拓展可持續(xù)性的定義

約翰·巴頓/John Batten

尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

拓展可持續(xù)性的定義

Widening the Definition of Sustainability

約翰·巴頓/John Batten

尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

在凱迪思，我們相信正如生命中的一切，平衡是關(guān)鍵。當(dāng)我們談?wù)摽沙掷m(xù)性時，很多人都認為它僅僅指環(huán)境問題。但我們的定義要廣泛得多，它包含三大支柱：保護地球、人和利益。我們相信一座可持續(xù)的城市會平衡居民的直接需求，又不損害未來的需要。

城市是圍繞居民運轉(zhuǎn)的，而可持續(xù)性終將提高人們的生活質(zhì)量。城市居民的需求范圍很廣，包括營養(yǎng)、住房和安全等生存條件，教育和就業(yè)機遇，以及娛樂與文化藝術(shù)設(shè)施。建筑、交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)和步行道等城市建成環(huán)境，在規(guī)劃和建設(shè)重視居民的生活體驗時就會實現(xiàn)最佳運轉(zhuǎn)。讓城市為永久居民進行投資、發(fā)展、演變并最終成為更美好的家園，將推動它的可持續(xù)性和競爭力更上一層樓。

城市可持續(xù)性日趨以各種新途徑現(xiàn)實。我們相信真正理解城市可持續(xù)性的最佳途徑是從人、地球和利益的角度綜合各種屬性，形成關(guān)于每個地方及其可持續(xù)性排位的整體觀。唯其如此，我們才能清楚一座城市是否可持續(xù)。

最早的凱迪思可持續(xù)城市指數(shù)是同經(jīng)濟商業(yè)研究中心在2015年發(fā)布的。它根據(jù)三大支柱，從每個地方在社會、環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟方面對居民的關(guān)懷程度評估了全球50座城市。2016年第二版指數(shù)在評估城市體驗中人的方面上更進一步。我們建立了一套更完善的數(shù)據(jù)組，更全面地標(biāo)示可持續(xù)性。我們還將指數(shù)在全球覆蓋的城市增加到100座，既有發(fā)達城市也有新興城市。我們使用了32項不同指標(biāo)，并給每一項的可持續(xù)性進行指標(biāo)排名。城市會在可持續(xù)性的三大支柱上得分，城市的總分等于這三個次指數(shù)的平均值。

盡管位置、氣候和資源條件等地理因素都會給同類項對比帶來問題，但在對可持續(xù)性至關(guān)重要的三大方面，這份報告能讓城市衡量其總體狀況，找到對比的基準，向排名更高的城市學(xué)習(xí)，并采取行動保持未來的發(fā)展。

三大支柱/The three pillars

次指數(shù)“人”衡量社會狀況，包括生活質(zhì)量、健康評級（預(yù)期壽命和肥胖）、教育（識字率和大學(xué)）、收入不均、工作生活平衡、扶養(yǎng)比、犯罪、住房和生活成本。這些指標(biāo)可以大致認為體現(xiàn)了“生活質(zhì)量”。/The People sub-index measures social performance including quality of life, rating health (life expectancy and obesity), education (literacy and universities), income inequality, work-life balance, the dependency ratio, crime, housing and living costs. These indicators can be broadly thought of as capturing 'quality of life'.

次指數(shù)“地球”從能耗與可再生能源比率、城市綠色空間、回收與堆肥率、溫室氣體排放、自然災(zāi)害、飲用水、衛(wèi)生與大氣污染等方面對城市進行排名。這些指標(biāo)可以大致認為體現(xiàn)了“綠色因素”。/The Planet sub-index ranks cities on energy consumption and renewable energy share, green space within cities, recycling and composting rates, greenhouse gas emissions, natural catastrophe risk, drinking water, sanitation and air pollution. These indicators can broadly be thought of as capturing 'green factors'.

第三大支柱是“利益”，該次指數(shù)從商業(yè)角度進行考查，它結(jié)合了交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（鐵路、航空和交通擁堵）、經(jīng)商便捷、旅游業(yè)、人均GDP、城市在全球經(jīng)濟網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的重要性、移動和寬帶通信方面的連通性以及就業(yè)率等。這些指標(biāo)可以認為大致體現(xiàn)了“經(jīng)濟健康狀況”。/The third pillar is Profit and this sub-index examines performance from a business perspective, combining measures of transport infrastructure (rail, air and traffic congestion), ease of doing business, tourism, GDP per capita, the city's importance in global economic networks, connectivity in terms of mobile and broadband access and employment rates. These indicators can broadly be thought of as capturing 'economic health'.

1 100個城市的3大支柱數(shù)據(jù)/100 cities data of 3 pillars

2 世界各城市關(guān)于可持續(xù)性的簡圖/A snapshot of urban sustainability around the world（1,2圖片來源/Source: http://www.arcadis.com/en/global/our-perspectives/ sustainable-cities-index-2016）

歐洲城市名列前茅

對比結(jié)果是耐人尋味的。沒有一座城市重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在三個次指數(shù)的前10位。除了新加坡和首爾，排名前10的城市大多數(shù)在北歐和中歐——前10位中有3個都來自德國。指數(shù)排名的后半段包括了所有的中國大陸城市，之后大多是拉美城市。欠發(fā)達的亞太大城市還要靠后一些，指數(shù)中最不發(fā)達的主要是印度和非洲城市。所以，經(jīng)濟發(fā)達的城市基本靠前，而經(jīng)濟處于興起和發(fā)展階段的趨向集中在底部。

無論城市還是國家，可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟的內(nèi)在矛盾在于后世的福祉是否受到今天生活方式的威脅。目前，所有發(fā)達的經(jīng)濟活動都因大量排放溫室氣體，沒有充分回收我們所用的有限資源，耗盡了不可再生能源，而威脅到未來的生活水準。

聚焦大中華區(qū)

香港指數(shù)位居第16位，而在中國大陸城市中，深圳排名第64位，北京第73位，上海第74位，廣州第78位。接下來，成都第93位，武漢第94位。顯然，中國城市和世界其他地方一樣在努力實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性三大支柱的平衡。例如，香港在利益的次指數(shù)上排名第2位，但在人的次指數(shù)上是第81位。向北，上海在地球的次指數(shù)上僅列第91位，而在人的次指數(shù)上是第43位。城市在不同方面得分相去甚遠的極端情況表明可持續(xù)性是很難實現(xiàn)的。為了保證它們的未來，中國的規(guī)劃機構(gòu)需要考慮平衡，避免拉低可持續(xù)性水平。

新機遇在呼喚

指數(shù)表中的所有城市都處在發(fā)展的不同階段，有些在可持續(xù)水平上要勝過其他。重要的是，凱迪思可持續(xù)城市指數(shù)的目標(biāo)不是建立精英城市的層級或“點名批評”，而是為了標(biāo)明存在機遇的各個方面。所有的城市都在各自的道路上不斷前進，提高經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境上的可持續(xù)性并造福于民。

隨著世界越來越依賴城市中心，我們希望城市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和各行業(yè)將它作為判斷工作輕重緩急的重要手段，以及為全民利益實現(xiàn)城市可持續(xù)性的途徑。可持續(xù)性終將改善居民的生活質(zhì)量。城市居民的需求十分廣泛，包括營養(yǎng)、住房和安全等生存條件，教育和就業(yè)機遇，以及娛樂與文化藝術(shù)設(shè)施。建筑、交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)和步行道等城市建成環(huán)境，在規(guī)劃和建設(shè)重視居民的生活體驗時就會實現(xiàn)最佳運轉(zhuǎn)。我們希望這份報告能促進城市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在讓充分發(fā)展城市特色的方式上作出清晰的展望。

自然資源條件是至關(guān)重要的，而它對于維持人與利益之間的平衡更是如此。例如，同清潔的水和空氣一樣，綠色空間對于城市已是愈發(fā)重要的條件和脫穎而出的因素。為此，各個城市都在制定創(chuàng)新方案來滿足這種需求。城市已經(jīng)開始同自然和諧共建，而不是破壞自然——中國正在推行的許多海綿城市項目就是極好的例子。城市中的自然資源正被納入新空間的創(chuàng)造中，這會直接改善居民共同的生活質(zhì)量，并招徠八方游客。

讓城市為永久居民進行投資、發(fā)展、演變并最終成為更美好的家園，將推動它的可持續(xù)性和競爭力更上一層樓。

At Arcadis, we believe that like everything in life, balance is key. When we talk about sustainability, lots of people think that this only refers to environmental issues. Our definition however is much broader and covers three pillars: protecting the planet, people and profit. We believe that a sustainable city balances the immediate needs of its people without compromising the needs of tomorrow.

A city revolves around its people, and sustainability ultimately improves their quality of life. The range of people's needs in a city is broad, encompassing livelihood requirements of nourishment, housing and safety, education and vocational opportunities, recreational outlets and access to culture and arts. A city's built assets, such as buildings, transportation networks and pedestrian thoroughfares, perform optimally when planned and installed to accentuate the living experience of its people. Getting a city to invest, develop, evolve and, ultimately, be a better host for its permanent residents, will propel it to become more sustainable and competitive.

City Sustainability is increasingly accomplished in new and different ways. We believe the best way to truly understand the sustainability of a city is to amalgamate attributes from the perspectives of people, planet and profit to form a holistic view of each location and its position on the sustainability scale. Only then can we obtain a clear picture of how sustainable, or not, a city is.

The first Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index, published in 2015 with the Centre for Economic and Business Research (Cebr), assessed 50 global cities according to the three pillars and evaluated how well each location caters to its population socially, environmentally and economically. In 2016, the second edition of the index went deeper in assessing the people dimension of the urban experience. We created a more robust data set to provide a more comprehensive indication of sustainability and we increased the coverage of the Index to 100 cities, both developed and emerging, around the world. We used 32 different indicators to develop an indicative ranking of the sustainability of each. A city receives a score on each of the three pillars of sustainability and a city's overall score is equal to the average of the three sub-indices.

While geographical factors such as location, climate and access to resources all make like-for-like comparisons problematic, the report gives cities the opportunity to measure their overarching performance across these three areas, each vital for sustainability, to benchmark and learn from higher placed cities and take action to sustain future performance.

European cities dominate the top of the table

Te results make for interesting reading. No city appears in the top ten in all three pillars. With the exception of Singapore and Seoul, the top ten ranked cities are mostly from northern and central Europe– three of the top ten are in Germany alone. The lower half of the Index contains all of the mainland Chinese cities, with cities from Latin America mostly following. The less advanced Asia-Pacific metropolises are a little further down, with the leastdeveloped cities in the Index, predominantly those in India and Africa, finishing the Index. Therefore, cities in advanced economies are largely at the top while those in emerging and developing economies tend to cluster towards the bottom.

The tension inherent in a sustainable economy, be it a city or a country, is whether future generations' well-being is jeopardized by today's lifestyles. At present, all advanced economies put future standards of living at risk through high emissions of greenhouse gases, by not recycling enough of the finite resources we use and by depleting our non-renewable energy sources.

Greater China in focus

Hong Kong comes 16th in the index while out of mainland China cities, Shenzhen is 64th, Beijing is 73rd, Shanghai is 74th and Guangzhou is 78th. Further down, Chengdu is 93rd and Wuhan is 94th. It's clear that cities in China, like in many other parts of the world, are struggling to achieve a balance in the three pillars of sustainability. Hong Kong for example, is 2nd in the table on profit but 81st on the people sub-index. Heading north, Shanghai is down the table in 91st place on the planet sub-index but 43rd for people. These extremes, where cities have disproportionately low scores in some areas but higher scores in others, mean that sustainability is difficult to achieve. To future-proof themselves, planning authorities in China need to consider the need for balance to stop dragging down their sustainability levels.

New opportunities beckon

All of the cities in the Index are in various stages of evolution, some further along their sustainability journey than others. Importantly, the purpose of the Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index is not to create a hierarchy of elite cities or to 'name and shame' but to indicate areas of opportunity. All cities continue to make progress on their missions to become more sustainable economically, environmentally and for the good of their inhabitants.

As the world continues to become more reliant on its urban centres, it is our hope that city leaders and industry find this a valuable tool in assessing their priorities and pathways to urban sustainability for the good of all. Sustainability ultimately improves their quality of life. Te range of people's needs in a city is broad, encompassing livelihood requirements of nourishment, housing and safety, education and vocational opportunities, recreational outlets and access to culture and arts. A city's built assets, such as buildings, transportation networks and pedestrian thoroughfares, perform optimally when planned and installed to accentuate the living experience of its people. We hope this report encourages city leaders to develop a clear vision on how to evolve their city's characters to be the best possible version of itself.

Access to natural resources is critically important, but it is even more so to maintain a balance between people and profit. As well as clean water and air, for example, the availability of green spaces is becoming a more important requirement and a source of differentiation for a city. In response, cities are developing some innovative solutions to address this need. Cities are beginning to build with, rather than against, nature – a great example would be the sponge city projects happening in China. Te natural capital within the city is being incorporated to create new spaces that can make a direct contribution to the shared quality of life available to citizens and can attract visitors.

Getting a city to invest, develop, evolve and, ultimately, be a better host for its residents, will propel it to become more sustainable and competitive.

上海/SHANGHAI

總體排名/Overall ranking: 74

3 上海城市印象/Citi snapshot for Shanghai（圖片來源/Source: https:// wallpapersafari.com/shanghai-hd-wallpaper/）

上海是中國重點門戶城市之一。它一直是國際貿(mào)易、金融和商業(yè)的樞紐。它在凱迪思可持續(xù)城市指數(shù)上總體排名第74位，并在人的次指數(shù)排名上得分位居所有中國大陸城市之首。

上海在不斷努力成為中國最具可持續(xù)性的城市之一。在它從國家的制造中心轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹R、技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新中心的過程中，城市再生和創(chuàng)新樞紐將是其未來發(fā)展中的重要因素。隨著張江和漕河涇的持續(xù)擴展和演變，這些開發(fā)區(qū)對上海的未來產(chǎn)生了重要影響。

上海的城市發(fā)展是由持續(xù)演變的交通系統(tǒng)支撐的。城市的25條地鐵線中有13條已經(jīng)建成運行。該地區(qū)還不斷通過高鐵和城市快軌拓展與長三角的交通連接。

隨著迪士尼樂園的開放和其他娛樂混合功能區(qū)的開發(fā)，旅游也將成為上海城市發(fā)展的一大因素。浦東未來的增長將給城市帶來更多休閑娛樂實施，使它成為上海持續(xù)發(fā)展演變的一個關(guān)鍵方面。

教育對于上海保證未來勞動力供給的質(zhì)量十分重要。新開校的上?？萍即髮W(xué)，加上同濟和復(fù)旦等久負盛名的大學(xué)，使未來一片光明。

Shanghai is one of the key gateway cities into China. It has always been a hub for international trade, finance and business. It ranks 74th overall on the Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index and scores highest among all the mainland China cities on the people sub-index ranking.

With Shanghai continuing its quest to be one of the most sustainable cities in China, urban regeneration and innovation hubs will be important elements of its future development, as the city transforms itself from a manufacturing center to a knowledge, technology and innovation center for the nation. Zhangjiang and Caohejing developments play an important part in Shanghai's future as they continue to expand and evolve.

Shanghai's urban transformation is underpinned by an evolving transportation system. 13 of the city's 25 metro lines are completed and operational. Te region continues to evolve its transportation connectivity to the greater Yangtze River Delta with new high-speed rail and urban highway connections.

Tourism will also become a major element of Shanghai's urban transformation, with the opening of the Disney resort and other entertainment-related mixed-use developments. The future growth of Pudong will bring more resort and entertainment development to the city, making it one of the key aspects of Shanghai's continued growth and evolution.

Education plays an important role in Shanghai in ensuring the quality of future workforce supply. With the opening of the Shanghai Tech University, in addition to well-established universities such as Tongji and Fudan, the future is looking optimistic.

香港/Hong Kong

總體排名/Overall ranking: 16

4 香港城市印象/Citi snapshot for Hong kong（圖片來源/Source: http:// www.filmexpos.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/HongKong-heroimage-CineAsia.jpg）

總體排名第16位的香港在利益的次指數(shù)上躋身第2位。憑借世界水平的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、活力四射的經(jīng)濟和教育良好的人才，香港被尊為世界商業(yè)的一顆明珠是無足為奇的。

香港在地球的次指數(shù)上是亞洲名列前茅的城市（在大中華區(qū)位居第三）。它的公園和島嶼讓人能夠輕松享受大自然的樂園，不過它需要改善城市環(huán)境中開放空間的品質(zhì)。

雖然地處臺風(fēng)區(qū)，但香港在相關(guān)的減災(zāi)措施方面是世界的佼佼者，并極少遭受重大破壞。

與全球其他城市的人的次指數(shù)相比，香港在工作生活平衡和貧富差距上面臨艱巨的挑戰(zhàn)。對于影響著青年和加速老齡化的人口的住房與社會基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施問題，它必須找出解決之道。如果香港要為居民帶來更光明、更可持續(xù)的未來，這些因素就必須成為城市的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。這座城市非常安全，犯罪率很低。

隨著其他亞洲城市日益繁榮、影響力擴大，香港面臨著來自區(qū)域競爭對手越來越大的壓力。至關(guān)重要的是，它必須與中國大陸的快速發(fā)展保持一致。城市規(guī)劃應(yīng)賦予它克服這些挑戰(zhàn)的能力，并要以更快、連通性更好、更可持續(xù)的方式付諸實施。如果成功，它將穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地保住“亞洲世界城市”的桂冠。

With a ranking of 16th overall, Hong Kong scored strongly in second place in the profit sub-index. With a world-class infrastructure, vibrant economy and well-educated talent pool it's no surprise that Hong Kong is considered one of the world's best places to do business.

Hong Kong is one of Asia's leading cities (third in region) in relation to the planet subindex. Its parks and islands provide easy access to an extensive natural playground, though it needs to improve the quality of open space within the urban environment.

Despite being located in a typhoon zone, Hong Kong is a world leader in mitigating the associated risks and rarely suffers significant disruption.

Compared with its global peers in the people sub-index, Hong Kong faces significant challenges in work-life balance and the wealth gap. It has to find solutions to housing and social infrastructure issues affecting both its young and its increasingly aging population. Tese factors have to be among the city's top priorities if it's to ensure a brighter, more sustainable future for its people. Te city is extremely safe with low crime levels.

As other Asian cities grow in prosperity and dominance, Hong Kong is under increasing pressure from regional competitors and, critically, it has to maintain its relevance to China's continued development. The city's plan should enable it to rise to these challenges provided it's delivered in a faster, more connected and sustainable manner. If so, it will rightly maintain its mantle of 'Asia's World City'.

凱迪思/Arcadis

2017-03-05