• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    New Developments in Japan-Vietnam Partnership: Impetus and Prospects

    2017-04-08 05:46:50ZhangJiyeNiuJusheng
    China International Studies 2017年2期

    Zhang Jiye & Niu Jusheng

    New Developments in Japan-Vietnam Partnership: Impetus and Prospects

    Zhang Jiye & Niu Jusheng

    The dynamics of the Asia-Pacific region have been undergoing complex changes. As Japan is strengthening its strategic involvement in regional affairs, and Vietnam is advancing its domestic reforms and external balancing, Japan-Vietnam relations have experienced remarkable progress. It is thus worth reviewing the developments in Japan-Vietnam relations to better understand this evolving aspect of the strategic situation in China’s neighborhood and respective considerations of regional countries’ policies.

    New Developments in Japan-Vietnam Relations

    Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1973, bilateral relationship between Japan and Vietnam has experienced overall development despite some twists and turns, which can be separated into three stages. In the first stage, from establishing diplomatic relations to 1979, the bilateral relations were mainly based on Japan’s aid to Vietnam. After the end of the Vietnam War and the United States’ withdrawal from Vietnam, Japan started to promote the Fukuda Doctrine and expand its influence in Southeast Asia. For Vietnam, Japan’s policy focus was to normalize and push forward the bilateral relations by means of aid. The second stage was from 1979 to 1992,when the bilateral relations seriously deteriorated as Japan joined the US to impose sanctions on Vietnam because of Vietnam’s alliance with the Soviet Union and its invasion of Cambodia. The third stage started in 1992. With the end of the Cold War and the resolution of the Cambodia issue, Japan lifted its sanctions against Vietnam in 1992 and resumed its assistance to Vietnam, normalizing bilateral relations. In 2009, the two countries formally agreed to establish a strategic partnership. Since then, especially since Shinzo Abe became Japan’s Prime Minister for the second time in 2012, relations between the two countries have embarked on a fast track, expanding and deepening cooperation in diplomacy, security, economy, and people-to-people exchange, which demonstrates a comprehensive, in-depth and strategic feature.

    Strengthening strategic collaboration in diplomatic area

    For a long time, ties between Japan and Vietnam mainly relied on economic, social and cultural cooperation. In recent years, the two countries have expanded their cooperation in diplomacy and security, which has greatly enriched the strategic connotations of their relations. In January 2013, Vietnam was the destination for Abe’s first foreign visit after taking office for the second time. In March 2014, then Vietnamese President Truong Tan Sang visited Japan, and bilateral ties was upgraded from a strategic partnership to an “Extensive Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity in Asia.” In September 2015, Nguyen Phu Trong, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), visited Japan for the first time, and the two sides issued the Joint Vision Statement on Japan-Vietnam Relations, which explored the potential for cooperation from a long-term strategic perspective. After the leadership transition at the 12th CPV National Congress, the Japanese government has actively sought interaction with the new Vietnamese leaders. Vietnam’s new Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc was invited to attend the Outreach Meeting of the G7 Ise-Shima Summit in May 2016. Atthe Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) and the ASEAN Foreign Ministers’Meeting held in July the same year, the Japanese and Vietnamese leaders coordinated their positions on the so-called China-Philippines arbitration on the South China Sea and sought to pressure China. The two sides also reached consensus on increasing Japanese aid to Vietnam as soon as possible to enhance Vietnam’s maritime law enforcement capabilities.

    The strategic cooperation between Japan and Vietnam is mainly focused on three types of issues: First, the South China Sea issue. The issue has become an important topic discussed at every meeting between leaders of the two countries. Japan and Vietnam have jointly pushed the internationalization of the South China Sea issue. On multilateral occasions, such as the series of ASEAN meetings and the Japan-Mekong Summit, the two sides have insisted on solving the issue by international maritime law to construct a so-called rules-based maritime order. Second, Greater Mekong Subregion integration and development issues. In 2007, Japan established the Japan-Mekong Region Partnership Program with Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Vietnam became an important partner of Japan, with the two sides strengthening cooperation to promote regional economic integration, interconnectivity and sustainable development. Third, issues of common concern. Vietnam backs Japan in playing a more active role in international and regional affairs and becoming a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Japan reciprocates by supporting Vietnam in gaining more international support in its territorial disputes with China, developing relations with the West and tackling climate change.

    Expanding security cooperation

    Japan’s guided-missile destroyers Ariake and Setogiri from the Maritime Self-Defense Force made a port call at Vietnam’s Cam Ranh Bay on April 12, 2016, the first time since the end of World War II, signifying the two nations’ defense cooperation. (Kyodo)

    First, the mechanism of bilateral security cooperation is constantly improving. In October 2011, the two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding on defense cooperation, which substantively kicked off the process of security cooperation between the two countries. The MOU included high-level defense exchanges, naval goodwill visits, cooperation in military aviation and air defense, and personnel training; it also provided for cooperation in areas like search and rescue, disaster relief and humanitarian assistance, counterterrorism, and peacekeeping, among others.1Саrl Тhауеr, “Viеtnаm’s Ехtеnsivе Strаtеgiс Раrtnеrshiр with Jараn,” Thе Diрlоmаt, Осtоbеr 14, 2014, httр://thеdiрlоmаt.соm/2014/10/viеtnаms-ехtеnsivе-strаtеgiс-раrtnеrshiр-with-jараn.In 2014, Japan and Vietnam upgraded their strategic partnership, with the aim of making their relations more “extensive”by continuing “working closely for the effective implementation of the Bilateral Defense Cooperation and Exchanges signed in 2011.”2Мinistrу оf Fоrеign Аffаirs оf Jараn, “Jараn-Viеtnаm Jоint Stаtеmеnt оn thе Еstаblishmеnt оf Ехtеnsivе Strаtеgiс Раrtnеrshiр fоr Реасе аnd Рrоsреritу in Аsiа,” Маrсh 15, 2014, рр.1-2, httр://www.mоfа.gо.jр/ filеs/000031617.рdf.During the visit of Nguyen Phu Trong to Japan in 2015, Japan and Vietnam put“strengthening security and defense cooperation” into the JointVision Statement on Japan-Vietnam Relations. The two sides also signed the Memorandum on Cooperation between Coast Guard Agencies and the Memorandum of Cooperation on UN Peacekeeping Operation.3Мinistrу оf Fоrеign Аffаirs оf Jараn, “Jоint Visiоn Stаtеmеnt оn Jараn-Viеtnаm Rеlаtiоns,” Sерtеmbеr 15, 2015, рр.3-4, httр://www.mоfа.gо.jр/filеs/000099707.рdf.So far, Japan and Vietnam have set up three major mechanisms of strategic partnership dialogue, defense policy dialogue, and security affairs dialogue, which are respectively hosted by their Deputy Foreign Ministers, Deputy Defense Ministers, and Ministers in charge of public security. The dialogues involve multiple government agencies on foreign affairs, national defense, domestic security, and intelligence.

    Second, prioritizing maritime security and international peacekeeping in their practical cooperation. In terms of maritime security, Japan has backed Vietnam’s maritime capacity building, and reinforced its military presence in the South China Sea on the strength of its cooperation with Vietnam. In August 2014, the Abe government announced it would spend $4 million in providing six second-hand maritime patrol ships to Vietnam. In September 2015, Japan declared it would provide two additional vessels to Vietnam.4РrаshаnthРаrаmеswаrаn, “Jараn Рlеdgеs Nеw Vеssеls, Lоаns tо Viеtnаm in Вооst tо Strаtеgiс Раrtnеrshiр,” Thе Diрlоmаt, Sерtеmbеr 16, 2015, httр://thеdiрlоmаt.соm/2015/09/jараn-рlеdgеs-nеwvеssеls-lоаns-tо-viеtnаm-in-bооst-tо-strаtеgiс-раrtnеrshiр.In May 2016, when meeting with the Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc, Abe stated that “a study on the provision of newly-built vessels will be undertaken with a sense of urgency.”5Мinistrу оf Fоrеign Аffаirs оf Jараn, “Jараn-Viеtnаm Summit Мееting,” Мау 28, 2016, httр://www. mоfа.gо.jр/s_sа/sеа1/vn/раgе4е_000459.html.In addition to hardware, Japan has also provided personnel training and other software support. From 2012 to 2015, Japan has consecutively held seminars on underwater medicine in Vietnam.6Мinistrуоf Dеfеnsеоf Jараn, Dеfеnsеоf Jараn 2015,р.277, httр://www.mоd.gо.jр/е/рubl/w_ рареr/2015.html.Considering that Vietnam had purchased some advanced submarines from Russia but lacked relevant support for their use, the training was conducive to enhancing Vietnam’s maritime capacity. Thetwo countries have also strengthened cooperation in ship visits, joint exercises, and intelligence sharing. In February 2016, the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force and two P-3C patrol aircraft visited Vietnam and participated in the joint military exercise in Da Nang.7“Jараn аnd Viеtnаm Ехеrсising in Sоuth Сhinа Sеа tо ‘Моnitоr Сhinа’: Jараnеsе Меdiа,” Саnkао Xiаоxi, Fеbruаrу 19, 2016, httр://www.саnkаохiаохi.соm/wоrld/20160219/1079996.shtml.In addition, Japan intends to conclude an agreement with Vietnam on sharing and protecting classified defense information, which would allow Japan to provide intelligence and sell advanced military equipment to Vietnam.8“Jараn Еаgеr fоr Sесuritу Аgrееmеnts with Рhiliррinеs, Viеtnаm,” Nikkеi Аsiаn Rеviеw, Jаnuаrу 15, 2016, httр://аsiа.nikkеi.соm/Роl(xiāng)itiсs-Есоnоmу/Intеrnаtiоnаl-Rеlаtiоns/Jараn-еаgеr-fоr-sесuritуаgrееmеnts-with-Рhiliррinеs-Viеtnаm.In terms of international peacekeeping, Japan and Vietnam have signed a memorandum of cooperation whereby Japan will support Vietnam in personnel training, equipment supply and medicine.

    Japan and Vietnam, with a view to achieving seamless synergy of their economies and strategies, have consolidated their cooperation in aid and boosted their trade and investment ties.

    Deepening economic integration

    Since 2006, Japan has been the largest donator in its official aid to Vietnam, accounting for 30% of the aid received by the country. From 1992 to 2011, Japan provided a cumulative official aid of US$20 billion to Vietnam.9Тhuу Тhi Dо, “Lосаting Viеtnаm-Jараn’s Strаtеgiс Раrtnеrshiр in thе Сhаnging Еаst Аsiаn Роl(xiāng)itiсаl Lаndsсаре,” р.19, httр://www2.jiiа.оr.jр/рdf/fеllоw_rероrt/140711_Viеtnаm-Jараn_Strаtеgiс_Раrtnеrshiр-Finаl_рареr_Тhuу_Тhi_Dо.рdf.In terms of investment, Japan became the second largest source of overseas investment in Vietnam in 2015, with stock investment of US$38.9 billion.10Gеnеrаl Stаtistiсs Оffiсе оf Viеtnаm, Stаtistiсаl Yеаrbооk оf Viеtnаm 2015, р.235, httр://www.gsо.gоv. vn/dеfаult_еn.аsрх?tаbid=515&idmid=5&ItеmID=16052.As for trade, the value of Japan’s exports to Vietnam and imports from Vietnam reached US$14.3 billion and US$14.1 billion respectively in 2015, and Japan is now Vietnam’s fifth largest exportmarket and the fourth largest source of imports.11Stаtistiсаl Yеаrbооk оf Viеtnаm 2015, рр.537-538.The two countries, with a view to achieving seamless synergy of their economies and strategies, have consolidated their cooperation in aid and boosted their trade and investment ties. Thus the bilateral economic ties has transcended the economic realm to have profound strategic implications.

    Promoting cultural and people-to-people exchanges

    Japan has long highlighted and invested huge capital in promoting cultural and people-to-people exchanges with Vietnam. The two countries have maintained close relations in this respect, and the high level of mutual understanding between people of the two countries has become an important strategic basis for long-term and steady development of Japan-Vietnam relations. Japan has recently been keen on exploring potential for further developing cultural and social relations with Vietnam, so as to foster a sense of closeness between people from the two sides, enhance its cultural and social appeal to Vietnamese people, and thus consolidate the strategic foundation for bilateral relations.

    Dynamics for Growing Bilateral Relations

    China’s rapid development and the United States’ rebalancing strategy in the Asia-Pacific have given rise to major-power rivalry and the heating up of regional disputes over territorial sovereignty and maritime rights, leading to remarkable change in regional power structure and security environment. In this context, Japan and Vietnam have adjusted their domestic and foreign strategies, and their mutual demand for support is growing, giving strong impetus to the development of bilateral relations.

    Dynamics from the Japan side

    The Abe government is endeavoring to build Japan into a majorpower. Domestically, it has implemented “Abenomics” in a bid to revitalize the Japanese economy and is pushing for constitutional amendment to remove the institutional barriers to becoming a military power. Externally, the Abe government pursues the following three strategies: shaping the international environment in favor of Japan’s rise to a major power, balancing China’s influence, and optimizing and diversifying its overseas trade and investment layout. The Abe government has wooed Vietnam because Vietnam is believed to be an important partner for Japan to achieve these goals.

    Shaping favorable international environment. In pursuing its dream of being a major power, Japan gives priority to strengthening the US-Japan alliance, developing partnerships with ASEAN countries, enhancing its overseas soft power, and expanding its sea power. Seizing the opportunity of the South China Sea issue, Japan has been providing assistance to Vietnam in capacity building, reinforcing its maritime military presence, and shaping its image as an important supplier of public goods in international security and substantively pushing the military to“go global.” As Vietnam and the United States have also been getting closer in recent years, the strengthened cooperation between Japan and Vietnam especially in the areas of maritime security and sustainable development, which have convergences with US-Vietnam cooperation, has a positive effect on deepening the US-Japan alliance and expanding it to Southeast Asia. In its relations with ASEAN, Japan regards ASEAN countries as important supporters in its bid for major power status. By improving ties with regional countries, it is attempting to hedge against the risks of over-reliance on the United States and expanding its strategic space for its pursuit of major power status. Japan has gained Vietnam’s support for this pursuit, and is now deepening strategic cooperation with ASEAN countries

    By improving ties with regional countries, Japan is attempting to hedge against the risks of over-reliance on the United States and expanding its strategic space for its pursuit of major power status.using Vietnam as a bridge.

    In terms of aid, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries are in fact successful examples for Japan’s post-war ODA policy. As Vietnam faces many challenges in realizing sustainable development, Japan has shown its strengths by expanding assistance to Vietnam, which has further enhanced its soft power within the region.

    With regard to expanding sea power, the Abe government is committed to maintaining a maritime order in the Asia-Pacific based on international law, which is in fact dominated by the United States and Japan, to ensure the security of “sea lanes of communication, stretching from the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the surrounding waters of Japan, passing through the Indian Ocean, the Straits of Malacca, and the South China Sea.”12Рrimе Мinistеr оf Jараn аnd Нis Саbinеt, Nаtiоnаl Sесuritу Strаtеgу, Dесеmbеr 17, 2013, р.17. .For Japan, 95% of its energy imports and 40% of its maritime trade pass through the South China Sea.13Nоbuhirо Аizаwа, “Jараn’s Strаtеgу tоwаrd Sоuthеаst Аsiа аnd thе Jараn-U.S. Аlliаnсе,” СSIS Rероrt,Арril 2014,р.5, httр://сsis.оrg/filеs/рubliсаtiоn/140422_Аizаwа_JараnsStrаtеgуSоuthеаstАsiа. рdf?сrаzусасhе=1.Geographically, Vietnam is bordered by the South China Sea, and its southernmost territory is less than 1,000 kilometers from the Malacca Strait. By supporting Vietnam in developing its maritime force and strengthening security cooperation with Vietnam, Japan aims to safeguard its sea lanes of communication, consolidate its presence in the South China Sea, and enhance its capability to counterbalance China on the sea, which would alleviate the pressures it faces from China around the Diaoyu Islands. Diplomatically, Japan has supported Vietnam to voice its position on the South China Sea issue on international occasions, in order to justify the so-called legitimacy of the international law-based approach to the South China Sea issue, and maintain the US and Japan-dominated maritime order.

    Balancing China. With the continued rise of China’s overall strength, the balance of power in the region is tilting towards China. The anxiety ofJapan, which has long regarded itself as the leader of Asia, is consequently increasing. The Abe government has turned this anxiety into a strong sense of strategic competition with China. In fact, Abe and his cabinet members proposed an “arc of freedom and prosperity”14Таrо Аsо, Мinistеr fоr Fоrеign Аffаirs оf Jараn, “Аrс оf Frееdоm аnd Рrоsреritу: Jараn’s Ехраnding Diрlоmаtiс Ноrizоns,” Nоvеmbеr 30, 2006, httр://www.mоfа.gо.jр/аnnоunсе/fm/аsо/sреесh0611.html.and an Asian“Democratic Security Diamond”15Shinzо Аbе, “Аsiа’s Dеmосrаtiс Sесuritу Diаmоnd,” Dесеmbеr 31, 2012, httр://www.livеmint.соm/ Орiniоn/viqg2ХС8fhRfjТUIссtk0М/Аsiаs-dеmосrаtiс-sесuritу-diаmоnd.htmlyears ago, advocating aligning with maritime countries and democratic regimes to balance China’s rise. To meet this purpose, the Abe government has supported the US return to Asia, developed relations with ASEAN countries, India and Australia, and pushed for the conclusion of Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations. Vietnam, which borders China both on land and on sea, holds an important position in Japan’ strategy. The Greater Mekong Subregion where Vietnam is located has deep-rooted historical, cultural and economic ties with China, and is a region where China has huge overseas economic and political interests. It is a region critical to China’s peaceful development and security of sea lanes and energy corridors, as well as the advancement of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Japan seeks to balance China by cooperating with Vietnam. They have jointly promoted interconnectivity in the Greater Mekong Subregion, which Japan believes will restrain the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in this region; They have also strengthened cooperation under the TPP framework, in order to build a set of rules restraining China’s development. In addition, Japan has been deepening bilateral cooperation within the ASEAN Community

    By strategically supporting Vietnam’s development, while gaining economic benefits, Japan seeks to forge an increasingly strong Vietnam which is more economically reliant on Japan, in order to constrain China’s rise of economic power and regional influence.and the Greater Mekong Subregion, to promote economic integration and narrow the internal development gap, which would create a stronger and more cohesive ASEAN for China to deal with. By strategically supporting Vietnam’s development, while gaining economic benefits, Japan seeks to forge an increasingly strong Vietnam which is more economically reliant on Japan, in order to constrain China’s rise of economic power and regional influence. In other words, by assisting a potential middle power in sustainable political and economic development, Japan accelerates and supports the transition of regional structure towards a balanced multi-polar system rather than “Chinese hegemony.”16Соrеу J. Wаllасе, “Jараn’s Strаtеgiс Рivоt Sоuth Divеrsifуing thе Duаl Неdgе,” Intеrnаtiоnаl Rеlаtiоns оf thе Аsiа-Расifiс, Nо.3, Vоl(xiāng).13, Julу 2013, р.484.

    Optimizing overseas trade and investment layout. To build the economic foundation for Japan to become a major power, the Abe government, in addition to domestic economic reforms, is focused on diversifying Japan’s overseas trade and investment layout. The Japanese government has started accelerating the export of capital-intensive products such as infrastructure, and forging more competitive overseas manufacturing bases. In July 2013, the Japanese government issued its Japan Revitalization Strategy that emphasizes exploiting overseas markets, expanding exports of infrastructure, and pushing enterprises to invest and trade overseas.17Рrimе Мinistеr оf Jараn аnd Нis Саbinеt, Jараn Rеvitаlizаtiоn Strаtеgу, Junе 14, 2013, рр.128-135.In May 2015, the government put forward the Partnership for Quality Infrastructure initiative, promising to invest US$110 billion into Asia’s regional infrastructure in the next five years to promote the export of relevant Japanese products.18Мinistrу оf Есоnоmу, Тrаdе аnd Industrу оf Jараn, “Раrtnеrshiр fоr Quаlitу Infrаstruсturе,” Мау 21, 2015, httр://www.mеti.gо.jр/еnglish/рrеss/2015/рdf/0521_01а.рdf?сrаzусасhе=1.Japan has actively participated in and facilitated the conclusion of the TPP negotiations, supported Japanese enterprises to implement the “China+1” investment strategy, that is, to reduce investment in China, while at the same time investing in countries with stronger endowment advantages and strengthening relations with these markets, in order to diminish their economic reliance on China.

    Dynamics from the Vietnam side

    The endowment advantages and the sound economic performance of Vietnam in recent years and the underlying integration process of the ASEAN countries have momentous value to Japan. Vietnam has market and labor advantages.“With the growth of 6.5 percent in 2015, the 92 million-strong country has been a magnet for global investors in recent years…A young and energetic workforce make up 70 percent of the population, and its labor cost is half that of China and 40 percent of the cost in Thailand and the Philippines.”19“Viеtnаm - Оnе оf АSЕАN’s Моst Рrоmising Есоnоmiеs,” Dесеmbеr 30, 2015, httр://bаоdаnаng.vn/ еnglish/businеss/201512/viеt-nаm-оnе-оf-аsеаns-mоst-рrоmising-есоnоmiеs-thаi-nеwsрареr-2461561.Vietnam’s economy has recorded impressive growth, at about 7 percent per year from 1991-2015.20“Viеtnаm Нореs fоr Dеереnеd Тiеs with Jараn: РМ,” Мау 26, 2016, httр://еnglish.viеtnаmnеt.vn/fms/ gоvеrnmеnt/157049/viеtnаm-hореs-fоr-dеереnеd-tiеs-with-jараn--рm.html.In 2010, Vietnam became a middle-income country, with an ever growing domestic market and improving investment environment. As it is still in the process of industrialization, urbanization and modernization, Vietnam has a strong demand for infrastructure. As estimates by the World Bank, from 2016 to 2020, Vietnam’s demand for infrastructure investment will exceed US$100 billion.21“Jараn Рriоritizеs Infrаstruсturе Dеvеlорmеnt fоr Viеtnаm,” Маrсh 26, 2016, httр://еnglish.vоv.vn/ sосiеtу/jараn-рriоritisеs-infrаstruсturе-dеvеlорmеnt-fоr-viеtnаm-315661.vоv.In recent years, the ASEAN region where Vietnam is located has sped up economic integration and the ASEAN Community was established at the end of 2015. The expanded regional market and the effectively integrated economic factors, coupled with ASEAN’s geographical advantage in being adjacent to the two huge markets of China and India, help Vietnam gain more

    Vietnam has shown a strategic inclination to accelerate its domestic economic development by deeply integrating into the world economy and adopting a strategy of balancing powers.economic comparative advantages.

    The Vietnamese Communist Party has adjusted its domestic and foreign strategies in recent years to advance the nation’s reform process. Vietnam has shown a strategic inclination to accelerate its domestic economic development by deeply integrating into the world economy and adopting a strategy of balancing powers. It is apparent that Japan has strategic significance to Vietnam, driving Vietnam to push the Vietnam-Japan relations onto the fast-track.

    Leveraging Japan to advance economic development. The 11th Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party approved the Socio-economic Development Strategy for the Period of 2001-2010, which raised the 10-year target of accelerating industrialization and modernization and making Vietnam a “modern oriented industrial nation” by 2020.22“Viеtnаm’s Sосiо-Есоnоmiс Dеvеlорmеnt Strаtеgу fоr thеРеriоdоf 2011-2020,” httр://www. есоnоmiса.vn/Роrtаls/0/МаuВiеu/1d3f7ее0400е42152bdсаа439bf62686.рdf.In order to achieve this objective, Vietnam is striving to make “strategic breakthroughs” in the construction of a market economy, raise its human resources capacity and boost infrastructure construction, so as to sharpen its economic competitiveness and raise its growth quality. Meanwhile, Vietnam is sparing no effort in cultivating a better external economic environment for its domestic development. Following its accession to the World Trade Organization in 2007, Vietnam has begun another wave of opening up and integration into the world economy in recent years by improving the domestic trade and investment environment, participating in FTA negotiations, and advancing regional integration, with the aim of giving full play to its comparative advantages, receiving international production capacity transfer, deeply integrating into the world’s division of labor, and forging an export-oriented economy.

    The development of Japan-Vietnam relations will enable Vietnam’s external economic relations to be more diversified, which will help reduce its high economic reliance on China and lower the geopolitical risks.

    In 2015, Vietnam signed FTA deals with the European Union and the Republic of Korea, and it pushed the TPP negotiations to be a success, realizing its so-called “second entry into the WTO,” and established the ASEAN Community together with other member countries. Japan is a force that provides assurance for Vietnam’s efforts to realize economic development and integration into the global industrial chain. The economies of Japan and Vietnam are highly complementary. Japan’s advantages in capital, technology and management can make up for Vietnam’s corresponding weaknesses, thus effectively supporting Vietnam’s industrialization and modernization.

    Second, Japan is an important strategic partner for Vietnam in its balancing of major powers. Since the end of the Cold War, Vietnam has pursued all-round diplomacy featuring“pluralization and multilateralization,”23Саrlуlе А. Тhауеr, “Viеtnаmеsе Diрlоmасу, 1975-2015: frоm Меmbеr оf Sосiаlist Саmр tо Рrоасtivе Intеrnаtiоnаl Intеgrаtiоn,” р.2, httр://119.90.25.29/viеt-studiеs.infо/kinhtе/ViеtDiрlоmасу_Тhауеr.рdf.and advanced its strategy of balancing the major powers within this framework. In recent years, as a response to China’s rise and its intensifying conflicts with China on the South China Sea issue, Vietnam has judged China to be a major target for its balancing, while also developing relations with China and pushing forward bilateral pragmatic cooperation in economic and trade areas, with the aim of balancing the development in the China-Vietnam relations, and hedging against the risks brought about by the rise of China. Vietnam has put developing relations with other major powers in an all-round way top of its agenda, especially its relations with the United States and Japan, For Vietnam, Japan is a valuable partner in its efforts to counterbalance China: Vietnam can enhance its maritime capability with the assistance of Japan and get diplomatic support from Japan. The development of Japan-Vietnam relations will enable Vietnam’s external economic relations to be more diversified, which will help reduce its high economic reliance on China and lower the geopolitical risks.24Тruоng Мinh Vu, “Тhе Роl(xiāng)itiсs оf ‘Struggling Со-еvоl(xiāng)utiоn’: Тrаdе, Роwеr аnd Visiоn in Viеtnаm’s Rеlаtiоns withСhinа,”Аugust 13, 2015, httр://www.thеаsаnfоrum.оrg/thе-роl(xiāng)itiсs-оf-struggling-соеvоl(xiāng)utiоn-trаdе-роwеr-аnd-visiоn-in-viеtnаms-rеlаtiоns-with-сhinа.

    Limitations in Japan-Vietnam Relations

    There are constraints on the development of Japan-Vietnam relations, which derive from Vietnam’s strategy of trying to balance major powers since the end of the Cold War. It is the natural choice of a smaller nation trying to survive and thrive in an environment surrounded by major powers which are competing against each other.“This strategic approach reflected a central lesson learned from the Cold War period.”25Маrk Маnуin, “Viеtnаm аmоng thе Роwеrs: Strugglе & Соореrаtiоn,” Осtоbеr 17, 2014, httр://www. thеаsаnfоrum.оrg/viеtnаm-аmоng-thе-роwеrs-strugglе-соореrаtiоn.In fact, in the final phase of the Cold War, Vietnam fully leaned to the Soviet Union, which worsened relations with China and the United States, making itself extremely isolated in the international community. Economically, Vietnam was overdependent on Russia and copied its development model; as a result, the Vietnamese economy lagged behind.26Ibid.Therefore, the logic for Vietnam to implement its strategy of balancing powers is to develop relations with as many major powers as possible, and realize the dynamic equilibrium while maintaining these relationships, refraining from substantially leaning toward any one power. By so doing, Vietnam can attain both its economic and security interests, while also retaining strategic flexibility. Based on this logic, it can be predicted that Vietnam desires to develop relations with Japan to balance China given the rise of China’s power and its intensifying conflicts with China in the South China Sea. On the other hand, Vietnam will not put Japan-Vietnam relations above its relations with other major powers, especially its relations

    The logic for Vietnam to implement its strategy of balancing powers is to develop relations with as many major powers as possible, and realize the dynamic equilibrium while maintaining these relationships.with China, because this will tremendously shatter the overall framework for developing its major-power relations in an all-round and balanced way, squeeze its strategic flexibility, with the possibility of provoking a strategic reaction from China and other powers, and affecting its relations with these major powers.

    For Japan, it also faces constraints in its efforts to boost relations with Vietnam, especially in terms of security. First, unlike the United States, Japan lacks the capability to lure Vietnam to substantially elevate military cooperation by providing military protection. In the strategic game between China and Vietnam, “l(fā)acking nuclear weapons and perhaps more dependent on China economically than vice versa, Japan is simply unable to deter China in general.”27Аlехаndеr L. Vuving, “Viеtnаm, thе US, аnd Jараn in thе Sоuth Сhinа Sеа,” Thе Diрlоmаt, Nоvеmbеr 26, 2014, httр://thеdiрlоmаt.соm/2014/11/viеtnаm-thе-us-аnd-jараn-in-thе-sоuth-сhinа-sеа.Second, the top priority for Japan in maritime capacity building is to maintain its de facto control of Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea, which will definitely put constraints on the support it gives to Vietnam and other countries in terms of resources inputs. “Assistance for Vietnam’s maritime security capacity-building will take time to reach its fullest potential, and will need to wait until Tokyo satisfies its own needs.”28Kоh Swее Lеаn Соl(xiāng)lin, “Тhе Jараn-Viеtnаm Маritimе Sесuritу Rеlаtiоnshiр,” Thе Diрlоmаt, Осtоbеr 7, 2015, httр://thеdiрlоmаt.соm/2015/10/thе-jараn-viеtnаm-mаritimе-sесuritу-rеlаtiоnshiр.In fact, in May 2014, the Abe government delayed delivering maritime patrol boats to Vietnam due to what it said were the increased tasks for its coast guard, and it was not until August 2015 that the first patrol boat was delivered to Vietnam.

    Conclusion

    The rapid development in the Japan-Vietnam relations in recent years reflects the strategic consideration of Japan and Vietnam in response to China. The progress made in their bilateral relations creates a complicated situation for China in terms of advancing its policy andprotecting its national interests, at a time when China is advancing its Belt and Road Initiative and safeguarding its maritime rights and interests. At the same time, we should be aware that the development in bilateral relations between Japan and Vietnam is to a large extent beyond the will of China. In dealing with the development of Japan-Vietnam relations, China should be confident and try to do its own diplomacy well while refraining from competing with Japan for Vietnam’s support. Economically, the connectivity between China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Vietnam’s“Two Corridors and One Circle” strategy should be accelerated to release their huge potential for production capacity and infrastructure construction cooperation. This will help change the structure of the two countries’ economic relations, in which China’s investment is less than trade and its exports are more than imports, making economic relations between China and Vietnam more sustainable. In the security area, the exchange mechanisms between the two countries’ ruling parties and militaries can be strengthened, in order to facilitate dialogue over the South China Sea issue, manage and control divergences, and accumulate strategic mutual trust. In dealing with Japan, the priority should be put on being alert to its ambition to interfere in the South China Sea issue by taking the stock of the progress in its relations with Vietnam. China should have an overall plan to safeguard its legitimate rights in the East and South China Seas, to prevent Japan from creating turbulence simultaneously in these two critical areas.

    In dealing with the development of Japan-Vietnam relations, China should be confident and try to do its own diplomacy well while refraining from competing with Japan for Vietnam’s support.

    Zhang Jiye is Аssосiаtе Рrоfеssоr аt thе Sсhооl(xiāng) оf Роl(xiāng)itiсs аnd Рubliс Аdministrаtiоn, аnd thе Сеntеr fоr Grеаtеr Меkоng Subrеgiоn Соuntriеs Studiеs, Sоосhоw Univеrsitу; Niu Jusheng is Рrоfеssоr аt thе sаmе sсhооl(xiāng) аnd сеntеr.

    国产精品 欧美亚洲| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 国产在视频线精品| 色播在线永久视频| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 久久久久网色| 在线亚洲精品国产二区图片欧美| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 制服人妻中文乱码| 高清av免费在线| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 国产激情久久老熟女| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆 | xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 中国国产av一级| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 黄频高清免费视频| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 国产精品二区激情视频| 国产探花极品一区二区| 免费少妇av软件| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 久久久精品区二区三区| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 色吧在线观看| 91国产中文字幕| av在线观看视频网站免费| 日本av免费视频播放| 国产精品无大码| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 国产av码专区亚洲av| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 久久性视频一级片| 精品久久久久久电影网| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 精品久久久精品久久久| 丝袜脚勾引网站| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 精品亚洲乱码少妇综合久久| 欧美日韩精品网址| 天天躁日日躁夜夜躁夜夜| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 自线自在国产av| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 国产男女内射视频| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 宅男免费午夜| 久久狼人影院| 一个人免费看片子| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| a 毛片基地| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 一本久久精品| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 一本色道久久久久久精品综合| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 成年美女黄网站色视频大全免费| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 一个人免费看片子| 欧美在线黄色| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线 | 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 亚洲在久久综合| 午夜免费观看性视频| 午夜免费观看性视频| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 一个人免费看片子| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 飞空精品影院首页| 一区二区三区激情视频| 国产 精品1| 亚洲四区av| av不卡在线播放| 午夜91福利影院| 精品国产国语对白av| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 综合色丁香网| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久 | 色网站视频免费| 久久99精品国语久久久| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 99热网站在线观看| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 少妇的丰满在线观看| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 又大又黄又爽视频免费| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 街头女战士在线观看网站| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 久久久久人妻精品一区果冻| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 日韩伦理黄色片| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| 久久人人爽人人片av| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 国产 精品1| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 人妻一区二区av| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 黄色视频不卡| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 国产成人精品福利久久| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 日本色播在线视频| 99热网站在线观看| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久| 男女国产视频网站| 91老司机精品| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 国产成人精品在线电影| 色网站视频免费| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 久久鲁丝午夜福利片| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 中文天堂在线官网| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 丝袜美足系列| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 老熟女久久久| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 91国产中文字幕| 午夜久久久在线观看| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产| 国产色婷婷99| 成年动漫av网址| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 一级毛片 在线播放| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 一本久久精品| 王馨瑶露胸无遮挡在线观看| 久久 成人 亚洲| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 多毛熟女@视频| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 在线观看国产h片| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 一级毛片我不卡| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 自线自在国产av| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 色吧在线观看| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 久久久久久久国产电影| 在线天堂中文资源库| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| www.av在线官网国产| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 午夜91福利影院| 亚洲图色成人| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 久久99精品国语久久久| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说| 少妇精品久久久久久久| 国产成人精品在线电影| 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 亚洲精品第二区| 悠悠久久av| 赤兔流量卡办理| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 久久97久久精品| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| www.av在线官网国产| 99香蕉大伊视频| 99久久综合免费| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 大码成人一级视频| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 97精品久久久久久久久久精品| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| 午夜老司机福利片| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 日韩制服丝袜自拍偷拍| 久热这里只有精品99| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9 | 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 丝袜喷水一区| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 在线天堂中文资源库| 午夜av观看不卡| 激情五月婷婷亚洲| 亚洲欧美精品综合一区二区三区| 秋霞伦理黄片| 男女免费视频国产| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| av卡一久久| 婷婷成人精品国产| 亚洲精品一二三| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 久久热在线av| 亚洲精品日本国产第一区| 悠悠久久av| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 国产片内射在线| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 久久久精品94久久精品| 丝袜脚勾引网站| a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 无限看片的www在线观看| 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 日本猛色少妇xxxxx猛交久久| 免费在线观看视频国产中文字幕亚洲 | 一区福利在线观看| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 一级毛片电影观看| 亚洲欧美精品综合一区二区三区| 国产成人午夜福利电影在线观看| 亚洲精品视频女| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网 | 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| av视频免费观看在线观看| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| www日本在线高清视频| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久 | 1024视频免费在线观看| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 欧美成人午夜精品| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 精品国产国语对白av| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 午夜免费鲁丝| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 午夜免费成人在线视频| 中国美女看黄片| 99久久99久久久精品蜜桃| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点 | 欧美大码av| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 看片在线看免费视频| av在线播放免费不卡| 国产成人影院久久av| netflix在线观看网站| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 国产成人av教育| 亚洲欧美激情在线| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 91老司机精品| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 色综合站精品国产| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三 | 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 中文字幕久久专区| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 精品日产1卡2卡| 国产成人欧美| 国产av精品麻豆| svipshipincom国产片| 免费看a级黄色片| 麻豆av在线久日| 国产熟女xx| 天堂动漫精品| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 青草久久国产| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 精品第一国产精品| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 国产精华一区二区三区| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 99热只有精品国产| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 国产成人精品在线电影| svipshipincom国产片| 不卡一级毛片| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| 国产不卡一卡二| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 午夜两性在线视频| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 久久 成人 亚洲| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| www国产在线视频色| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 88av欧美| 多毛熟女@视频| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 99久久国产精品久久久| 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 一级黄色大片毛片| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清 | 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 精品久久久久久,| 很黄的视频免费| 欧美日韩黄片免| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看 | 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 免费看十八禁软件| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 91麻豆av在线| 色在线成人网| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 亚洲人成电影观看| 亚洲色图av天堂| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 九色国产91popny在线| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | 精品国产亚洲在线| 三级毛片av免费| 精品久久久久久,| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 精品久久久久久成人av| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 国产区一区二久久| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 国产成人精品无人区| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 国产精品九九99| 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址 | 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 一夜夜www| 香蕉久久夜色| 久久久久久大精品| 成人欧美大片| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 九色国产91popny在线| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影 | 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 美女午夜性视频免费| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 自线自在国产av| av网站免费在线观看视频| 亚洲国产欧美网| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 看免费av毛片| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 成人18禁在线播放| 亚洲第一av免费看| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 少妇 在线观看| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 久久影院123| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 国产高清videossex| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 制服人妻中文乱码| 岛国视频午夜一区免费看| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品| 国产精品永久免费网站| 午夜a级毛片| 精品欧美一区二区三区在线| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 国产精品野战在线观看| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 久久 成人 亚洲| av有码第一页| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清 | 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 天堂动漫精品| 免费在线观看日本一区| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 99国产精品99久久久久| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 美国免费a级毛片| 黄频高清免费视频| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 成年版毛片免费区| 中国美女看黄片| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| aaaaa片日本免费| 乱人伦中国视频| 国产区一区二久久| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 两个人看的免费小视频| 十八禁网站免费在线| 一级毛片精品| videosex国产| 美国免费a级毛片| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 天天一区二区日本电影三级 | 亚洲专区字幕在线| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 岛国视频午夜一区免费看| 久久热在线av| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 成人免费观看视频高清| 香蕉久久夜色| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 欧美日韩黄片免| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 午夜精品在线福利| www.自偷自拍.com| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 久久这里只有精品19| 18禁观看日本| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 久久国产精品影院| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看 | 久久九九热精品免费| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站 | 久久久久久大精品| xxx96com| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 99热只有精品国产| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 青草久久国产| 国产精品1区2区在线观看.| av在线天堂中文字幕| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 一本久久中文字幕| 午夜福利高清视频| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 国产高清有码在线观看视频 | 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 在线天堂中文资源库| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 欧美在线黄色| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡 | 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| av天堂久久9| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 国产亚洲欧美98| 97碰自拍视频| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 麻豆av在线久日| 手机成人av网站| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 亚洲中文av在线| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 88av欧美| 九色国产91popny在线| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频|