漫談英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換的意義和方法

甘肅省武威市涼州區(qū)教育局教學(xué)研究室 王玉德

漫談英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換的意義和方法

甘肅省武威市涼州區(qū)教育局教學(xué)研究室 王玉德

何謂英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換？就本質(zhì)而言，英語句子間的轉(zhuǎn)換就是句式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。那句式轉(zhuǎn)換的意義在于什么？以及如何指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在實(shí)際運(yùn)用過程中自如地做到這種句式轉(zhuǎn)換呢？就這兩個問題，筆者將結(jié)合多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，從英語句式轉(zhuǎn)換的意義和技巧這兩方面進(jìn)行深入探討，以期對學(xué)生英語語言運(yùn)用和高考應(yīng)試能夠有所裨益。

英語句子；句式轉(zhuǎn)換；意義；方法

1.英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換的意義

中文常說：“話有三說，巧說為妙”，其意為：根據(jù)說話對象、場景、語域等因素的差異采用最佳的表達(dá)方式，以避免由于表達(dá)不當(dāng)而造成語言交際者之間的誤解，充分體現(xiàn)了語言交際中表達(dá)方式的重要性與智慧。英文亦是如此，相同的意思，可以有不同的表達(dá)方式，以避免表達(dá)落入枯燥乏味，千人一面的尷尬境地。

（1）從實(shí)用角度講

在實(shí)際的語言運(yùn)用過程中，如果能夠通過句式轉(zhuǎn)換用多種表達(dá)方式表達(dá)相同的意義，將極大程度地體現(xiàn)語言學(xué)習(xí)者的語言功底。

例如：“瑪麗剛走出家門雨就開始下了。”這句話可以通過換詞（用hardly/scarcely/as soon as/the moment替換no sooner）及倒裝形成六種不同的表達(dá)方式，呈現(xiàn)出了多樣性，使人耳目一新。

→Mary had no sooner left her house than it started to rain.

→No sooner had Mary left her house than it started to rain.

→Mary had hardly/scarcely left her house when it started to rain.

→Hardly/Scarcely had Mary left her house when it started to rain.

→It started to rain as soon as Mary left her house.

→The moment Mary left, it started to rain.

再比如下面兩個句子謂語部分的替換，顯得既簡單又流暢自然。

→How much money we should spend on endangered tigers is being discussed.

→How much money we should spend on endangered tigers is under discussion.

（2）從應(yīng)試角度講

但凡英語寫作或書面表達(dá)，從評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來講，將從內(nèi)容完整、語言高級和、邏輯連貫三個角度對考生作文進(jìn)行評分。在這三個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，考生作文語言是否高級顯得更尤為重要。語言的高級性具體如何呈現(xiàn)呢？利用詞匯的多變性和句子的多樣性可有效解決語言高級性的問題。如：

→He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.

→He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.

分析：通過高級詞匯smart替換clever使表達(dá)呈現(xiàn)多樣性。

→You work hard and never give up. You will succeed in your studies.

→If you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.

→Work hard, or you will not succeed in your studies.

分析：通過使用從屬連詞if或or將兩個關(guān)系松散的簡單句進(jìn)行連接，使句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有一氣呵成之感。

2.英語句式轉(zhuǎn)換的方法

2.1 實(shí)現(xiàn)英語句式轉(zhuǎn)換的常用方法

（1）形容詞←→名詞

The meeting was extremely silent.

A hush fell upon the meeting.

（2）名詞←→動詞

The old man made a motion for the girl to pay a visit.

The old man motioned for the girl to pay a visit.

（3）副詞←→名詞

Tom looked at the room desperately.

Tom looked at the room with desperation.

（4）形容詞←→名詞

Her graceful performance won outbursts of applause.

The grace of her performance won outbursts of applause.

（5）形容詞←→副詞

The girl laughed a merry laugh.

The girl laughed merrily.

（6）動詞←→名詞

The living standard has greatly improved in rural areas.

Great improvement has been made in rural areas.

（7）副詞←→介詞短語

Particularly, he handed over his weapon.

In particular, he handed over his weapon.

（8）介詞短語←→主語

The contest was hosted on the morning of January 5.

The morning of January 5 saw the hosting of the contest.

（9）介詞賓語←→同源賓語

Tom expressed his relief with a deep sigh when informed of the news.

Tom had a deep sigh of relief when informed of the news.

（10）從句←→分詞短語

As she was lying on the bed, she missed her mother very much.

Lying on the bed, she missed her mother very much.

（11）從句←→不定式短語

Tom shouted loudly so that he can be heard.

In order to be heard, Tom shouted loudly.

（12）從句←→形容詞短語

Because he was tired and hungry, he gave up proceeding.

Tired and hungry, he gave up proceeding.

（13）伴隨狀語←→獨(dú)立主格

Tom stayed up late, his head lowered.

Tom’s head lowered, he stayed up late.

（14）否定←→雙重否定

There are some important issues.

There are no unimportant issues

（15）正常語序←→倒裝語序

The sense of responsibility rarely deserted Lily.

Rarely did the sense of responsibility desert Lily.

通過以上十五種詞性和句式相互轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，可以將原本單調(diào)的句子進(jìn)行“美容”和“升級”，使得語言的表達(dá)呈現(xiàn)出張力和豐富性。下面再通過一句中譯英練習(xí)，充分展示句式轉(zhuǎn)換方法在具體運(yùn)用過程中的作用和意義。如：“將這些措施付諸實(shí)踐，水資源的短缺問題就可以解決?！边@一句話，我們可以利用英語句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)來實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的表達(dá)方式。

（1）簡單句+簡單句

These measures are put into practice. The shortage of water can be solved.

（2）并列句

These measures are put into practice and the shortage of water can be solved.

（3）復(fù)合句

If these measures are put into practice, the shortage of water can be solved.

（4）非謂語形式或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

(With) These measures put into practice, the shortage of water can be solved.

（5）強(qiáng)調(diào)句

It is only when these measures are put into practice that the shortage of water can be solved.

（6）倒裝句

Only if these measures are put into practice can the shortage of water be solved.

2.2 英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換的主要技巧

英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換的主要技巧有：替代、刪節(jié)、位移、鄰接和添加。我們可以通過“皮特丟失了自己的自行車，他不得不步行上學(xué)。”這一句話的不同翻譯方式來呈現(xiàn)英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換的技巧和方法。

Peter lost his bike. He had to go to school on foot.（用簡單句+簡單句）

Peter lost his bike, and had to go to school on foot.（用并列連詞and）

Peter lost his bike—he had to go to school on foot.（用破折號和代詞he）

Peter lost his bike, so he had to go to school on foot.（用并列連詞so）

Peter lost his bike; therefore he had to go to school on foot.（用分號和連接詞therefore）

When he lost his bike, Peter had to go to school on foot.（用從屬連詞when）

As he lost his bike, Peter had to go to school on foot.（用從屬連詞as）

Peter had to go to school on foot, because he had lost his bike.（用從屬連詞because）

Peter, who had lost his bike, had to go to school on foot.（用定語從句）

Having lost his bike, Peter had to go to school on foot.（用現(xiàn)在分詞短語）

Peter, having lost his bike, had to go to school on foot.（用現(xiàn)在分詞短語）

His bike lost, Peter had to go to school on foot.（用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）

It was on foot that Peter had to go to school because he had lost his bike.（強(qiáng)調(diào)上學(xué)方式）

It was because he had lost his bike that Peter had to go to school on foot.（強(qiáng)調(diào)步行上學(xué)的原因）

綜合以上例子，我們可以洞悉如若想要使用不一樣的句型去表達(dá)相同的意思，首先要對各種句式的使用和特點(diǎn)有所了解，同時也要了解句子構(gòu)成不一致但意思基本相似的句型之間的關(guān)系。正如我們所知道的那樣，英語是一種變化各異的語言，同一內(nèi)容可以使用不同的方式進(jìn)行表達(dá)，只要我們平時學(xué)習(xí)時盡量使用多種句型進(jìn)行靈活變換，終有一日會達(dá)到靈活自如的效果。

3.句子轉(zhuǎn)換技巧演練

3.1 單句演練

“只有老齡化問題得到很好的解決，我們才可以創(chuàng)造穩(wěn)定、和諧的社會?！边@句話我們可以用以下幾種方式進(jìn)行同義表達(dá)。

（1）簡單句+簡單句

The old age problem is well handled. Thus we can maintain a stable and harmonious society.

（2）并列句：

The old age problem is well handled so we can maintain a stable and harmonious society.

（3）復(fù)合句

Provided that the old age problem is well handled,we can maintain a stable and harmonious society.

（4）非謂語形式或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

(With) The old age problem well handled, we can maintain a stable and harmonious society.

（5）強(qiáng)調(diào)句

It is only when the old age problem is well handled that we can maintain a stable and harmonious society.

（6）倒裝句

Only as long as the old age problem is well handled can we maintain a stable and harmonious society.

3.2 段落演練

一般表達(dá)：

You don’t want to waste much time on media of communication or in the hotel room. You are more likely to be involved in going hiking. You enjoy a joyful trip. In the meantime, you will maintain close contact with the nature and take exercise. You have chance to go hiking easily and you needn’t spend a lot of money. You can hike close to home or travel to other places. You need the basic equipment: comfortable shoes, clothes,and one bag. You can not only hike in the mountains, in a forest or along a river, but also in the city.

較好表達(dá)：

Compared with wasting much time on media of communication or in the hotel room, you are more likely to be involved in going hiking. It is a good way to enjoy a joyful trip. In the meantime, you will maintain close contact with the nature and take exercise. Hiking is easy for most people and it does not cost much. The place you travel may be close to your house or other distant ones. The fundamental equipment is easy-toget: comfortable shoes, clothes and one bag. Hiking in the mountains, in a forest or along a river is wonderful.Hiking in the city is also one of your choices.

很顯然，在具體實(shí)施英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換時，其方法和技巧往往是綜合使用的。兩個或兩個以上句子意思絕對相同的情況是比較少的，句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文體選擇、語氣、甚至語調(diào)等均會引起句子之間的語義差異。但是，如果知道哪些詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換，意思基本不變，運(yùn)用語言就會更靈活一些。同時，同樣一個意思可以有幾種不同的表達(dá)方式，因而可以根據(jù)實(shí)際情況（如不同的文體、使用場合、上下文連貫等）選擇最合適的詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣運(yùn)用語言也就會更主動、更精確一些。

英語句子轉(zhuǎn)換可以將平淡無味、平鋪直敘、表達(dá)單一、語句呆板、檔次不高的句子轉(zhuǎn)換為新型別致、靈活多變、表達(dá)高級、亮點(diǎn)閃耀的句子，使得句子以及篇章“活”起來，“美”起來。

韓琴. 2005. 淺談英語句型轉(zhuǎn)換方法[J]. 安徽工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)?社會科學(xué)版(6)：87-89.

許小珂. 2002. 英語句型的奧秘[M]. 北京：中國國際廣播出版社.

張秀芝. 2004. 淺談英語教學(xué)中的句型轉(zhuǎn)換問題[J]. 西安教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(1)：84-85.