推理判斷題的解題

籍萬(wàn)杰

在高考閱讀理解試題中，推理判斷題是僅次于細(xì)節(jié)理解題的重點(diǎn)題型。該題型主要考查同學(xué)們根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)邏輯關(guān)系和細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意等。

推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題。做這類題時(shí)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，運(yùn)用邏輯思維，同時(shí)借助一定的常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷。

[命題方式]

在推理判斷題題干中常含有表示“表明、暗示、推論”的詞匯，如infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，show等。有時(shí)提問中含有表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的詞，如probably，most likely，seem等。這類試題常以如下句式發(fā)問：

1. What can we conclude from this passage？

2. We can infer from the passage that ...

3. Where can you read this passage？

4. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that .

5. From the last paragraph we can infer that .

6. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that .

7. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows？

8. Whats the authors attitude towards ...？

9. What is the main purpose of the passage？

[解題思路]

同學(xué)們做題時(shí)一定要從整體上把握語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，在語(yǔ)篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁，透過(guò)字里行間，去體會(huì)作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。具體而言，我們要做到：

首先，抓住文章的主題和細(xì)節(jié)，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，挖掘文章的深層含義。在進(jìn)行推理時(shí)，一定要仔細(xì)閱讀，千萬(wàn)不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。

其次，對(duì)于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動(dòng)機(jī)、事件的因果關(guān)系以及作者未言明的傾向等進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的判斷、推理、分析，抓住材料的實(shí)質(zhì)。

再次，在解答推理性問題時(shí)，清楚所要解答的問題是針對(duì)某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對(duì)主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。如果是針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推斷可迅速在閱讀材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷。針對(duì)主題思想作推斷時(shí)，其解題的主要依據(jù)是文章的主題思想，然后再分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，要區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)與例證、原因與結(jié)果、主觀點(diǎn)與次觀點(diǎn)。

下面結(jié)合高考試題，對(duì)推理判斷題的不同類型加以解讀。

1. 根據(jù)特定信息進(jìn)行推理

有些簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷題，可根據(jù)題干提供的信息，到原文中去抓關(guān)鍵信息，然后進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維或正面推理，從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。

例1 （2016·全國(guó)卷I） 27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？

A. They were unsure of themselves.

B. They were eager to raise more children.

C. They wanted to live away from their parents.

D. They had little respect for their grandparents.

解析 C。根據(jù)原文第三段“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby ...可以推斷，那時(shí)候的人不想和父母生活在一起。

2. 整合全文（段）信息進(jìn)行推斷

有些推理判斷題，很難從某一句話或某幾句話推斷出其含義，這時(shí)就需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來(lái)去推理判斷，從而確定最佳結(jié)論。

例2 （2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ） 7. What can we learn about the characters in Weltys fiction？

A. They live in big cities.

B. They are mostly women.

C. They come from real life.

D. They are pleasure seekers.

解析 C。請(qǐng)看原文最后兩段：

“I dont make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I dont have to.”

Beauticians， bartenders， piano players and people with purple hats， Weltys people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends， from walks through the streets of her native Jackson， Miss.， from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that， at 78， her left ear has now given out. Sometimes， sitting on a bus or a train， she hears only a fragment（片段） of a particularly interesting story.

根據(jù)最后兩段的描述可以推斷出Welty小說(shuō)中的人物源于真實(shí)生活。

3. 利用語(yǔ)境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷

文章是作者抒發(fā)感情、表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的一種方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是記敘文和議論文，其語(yǔ)境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)，以及作者的寫作意圖。利用好文章的語(yǔ)境褒貶性就能在把握主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯判斷。找出反映語(yǔ)境褒貶性及變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子，對(duì)我們掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展變化，從而正確地進(jìn)行邏輯推斷很有用處。

例3 （2012·福建卷） 60. How did Percival feel during his meeting with Laura？

A. Angry. B. Calm.

C. Nervous. D. Excited.

解析 C。觀察四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以看出，A、C項(xiàng)是貶義詞，B、D項(xiàng)是褒義詞。因此要注意文章里面所表現(xiàn)的褒貶色彩。根據(jù)第一段中的At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered， with anxiety and worry in every line of his face.，第三段中的His face relaxed a little， but one of his feet kept beating the carpet.以及第七段中的His face went so pale that even his lips lost their color.可以推斷，在和Laura見面的過(guò)程中，Percival非?！熬o張”。

4. 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯得出結(jié)論

邏輯推論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。解答這類題的前提是獲得短文的主題思想或列舉的具體事實(shí)，然后按題目的要求進(jìn)行推斷。

例4 （2015·湖南卷） 64. What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel？

A. It went on smoothly as intended.

B. It interrupted the business of the hotel.

C. It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.

D. It separated the building from its foundation.

解析 A。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中的... thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly， the Tremont Hotel stayed open during the entire operation， and many of its guests didnt even notice anything was happening.可知，這家旅館的移動(dòng)按預(yù)期平穩(wěn)進(jìn)行。

5. 根據(jù)文章中的描述推斷下段內(nèi)容

有些內(nèi)容文章中沒有明確說(shuō)明，要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇預(yù)測(cè)事件可能的結(jié)局或下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等。做這類題時(shí)應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路（如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)敘述），從而作出合情合理的預(yù)測(cè)。

例5 （2015·湖北卷） 70. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph？

A. Problems with the book.

B. Brookss life experiences.

C. Death of the characters.

D. Brookss translation skills.

解析 A。請(qǐng)看文章最后一段：On the whole， Brookss story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect， his writing is mostly clear and， to be fair， some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed， for instance， the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters， the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie else where. These problems partly involve Brookss attempt to translate his tale into science.

根據(jù)該段倒數(shù)第二句中的the more serious problems和最后一句中的These problems可知，作者對(duì)存在的問題提出了自己的疑問，可以推斷文章的下一段應(yīng)該圍繞著problems展開，故選A項(xiàng)。

6. 根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容推斷文章出處

判斷文章出處的題目應(yīng)從文章的體裁和內(nèi)容來(lái)著手。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，報(bào)紙上的新聞前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱等；廣告類文章因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明類文章如器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等；來(lái)自網(wǎng)絡(luò)的文章一般比較新穎，時(shí)效性強(qiáng)。

例6 （2015·廣東卷） 35. This passage most likely comes from .

A. a fishing guide

B. a popular sales book

C. a novel on childhood

D. a millionaires biography

解析 B。根據(jù)最后一段... with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me， I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.可知，本文很有可能來(lái)自一本有關(guān)銷售的書。

7. 根據(jù)文體特點(diǎn)、用詞和語(yǔ)氣理解作者寫作意圖

作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過(guò)文章所提供的事實(shí)和形象，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或意見。這種題型不但要求同學(xué)們理解文章的內(nèi)容，還要理解作者闡述問題的寫作手法。

不同體裁文章的寫作目的不同。故事類記敘文的目的通常是娛樂讀者（to entertain）；廣告類應(yīng)用文的目的一般是推銷產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)（to advertise）；議論文的目的是要闡述論點(diǎn)（to argue/persuade）；科普、文化類說(shuō)明文的目的大多是介紹知識(shí)（to inform）。

例7 （2016·江蘇卷） 64. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage？

A. To introduce El Ni?o and its origin.

B. To explain the consequences of El Ni?o.

C. To show ways of fighting against El Ni?o.

D. To urge people to prepare for El Ni?o.

解析 D。根據(jù)最后一段中的Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Ni?o， reducing their losses needs to be the priority.可知，作者通過(guò)此文呼吁人們?yōu)槎驙柲嶂Z現(xiàn)象提前作好準(zhǔn)備，因此D項(xiàng)正確。

8. 根據(jù)作者的思想傾向和感情色彩判斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度

所謂作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，就是表達(dá)作者對(duì)某個(gè)話題、行為、事件的看法、感覺或判斷。作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度一般分為三大類：支持、贊同、樂觀；客觀、中立；反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。因此，在推斷過(guò)程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。

例8 （2016·四川卷） 30. What is Gins attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese？

A. Cautious. B. Doubtful.

C. Uninterested. D. Appreciative.

解析 D。根據(jù)第三段中的I have a special love for the French Guianese people ... I dont see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.可知，Gin非常欣賞圭亞那土著人的生活方式，故選D項(xiàng)。