？（2）What can we learn from the …paragraph？（3）What does the … sentence of the passage imply？ （4）Why did the author mention… The author uses the examples of… to show that…（5）What do we know about… We learn from Paragraph 5 that… （6） It can be inferred/concluded/implied/seen from the passage that…

例1（2016年全國新課標(biāo)卷I閱讀理解C）I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence， Rhode Island， and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence， the lady on the desk said， “well， Im really sorry， Ive got some bad news for you — there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said， “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient — please， please， youve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me， re-routed（改道） me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. （Para.2）

Which flight did the woman put Peter on first？

A. To London B. To Newark

C. To Providence D. To Washington

【解析】B。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me， re-routed（改道）me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled”可知，由于沒有從華盛頓到倫敦的直達(dá)班機(jī)，這位女士就安排航班改道從Newark出發(fā)，最后比原計(jì)劃提早到達(dá)，故選B。

例2（2016年全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ閱讀理解D）“The ‘if it bleedsrule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger， a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends， you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”（Para.2）

What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer？

A. Theyre socially inactive

B. Theyre good at telling stories

C. Theyre inconsiderate of others

D. Theyre careful with their words

【解析】C。根據(jù)第二段第二個(gè)雙引號(hào)內(nèi)的第一句“They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling”可推知，他們不在意其他人的感受，故選C。

套路二：強(qiáng)化預(yù)測想象推理題

有些題目要求考生根據(jù)語篇對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局或下一段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行預(yù)測推理。考生做此類題時(shí)，把握作者的寫作思路是關(guān)鍵，如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過來描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系來敘述?？忌貏e注意最后一段的內(nèi)容及最后幾句話中作者想要提供的信息。

該題型常見的表達(dá)方式為：（1）What can be concluded/inferred from the last paragraph？ It can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage that …（2）What is the author most likely to talk about following the passage？

例3（2014年山東卷閱讀理解A）The next morning Tracy got a call. A man named Peter recognized his lost dog and called the number on the flier. Tracy started crying， and told him， “That dog saved my friends son.” （Para.5）

Peter drove to Anns house to pick up his dog， and saw Thomas and Jack crying in the window. After a few moments Peter said， “Maybe Odie was supposed to find you， maybe you should keep it.” （Para.6）

What can we infer about the dog from Paragraph 6 ？

A. It would be given to Odie

B. It would be kept by Annfamily

C. It would be returned to Peter

D. It would be taken away by Tracy

【解析】B。這篇文章講Tracy發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只流浪狗，他的鄰居Ann收養(yǎng)了它，Ann的兩個(gè)兒子Thomas 和 Jack也很喜歡它。從第六段可知，狗主人Peter想接回他的狗（Odie），但當(dāng)他看到Thomas和Jack因舍不得Odie在哭泣時(shí)，他說“也許Odie應(yīng)該找到你們，或許你們應(yīng)該收養(yǎng)它”。因此，可以預(yù)測狗不會(huì)被Peter帶走，而是繼續(xù)被Ann一家收養(yǎng)。

例4 （2015年英語模擬試題）So， it seems that schools that choose to prevent disturbing noises and create positive sounds capes could enhance the learning of their students， so long as they make careful choices. Yet this isnt the only sense being used to affect learning. Students with Special needs at Sydenham high school in London are being encouraged to revise different subjects in the presence of different smells — grapefruit scents for maths， lavender for French and spearmint for history. （Para.6）

Which of the following is most likely to follow up the research findings？

A. Expertsresearch into other senses that can improve studentsgrades

B. More successful examples of boosting learning power by using music

C. Suggestions for pumping lots of pleasant smells into school campuses

D. Debates on whether noises can really have positive effect on studentsperformance

【解析】A。文章第六段研究了兩種能提高學(xué)生成績的感官刺激方法：音樂和氣味。由此可推斷出文章接下來可能會(huì)談?wù)撽P(guān)于能提高學(xué)生成績的其他研究。故選A。

套路三：強(qiáng)攻猜測寫作目的題

文章的寫作目的是闡述作者為何寫這篇文章，不同的文體，寫作的目的也不同。廣告的寫作目的是說服大家去做某事（購物、旅游等），說明文的寫作目的是向人們展示某物的用途或制作過程，研究報(bào)告的寫作目的是向人們展示某種研究成果，議論文的寫作目的是論述一個(gè)道理或表述一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，記敘文的寫作目的則是為了向人們分享經(jīng)歷、敘述一件事情或表達(dá)感情等。

該題型常見的表達(dá)方式為：（1）Whats the purpose of the campaign？ （1）What is the authors purpose in writing the text？ （3）The main purpose of this text is to...（4）For what purpose is the text written？ （5）What is the authors intention of writing this passage？

例5（2016年全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ閱讀理解C）If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around. Its called Apple Day but in practice its more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21， but since it has caught on， events now spread out over most of October around Britain. （Para.1）

What is the authors purpose in writing the text？

A. To show how to grow apples

B. To introduce an apple festival

C. To help people select apples

D. To promote apple research

【解析】B。由第一段的內(nèi)容可知，本文主要是介紹蘋果節(jié)，故正確答案為B。

套路四：明晰猜測作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度題

解答這類題的關(guān)鍵在于把握好作者對(duì)主體事物或文中提及的某一具體事物的態(tài)度，在選項(xiàng)中常出現(xiàn)的表達(dá)態(tài)度的詞有positive（肯定的），negative（否定的），objective（客觀的），doubtful（懷疑的），indifferent（冷漠的），optimistic（樂觀的），pessimistic（悲觀的）等。

文中表現(xiàn)作者態(tài)度的方式可能為：加入形容詞定語、副詞狀語或一些特殊的動(dòng)詞，如fail（未能），ignore（忽視），overestimate（高估）等表否定態(tài)度的詞。因此，要了解作者對(duì)某一具體事物的態(tài)度，考生要定位到相關(guān)的句子，并根據(jù)該句中相關(guān)的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞來確定作者的態(tài)度。

該題型常見的設(shè)問方式為：（1）What is the authors attitude towards…/Which of the words best describes the authors attitude towards…（2）What does the author think of…（3）How does the author feel about…（4）The authors attitude towards … can be described as…

例6（2015年全國新課標(biāo)卷I閱讀理解B）The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”. I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C（維生素C）， thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air， I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets（at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part—particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold- weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call. （Para.1）

What did the author think of her winter life in New York？

A. Exciting B. Boring C. Relaxing D. Annoying

【解析】B。根據(jù)文章第一句話“The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter”可判斷，作者不喜歡在紐約過冬，因此毫不猶豫地決定去南方過周末。

例7（2016年四川卷閱讀理解C）“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，” says Gin. “Ive been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I dont see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”（Para. 3）

What is Gins attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese？

A. Cautious B. Doubtful

C. Uninterested D. Appreciative

【解析】D。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句“I have a special love for the French Guianese people”和最后一句“But rather I see it as an area of freedom”可知，Gin對(duì)法屬圭亞那地區(qū)的居民有一種特殊的愛，并把這里看作是自由的地方，由此可推斷出他很喜歡這個(gè)地方。

套路五：完勝文章來源或閱讀對(duì)象題

考生只有對(duì)報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、科普、小說、廣告、說明書、旅游指南、藥品說明等有基本的了解，才能根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)將其對(duì)號(hào)入座，從而選出最佳的答案。一般而言，廣告語言比較簡潔鮮明，以達(dá)到宣傳的效果；報(bào)刊的內(nèi)容時(shí)事性比較強(qiáng)，分不同的版塊，在閱讀理解中采用的報(bào)刊類文章一般以政治、生活為主； 一般來講，雜志涵蓋了生活的各個(gè)層面，如對(duì)某器皿、設(shè)備等做出介紹并附有操作方式的就是產(chǎn)品說明書；如告知藥品的服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等的則是藥品說明；來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)的文章文體不限，判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是找到文中的網(wǎng)絡(luò)標(biāo)志語，如click here，download， upload，link（鏈接），mouse（鼠標(biāo)）等。

該題型常見的設(shè)問方式為：（1）The text is most probably taken from… （2）In which column of a newspaper would you probably find the text？ （3）The passage is likely to appear in…（4）Where would you be most likely to find the text？

例8（2015年全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ閱讀理解B）Your house may have an effect on your figure . Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off . You can make your environment work for you instead of against you . Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan. （Para. 1）

The text is especially helpful for those who care about_______.

A. their home comforts B. their body shape

C. house buying D. healthy diets

【解析】B。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Your house may have an effect on your figure…or keep them off”及最后一句“Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan”可知，正確答案為B。

例9（2015年廣東卷閱讀理解B）When I grew up and entered the business world， I remember hearing my first boss say， “We all need to think like sales people.” But it didnt completely make sense. My dad never once said， “If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was， “You need to think like a fish.” Years later， with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me， I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.（Para.3）

This passage most likely comes from _______.

A. a fishing guide B. a popular sales book

C. a novel on childhood D. a millionaires biography

【解析】B。根據(jù)文章第三段的內(nèi)容及最后一句“I will show you how in the following chapters”可知，本文節(jié)選自一本關(guān)于銷售的書。