可持續(xù)高密度環(huán)境的城市空間規(guī)劃

趙任植/CHO Im Sik

陳茜 譯/Translated by CHEN Xi

可持續(xù)高密度環(huán)境的城市空間規(guī)劃

趙任植/CHO Im Sik

陳茜 譯/Translated by CHEN Xi

過去的幾十年中，隨著全球，尤其是亞洲國家急速的城市轉(zhuǎn)型、城市增長及人口高密化，城市空間成為實現(xiàn)環(huán)境、社會和經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一個重要手段。本文探討了從新加坡城市研究，到高密度條件下新建城市空間的分類、評估、愿景及設(shè)計規(guī)劃框架的發(fā)展，以此作為對快速城市化及可持續(xù)發(fā)展的回應。研究范圍涉及城市公共空間密度和質(zhì)量關(guān)系的探索，在高密度且復雜的城市條件下塑造當代城市空間的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能，并開發(fā)了集成的計算工具（TUSA）系統(tǒng)地評估和分析城市空間特征和高密度環(huán)境中的作用，旨在指導并決策城市空間規(guī)劃和設(shè)計流程。

城市空間，高密度，環(huán)境可持續(xù)性，新加坡

1 研究背景

1.1 城市空間在高密度開發(fā)中的角色

全球范圍內(nèi)城市人口的戲劇化增長與城市開發(fā)成為新世紀的明顯特征。尤其是近30年中，亞洲國家經(jīng)歷了最為劇烈的城市變革，如同西方世界在此前兩個世紀中經(jīng)歷的那樣。面對如此高速的城市發(fā)展與城市人口增長，環(huán)境可持續(xù)、經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)、社會可持續(xù)的城市規(guī)劃變得至關(guān)重要。在這種語境中，提供“高品質(zhì)的公共空間”越來越被視為推動環(huán)境與社會可持續(xù)性、并提升高密度當代環(huán)境中生活質(zhì)量的主要途徑之一[1]。

與此同時，過去10年來新加坡公共空間的設(shè)計也受到了廣泛的關(guān)注，設(shè)計主要關(guān)注創(chuàng)造公共空間新類型的可能性探索，例如，架空公共空間及混合功能用地開發(fā)。新加坡公共空間的生產(chǎn)具有多方面的特殊性，這首先源于其集中的、策略性的規(guī)劃與政策機構(gòu)及全球眼界，同時也源于其特殊的地理、氣候、多文化文脈特征。在如新加坡這般的多文化、多種族語境中，公共空間的發(fā)展在塑造世界城市、多元人群共同家園的保留、環(huán)境與社會可持續(xù)性的城市開發(fā)中皆有關(guān)鍵作用。

1 城市空間構(gòu)架/Urban space framework

據(jù)新加坡國家發(fā)展部2013年發(fā)布的題為“為全體新加坡人提供高品質(zhì)生活環(huán)境”的報告，新加坡的未來發(fā)展正沿著從前建立的軌跡而展開，包括實現(xiàn)這些目標：兼顧品質(zhì)的保障住房，可達的綠色休閑空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)（作為已經(jīng)完善建立與實施的“花園城市”概念的延伸），充滿活力的經(jīng)濟，更佳的交通流動，前瞻性的、世界性的、具有遺產(chǎn)意識的文化，潔凈、安全、怡人的環(huán)境，且為進一步增長預留空間。在報告中，宜居城市中心與城市土地學會提供了“宜居高密度城市的10項原則”[2]，作為對新加坡規(guī)劃與發(fā)展的整合模式之深刻洞悉，希望能夠同時囊括物理、經(jīng)濟、社會及環(huán)境等城市生活的各個方面。這10條原則包括：為長期增長與更新而進行的規(guī)劃；擁護多樣性；塑造更親人的自然環(huán)境；發(fā)展可支付的混合功能社區(qū)；強化公共空間的有效性，優(yōu)選綠色交通與綠色建筑；通過多樣化及增加綠色邊界緩解密度；活化更安全的空間；推動創(chuàng)新的、非慣常的解決措施；以及打造PPP（民眾-公有-私有）合作模式。

1.2 環(huán)境可持續(xù)導向的城市設(shè)計價值

精心設(shè)計與良好管理的公共空間是城市宜居性和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要資源，無論是短期還是長期均對社會、健康、環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟各方面大有裨益，這已成為一個廣泛承認的觀點[3-6]。不佳的城市設(shè)計可能導致生活品質(zhì)降低、就業(yè)機會受限，還會引發(fā)社區(qū)及城市整體層面的大范圍的不可持續(xù)支出。

1 Research Background

2 研究方法、工具及設(shè)備/Research methods, tools and instruments

1.1 Role of Urban Space in High Density Development

Te turn of this century has been characterized by the dramatic rise in urban population and urban development globally. Over the last three decades, Asian countries in particular have experienced the most dramatic urban transformations, which are comparable to what the Western world experienced over the last two centuries. In response to such a rapid rise in urban development and urban population, the demands for environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable planning are stressed globally. In this context, the provision of 'high quality public spaces' is increasingly seen as one of the primary means of fostering environmental and social sustainability and improving the quality of life in highly dense contemporary environments[1].

In line with the above, the design of public spaces in Singapore has received considerable attention over the last decade; design has been focused on exploring the potential of creating new types of public spaces, such as elevated public spaces and mixed-use hybrid developments. The production of public spaces in Singapore is, in many ways, specific, primarily due to its centralized and strategic planning and policy mechanisms and global aspirations, but also due to its specific geographical, climatic, and multi-cultural contexts. For a multi-cultural and multi-racial context like Singapore, the development of public spaces has been seen as having a critical role in creating a cosmopolitan city while allowing it to remain a unique home for its diverse people, as well as utilizing environmentally and socially sustainable urban development.

According to the report entitled 'A High-Quality Living Environment for All Singaporeans', published by the Ministry of National Development (2013), Singapore's future development follows previously established trajectories. These include achieving the following: high-quality and affordable housing; an accessible network of green and recreational spaces (as an extension of an already wellestablished and implemented 'A City in a Garden' concept); a vibrant and dynamic economy; greater mobility; a forward-looking and cosmopolitan yet heritage-aware culture; a clean, safe, and pleasant environment; and room for further growth. In their report, the Centre for Liveable Cities and the Urban Land Institute provide '10 principles for liveable high-density cities',[2]as an insight into Singapore's integrated model of planning and development, with an aim to simultaneously address the physical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of urban living. Te ten principles include: planning for long-term growth and renewal, embracing diversity, drawing nature closer to people, developing affordable mixed-use neighbourhoods, making public spaces work harder, prioritizing green transport and building options, relieving density with variety and adding green boundaries, activating spaces for greater safety, promoting innovative and nonconventional solutions, and forging 3P (People-Public-Private) partnerships.

針對公共空間的投資對環(huán)境可持續(xù)性的貢獻主要體現(xiàn)在：

·減弱氣候變化的影響，

·提升能源效率，控制污染惡化，

·通過材料與建造技術(shù)的選擇、鼓勵步行與自行車出行等方式將碳排放最小化，

·實現(xiàn)保持環(huán)境敏感性的開發(fā)，

·將可達性差的或破敗的區(qū)域與設(shè)施轉(zhuǎn)換為有益的公共用途，

·復興城市遺產(chǎn)。

任何人皆可從高品質(zhì)的城市空間中受益：投資者——通過其投資帶來的可觀回報與業(yè)主需求的滿足；開發(fā)商——通過投資吸引力；業(yè)主——通過員工與客戶在工作表現(xiàn)、忠誠度、健康與滿意度等方面的提升；日常使用者與社會整體——通過經(jīng)濟優(yōu)越性、品質(zhì)提升的環(huán)境與更廣范圍的便利設(shè)施與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；公共機關(guān)——通過對其建立具有環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟、社會可行的環(huán)境之義務(wù)的滿足。

3.4 城市空間導則/Urban space guideline

2 研究范圍與目標

當下城市設(shè)計中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一即為在創(chuàng)造優(yōu)良城市空間的同時，使其保有對城市人口與建成密度激增引起的多樣、混合而時常不可預測的城市狀況的適應與回應。因此，我們理解、分析、設(shè)計和利用城市空間的方式需要在數(shù)量與質(zhì)量上同時進行概念的重新構(gòu)思。這意味著在高密度城市環(huán)境中，挑戰(zhàn)并重新評定有關(guān)密度、空間、類型、公共性等的現(xiàn)有觀念。

以塑造高密度、復雜、混合城市環(huán)境中當代城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)與運行的關(guān)鍵組成部分（空間、功能與組織層面）為基礎(chǔ)，該研究探究了城市公共空間密度與質(zhì)量間的關(guān)系。

為了在高密度環(huán)境中，改善生活與工作環(huán)境，增進社會與社區(qū)交流，主要的研究目的包括：

·在高密度開發(fā)語境下，提出針對當?shù)貤l件的全新城市公共空間的參數(shù)；

·針對特定城市空間類型與密度水平，進行設(shè)計參數(shù)的配置與組合；

·完善一系列城市空間配置之規(guī)劃與設(shè)計的指導工具。

3 研究框架

研究團隊開發(fā)出了一種原創(chuàng)而全面的城市空間框架。框架的提出來源于有關(guān)高密度環(huán)境的可持續(xù)與城市空間的城市設(shè)計理論與實踐，以及用于分析、評估與設(shè)計宜居的高品質(zhì)公共空間的可用導則。

城市空間框架提出了影響與塑造城市空間績效的三大構(gòu)成要素：

（1）硬件（即設(shè)計值），

（2）軟件（即利用與社會感知值），

（3）斡件（即管理與運行值）。

這一框架由歸類與評估系統(tǒng)組成。圖1展示了用于確定城市空間關(guān)鍵屬性、對其分類并評價其總體績效的描述機制。

4 研究方法、工具與手段

評估系統(tǒng)包括47個評估求值器，與94個用來描述與主動評價城市空間的標準。借此可以建立一份評估清單，以打分系統(tǒng)的形式作用。若某城市空間滿足某項標準則評分為1，若不能滿足則評分為0。

最終評分稱為城市空間值，代表了以百分比呈現(xiàn)的硬件、軟件、斡件績效的累積。但這種總體價值是比較基礎(chǔ)的，只可用于快速比較。為了以整合的方式呈現(xiàn)更為詳細的調(diào)查結(jié)果，繪制成兩個城市空間值評估圖。圓環(huán)狀圖表由3個扇區(qū)組成，分別表示關(guān)鍵城市空間元件：硬件、軟件與斡件。扇區(qū)被分成條狀，每條代表一個標準。有色條塊代表被調(diào)查城市空間滿足該標準，全部有色條塊的總和便構(gòu)成了城市空間值。通過這種方法，城市空間值評估圖使得跨越全部研究案例的總體與特殊比較成為可能，同時突出了被評估空間的優(yōu)點與不足，因此以直觀的方式指出了可待改善的方面 （圖2）。

5 具體研究成果

具體研究成果包括：

·TUSA，即城市空間分析工具——一種整合的計算應用，能夠?qū)旌系?、復雜的城市空間類型及其運行績效進行編目、分類、評估、分析和推測；

·一份城市空間導則（圖3、4），建議了一套數(shù)量方面與質(zhì)量方面的可行措施與設(shè)計方法，以提升特定高密度狀況下屬于某具體類型的城市空間之運行績效；

·一份城市空間編目，依次總結(jié)了各個有記錄城市空間的關(guān)鍵信息。

研究團隊/Research Team

首席研究員/Principal Investigator: Assistant Professor Dr. CHO Im Sik

主要合作者/Key Collaborator: Professor HENG Chye Kiang研究員/Researchers: Dr. Zdravko TRIVIC & Ivan Kurniawan NASUTION

新加坡主要合作機構(gòu)/Key Collaborating Agencies in Singapore: 市區(qū)重建局（主要機構(gòu)），建屋發(fā)展局，國家公園局/Urban Redevelopment Authority (Lead Organisation); Housing and Development Board; National Parks Board

1.2 Value of Urban Design for Environmental Sustainability

It is widely accepted that well-designed and well-managed public spaces are the vital assets for a city's liveability and sustainable development, which have short-and long-term social, health, environmental, and economic benefits[3-6]. Poor urban design may reduce quality of life, limit employment opportunities, and generate a wide range of unsustainable costs for the community and the city as a whole.

Investment in public space contributes to environmental sustainability by:

·Reducing the impact of climate change,

·Creating more energy-efficient and less polluting development,

·Minimizing carbon emissions through the choice of materials and construction technologies, as well as through the encouragement of walking and cycling,

·Delivering development that is sensitive to its context,

·Returning inaccessible or run-down areas and amenities to beneficial public use,

·Revitalizing urban heritage.

Everyone benefits from high-quality urban spaces: investors – through favourable returns on their investments and through satisfying occupier demand; developers – by attracting investors; occupiers (owners) – from the superior performance, loyalty, health, and satisfaction of their employees and clients; everyday users and society as a whole –from the economic advantages and through access to a better quality environment and an enhanced range of amenities and facilities; and public authorities – by meeting their obligation to deliver an environmentally, economically, and socially viable environment.

2 Research Scope And Objectives

One of the main challenges of urban design today is to create good urban spaces with the ability to accommodate and respond to diverse, hybrid, and often unprecedented urban conditions, which all result from the dramatically increased urban population and building density. Consequently, the ways we understand, analyse, design, and utilize urban spaces require both quantitative and qualitative re-conceptualizations. These include challenging and reassessing the existing notions of density, space, typology, and publicness, among others, in the context of high-density urban environments.

This research explores the relationships between density and quality of urban public spaces based on key components (spatial, functional, and organisational layers) that shape the structure and performance of contemporary urban spaces in highly dense, complex, and hybrid urban conditions.

To enhance the living and working environment for increased social and community interaction within high-density environments, the main research objectives include:

·Recommending parameters for new urban public spaces in local conditions within the context of high-density developments,

·Developing design configurations and combinations of design parameters for specific urban space typologies and densities,

·Developing a tool to guide the planning and design of a range of urban space configurations.

3 Research Framework

The research team developed an original and holistic Urban Space Framework. This draws from urban design theories and practices related to sustainability and urban space in high-density environments, as well as available guidelines for analysing, evaluating, and designing liveable and high-quality public spaces.

The Urban Space Framework recognises three major components that influence and shape urban space performance:

1.Hardware (i.e. design value),

2.Software (i.e. use and social value),

3.Orgware (i.e. management and operational value).

The framework consists of Classification and Evaluation Systems. These are descriptive mechanisms used to identify key attributes of urban spaces, categorise them, and assess their overall performances (Fig. 1).

4 Research Methods, Tools, and Instruments

Te Evaluation System consists of 47 evaluators and 94 criteria that describe and positively evaluate urban spaces. With this, an evaluation checklist is established, which serves as a scoring system. An urban space scores 1 if it meets the criterion and 0 if it fails to meet the criterion.

Te final score is called the Urban Space Value, which represents the average score of cumulative hardware, software, and orgware performances shown as percentages. However, such an overall value is basic and serves only for quick comparison. To represent the findings in more detail and in an integrated manner, two Urban Space Value Diagrams are crafted. Te circular charts consist of three segments with respect to the key urban space components: hardware, software, and orgware. Segments are divided into stripes, each representing one criterion. Coloured stripes represent criteria that are met by the investigated urban space and the sum of all coloured stripes creates the overall Urban Space Value. In such a way, the Urban Space Value Diagrams enable general and specific comparisons across all case studies, while highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the space evaluated, thus suggesting areas for improvement in a straightforward manner (Fig. 2).

5 Specific Research Deliverables

Specific research deliverables include:

·TUSA, or Tool for Urban Space Analysis –an integrated computational application with capacities to catalogue, classify, evaluate, analyse, and speculate on hybrid and complex urban space typologies and their performances,

·An Urban Space Guideline (Fig. 3,4) that proposes a set of qualitative and quantitative actions and design measures to improve the performance of urban spaces of particular typologies or under specific high-density conditions,

·An Urban Space Catalogue that summarises key information about each documented urban space.

5 城市空間分析工具（TUSA）/ Tool for Urban Space Analysis(TUSA)策略性干預的優(yōu)缺點判定/Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses for Strategic Intervention

6 城市空間分析工具（TUSA）/ Tool for Urban Space Analysis(TUSA)為策略性干預提供可行性改進/Recommending Possible Improvements for Strategic Intervention

城市空間分析工具（TUSA）

城市空間分析工具提供了指導設(shè)計過程各個階段的方法，包括：設(shè)計任務(wù)書發(fā)展、預評估與設(shè)計建議、使用后評估與策略性干預、基準分析與預測，輔之以最佳設(shè)計案例研究的電子數(shù)據(jù)庫。TUSA首先基于對城市空間質(zhì)量方面的、描述性的評價，全面反映了本課題中采用的研究程序。自研究起始便對其進行調(diào)整與發(fā)展，以保持靈活性并適應未來變化。例如，當用于某具體案例中的策略性干預時，TUSA顯示了對于城市空間運行效果及優(yōu)缺點的評估。同時，也通過自動生成的報告推薦可能的提升方法（圖5、6）。

TUSA也提供了增加虛擬案例、對其進行基于系統(tǒng)中現(xiàn)存案例的基準分析的模式。這對新研究項目（如投標）中的預評估尤其實用（圖7）。TUSA生成的總結(jié)圖表顯示了各選中開發(fā)項目對分級標準的滿足狀況，為了更易于比較，還特別顯示了最高值。當投標方案獲得接近的總體評分時格外實用。

借助其模式與性能，TUSA是一種可用于指導設(shè)計過程各階段的實用新工具。然而，本文所述的方法仍不完全詳盡，我們鼓勵TUSA的使用者探索工具性能并發(fā)現(xiàn)針對性的分析方法。分類標簽與評估標準均可被隨時進行編輯（添加或刪除），使得這一工具保有對新條件與設(shè)計要求的適應性。

Tool for Urban Space Analysis (TUSA)

TUSA (Tool for Urban Space Analysis) provides the means of guiding various stages of the design process, including design brief development, pre-evaluation of design proposals, post-evaluation and strategic intervention, benchmarking, and speculation. TUSA is primarily based on qualitative and descriptive assessment of urban spaces, fully reflecting the research process employed in this study. It has also been developed from the start to be flexible and to accommodate changes in the future.

For example, when used in a strategic intervention for a specific case, TUSA shows an evaluation of how well the urban space is performing and its strengths and weaknesses. It also recommends possible improvements through an automatically generated report (Fig. 5,6).

TUSA also provides an option to add new virtual cases and benchmark them against the cases already added to the system. Tis is particularly useful in pre-evaluation of new research projects (e.g. tenders) (Fig. 7). TUSA generates a Summary Table that sums up the criteria met by each selected development across the hierarchy of criteria while highlighting the highest numbers for easier comparison. Tis is particularly useful when tenders seem to have similar overall scores.

With its modes and capacities, TUSA is a helpful new tool that can be used to guide various stages of the design process. However, the ways described are not exhaustive, and TUSA users are encouraged to explore its capacities and find their own methods of analysis. Both classification tags and evaluation criteria can be edited (added or deleted) at any point of time, which makes the tool adaptable to new conditions and design requirements.

7 城市空間分析工具（TUSA）/ Tool for Urban Space Analysis(TUSA)新設(shè)計方案的前期評估：基準與比較/Pre-evaluation of new design proposals: benchmarking & comparison

/References

[1] Amin, Ash. (2006). Collective culture and urban public space. Retrieved from http://www.publicspace. org/en/text‐library/eng/b003‐collective‐culture‐and‐urban‐publicspace.

[2] Ministry of National Development, Singapore. (2013). A high quality living environment for all Singaporeans: Land use plan to support Singapore's future population. Retrieved from http://www.mnd. gov.sg/landuseplan/e-book/files/assets/common/

聲明/Acknowledgements

本文討論之內(nèi)容來自于題為“可持續(xù)高密度環(huán)境的城市空間規(guī)劃”的研究項目，由新加坡國立大學設(shè)計與環(huán)境學院可持續(xù)亞洲城市研究中心完成，合作機構(gòu)包括新加坡市區(qū)重建局、新加坡建屋發(fā)展局、新加坡國家公園局。該項目由新加坡國家發(fā)展部資助。全部版權(quán)由新加坡國立大學及各合作機構(gòu)享有。文章作者已在新加坡宜居城市中心與建屋發(fā)展局主辦的第三輪城市圓桌會議（2014年11月）中作為受邀發(fā)言人對本文內(nèi)容進行了展示，演講題為“于高密度環(huán)境中建造活力社區(qū)”。/Te content discussed in this paper is from the research project 'Urban Space Planning for Sustainable High-Density Environments' conducted at the Centre for Sustainable Asian Cities, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, in collaboration with the Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore; the Housing and Development Board, Singapore; and the National Parks Board , Singapore. Te project was funded by the Ministry of National Development, Singapore. All copyrights are shared among the National University of Singapore, and the collaborating agencies. The author has presented this content as Invited Speaker at the 3rd Cities Roundtable, hosted by the Centre for Liveable Cities and the Housing and Development Board in Singapore (November, 2014) with the title 'Building a vibrant community in a dense environment'.

注釋/Notes

1）該研究工作已通過2016年出版的書目發(fā)表/The research work has been published as a book in 2016. Refer to Cho Im Sik, Chye Kiang Heng, and Zdravko Trivic. 2016. Re-framing Urban Space: Urban Design for Emerging Hybrid and High-Density Conditions. New York: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/ products/9781138849860

2）有關(guān)研究項目的更多信息/For more information on the research project, refer to http://www.sde.nus. edu.sg/csac/r6.html. https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/ urbanlab/explore-research/themes/urban-design/ projects/Urban-Space-Planning downloads/Land%20Use%20Plan%20to%20 Support%20Singapore.pdf.

[3] CABE. (2001). The Value of Urban Design. London: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Retrieved from http://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www. cabe.org.uk/files/the-value-of-urban-design.pdf.

[4] CABE. (2003). The Value of Public Space. London: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Retrieved from http://www.ilex‐urc. com/ILEX/files/08/08d8e5ab‐e46e‐4f7f‐9f09‐4 c71f1c35cf7.pdf.

[5] Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand. (2005). The Value of Urban Design: The economic, environmental and social benefits of urban design. Retrieved from http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/ files/value-of-urban-design-full-report-jun05_0.pdf.

[6] Project for Public Spaces [PPS]. (2009). What is Place-Making? Retrieved from http://www.pps.org.

Urban Space Planning for Sustainable High-density Environments

With the rapid urban transformations and increased spatial, programmatic and human densification, globally but especially in Asian countries in the last few decades, new attention has been given to the role of urban spaces, as one of the key means for achieving environmental, social and economic sustainability within such conditions. This paper discusses the framework developed from a research in Singapore to understand, classify, evaluate, envision and guide design and planning of new urban spaces in high-density conditions, as a response to recent challenges in rapid urban transformations and urge for sustainable development. The scope of this research involves exploring the relationships between density and quality of urban public spaces based on key components (spatial, functional and organizational layers) that shape the structure and performance of contemporary urban spaces in highly dense, complex and hybrid urban conditions. In addition, it involves developing an instrument to systematically evaluate and analyses urban space characteristics and performances in high density environments with an aim to guide the decision making, and urban space planning and design processes. The main objectives of this paper are to outline the original Urban Space Framework that proved to be capable of highlighting critical urban space parameters and of suggesting principles and design measures to improve the performance of different urban space typologies, especially in Singapore's high-density context, as well as the vital capacities of an integrated computational tool – the Tool for Urban Space Analysis (TUSA), developed to catalogue, evaluate, analyse, speculate and guide the decision making in design and planning of emerging complex urban space configurations in high-density conditions.

urban space; high-density; environmental sustainability; Singapore

新加坡國立大學

2017-03-15