張麗輝 王承黨
福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科 福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)消化系病研究室(350005)
PAB靶抗原與克羅恩病關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
張麗輝 王承黨*
福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科 福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)消化系病研究室(350005)
抗胰腺腺泡抗體(PAB)的主要靶抗原為酶原顆粒膜糖蛋白2(GP2)和帶狀瘡疹透明帶樣結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白(CUZD1),其中GP2主要表達(dá)于胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞和小腸濾泡相關(guān)上皮的M細(xì)胞,CUZD1主要分布于子宮、卵巢和胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞。研究認(rèn)為血清PAB是克羅恩病(CD)的較特異性抗體。本文就PAB靶抗原對(duì)CD的意義作一綜述。
Crohn??; 抗胰腺腺泡抗體; GP2; CUZD1; 診斷
克羅恩病(CD)是一種病因不明的慢性、非特異性、穿透性腸道炎性疾病,可跳躍性累及整個(gè)消化道,歐洲人群年發(fā)病率達(dá)1.27%,北美為2.02%[1],近年我國(guó)CD的發(fā)病率呈明顯上升趨勢(shì)。CD的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制可能與遺傳、環(huán)境、免疫相互作用有關(guān),其中腸黏膜免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)腸道非致病抗原的異常反應(yīng)所致的炎癥過(guò)程在其發(fā)病中起有重要作用。一些特異性抗體可能作為CD的較特異性自身免疫抗體,如抗胰腺腺泡抗體(autoantibodies against exocrine pancreas, PAB),其靶抗原主要為酶原顆粒膜糖蛋白2(zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein 2, GP2)和帶狀瘡疹透明帶樣結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白(CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1, CUZD1)。本文就PAB靶抗原對(duì)CD的意義作一綜述。
St?cker等[2]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)PAB存在于CD患者血清中,而很少存在于潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)患者和健康人群中,因此認(rèn)為PAB是CD的特異性抗體。Seibold等[3]用免疫熒光法檢測(cè)CD患者的胰腺切片,結(jié)果顯示胰腺中PAB有兩種熒光分布形態(tài),即在胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞胞外呈水滴狀熒光染色和在胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)中呈顆粒狀熒光染色,說(shuō)明PAB至少存在兩種不同的靶抗原。Roggenbuck等[4]應(yīng)用二維電泳和基質(zhì)輔助激光解析串聯(lián)飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜儀的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GP2是PAB的自身抗原,PAB能與純化的大鼠GP2產(chǎn)生特異性反應(yīng)。Komorowski等[5]的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了GP2是PAB的靶抗原,表現(xiàn)為胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞胞外水滴狀熒光染色,CUZD1是PAB的另一種靶抗原,表現(xiàn)為胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)顆粒狀熒光染色。因此PAB實(shí)際上包括抗GP2-PAB和抗CUZD1-PAB。
1. GP2的分布:GP2是胰腺外分泌腺腺泡細(xì)胞分泌的糖蛋白,N-末端攜帶碳水化合物,C-端通過(guò)糖基磷酯酰肌醇(GPI)錨固定于酶原顆粒膜上。GP2是胰腺酶原顆粒膜中含量最多的蛋白質(zhì),占所有顆粒膜蛋白的40%[6]。當(dāng)胰腺受到體液或神經(jīng)刺激時(shí),GPI水解,腺泡細(xì)胞釋放GP2,與消化酶一起排入胰導(dǎo)管,最終進(jìn)入腸道。GP2亦表達(dá)于小腸M細(xì)胞[7],后者主要存在于小腸派伊爾淋巴結(jié)的濾泡相關(guān)上皮中,可識(shí)別腸腔內(nèi)的抗原,并呈遞至樹(shù)突細(xì)胞,最終導(dǎo)致B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗原特異性抗體,因此,M細(xì)胞對(duì)維持腸道黏膜免疫平衡起有重要作用。此外,其他腸道免疫細(xì)胞(如腸上皮細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞)上亦表達(dá)GP2[6]。
2. GP2的病理生理作用:GP2對(duì)酶原顆粒的形成和分泌功能起有重要作用。然而,GP2基因敲除小鼠并沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收不良或易患胰腺炎[8],且GP2高表達(dá)也不影響胰腺的合成和分泌功能[9]。GP2同系物Tamm-Horsfall蛋白(THP)的研究對(duì)揭示GP2的功能可能具有重要意義。THP是腎小管上皮細(xì)胞分泌的尿蛋白,與GP2的氨基酸序列有52%的相同點(diǎn)、85%的相似處,這兩種蛋白質(zhì)在不同的器官系統(tǒng)中具有類(lèi)似的功能。與THP相同,GP2作為轉(zhuǎn)胞吞受體,可通過(guò)糖基化結(jié)構(gòu)(特別是甘露糖殘基)特異性地黏附于大腸桿菌或沙門(mén)菌Ⅰ型菌毛亞單位FimH,誘導(dǎo)M細(xì)胞對(duì)FimH陽(yáng)性細(xì)菌的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),間接起抗原識(shí)別和呈遞的作用[10]。THP可調(diào)節(jié)泌尿系統(tǒng)的先天性免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫[11],GP2在腸道中也有類(lèi)似作用,如GP2可促進(jìn)腸上皮細(xì)胞分泌HLA-DR、CD40和MICA,參與腸道黏膜適應(yīng)性免疫。此外,GP2能促進(jìn)抗炎細(xì)胞因子的生成,抑制促炎細(xì)胞因子(CXCL8、IL-7、TNF-α)的分泌,降低腸道上皮細(xì)胞、黏膜和外周T細(xì)胞的增生和活性,提示GP2還可能參與了免疫調(diào)節(jié)[6]。
1. CUZD1的分布:CUZD1包含兩個(gè)CUB功能域和一個(gè)ZP功能域,主要分布于子宮、卵巢、胰腺中,卵巢癌、胰腺癌患者血清CUZD1水平升高[12],然而其在腸道的表達(dá)目前尚不清楚[13]。
2. CUZD1的病理生理作用:CUZD1具有雙重作用,一是作為腫瘤標(biāo)記物,二是作為PAB的靶抗原[14]。
1. GP2的作用:CD本質(zhì)上為遺傳易感個(gè)體在腸內(nèi)微生物或外來(lái)抗原的觸發(fā)下發(fā)生的持續(xù)性和異常的炎癥反應(yīng)。目前尚未明確引起CD發(fā)病的特定抗原,但一些證據(jù)表明,黏附侵襲性大腸桿菌(AIEC)廣泛存在于CD患者腸道組織中,可能參與CD的發(fā)病。AIEC侵入腸道上皮細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)炎性細(xì)胞因子分泌,并在巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)生存和復(fù)制,促進(jìn)TNF-α的分泌和肉芽腫形成。GP2可誘導(dǎo)M細(xì)胞對(duì)AIEC的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),促進(jìn)M細(xì)胞呈遞抗原至樹(shù)突細(xì)胞等免疫細(xì)胞,最終產(chǎn)生抗菌抗體,起保護(hù)腸黏膜的作用。當(dāng)機(jī)體對(duì)GP2免疫耐受缺失,將產(chǎn)生抗GP2抗體IgG和抗GP2抗體IgA,從而干擾GP2的作用,促進(jìn)腸道炎癥的發(fā)生[15]。超過(guò)60%的UC患者IPAA術(shù)后發(fā)生結(jié)腸貯袋炎,其血清和糞便中抗GP2抗體的表達(dá)升高,這可能與回腸肛門(mén)吻合后腸道菌群改變相關(guān),提示GP2對(duì)宿主-微生物之間的相互作用起有重要作用[16]。
2. CUZD1的作用:CUZD1在腸道免疫中的作用目前尚未明確,Komorowski等[5]推測(cè)CUZD1由胰腺釋放,參與腸腔的固有免疫應(yīng)答。CUZD1的ZP功能域?qū)δc道黏膜損傷可能起有關(guān)鍵作用,在特定環(huán)境條件下可防止細(xì)菌粘附于黏膜細(xì)胞,而抗CUZD1抗體可能干擾這一過(guò)程,但需更多的研究予進(jìn)一步支持。
1. 抗GP2抗體臨床意義:目前炎癥性腸病(IBD)的診斷缺乏金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),52%~58%首次發(fā)作的結(jié)腸炎患者不能立即作出診斷而需經(jīng)過(guò)隨訪診斷為IBD。一般根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)、內(nèi)鏡和組織病理學(xué)、影像學(xué)可鑒別IBD與非IBD以及CD與UC,然而對(duì)僅有結(jié)腸病變且內(nèi)鏡和組織病理學(xué)缺乏CD或UC典型特征的病例,仍有10%~15%的IBD不能區(qū)分,即使是經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的醫(yī)療中心,亦有5%~10%的IBD無(wú)法分類(lèi)[17]。CD患者抗GP2抗體的陽(yáng)性率為18.8%~41.5%,UC患者為2.9%~10.4%??笹P2抗體IgG對(duì)鑒別CD與UC的敏感性和特異性分別為16%~30%、92%~93%;抗GP2抗體IgA的敏感性和特異性分別為11%~14%、98%[18-19];由此可見(jiàn),抗GP2抗體對(duì)鑒別CD與UC具有較高的特異性,但對(duì)CD的診斷敏感性偏低,不能作為CD篩查指標(biāo),聯(lián)合檢測(cè)抗GP2抗體和抗釀酒酵母細(xì)胞抗體IgA可將診斷CD的敏感性提高至68.6%[20]。
Pavlidis等[21]對(duì)225例CD患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)腸型CD患者的抗GP2抗體陽(yáng)性率為11%,回結(jié)腸或回腸末端型CD患者為30%(P=0.012 8)。這可能與表達(dá)GP2的M細(xì)胞主要局限于回腸有關(guān)。多項(xiàng)研究[10,22]亦證實(shí)抗GP2抗體陽(yáng)性率與CD病變部位有關(guān),L1、L3型CD的陽(yáng)性率較高。此外,年齡<16歲、狹窄型且伴有肛周病變的患者抗GP2抗體陽(yáng)性率較高[23-24]。但抗GP2抗體與CD活動(dòng)性的關(guān)系尚有爭(zhēng)議[18]。Op De Beéck等[25]對(duì)28例接受英夫利西單抗治療和34例接受阿達(dá)木單抗治療的CD患者檢測(cè)血清抗GP2抗體水平,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)生物制劑治療并未明顯影響抗體的表達(dá)。
此外,有研究指出,GP2具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能,抗GP2抗體可能參與CD的發(fā)病,因此GP2同系物或類(lèi)似物可能對(duì)CD具有治療作用,有望成為CD治療的新方向[6],但目前尚無(wú)相關(guān)的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)或臨床試驗(yàn)。
2. CUZD1的臨床意義:有研究報(bào)道血清抗CUZD1抗體IgG對(duì)鑒別CD與UC的敏感性和特異性分別為18%、95%~96%,抗CUZD1抗體IgA的敏感性和特異性分別為10%~16%、97%~99%[18-19]。Pavlidis等[18]研究了212例CD患者和249例UC患者,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)CD患者血清抗CUZD1抗體的陽(yáng)性率為21.7%,UC為9.2%(P<0.000 2)。說(shuō)明血清抗CUZD1抗體對(duì)鑒別CD與UC可能具有一定的價(jià)值。有研究認(rèn)為抗CUZD1抗體陽(yáng)性的CD患者更容易并發(fā)肛周病變[19,22],但也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為其與CD表型無(wú)關(guān)[18]。因此,血清抗CUZD1抗體對(duì)CD的臨床意義尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,PAB的主要靶抗原為GP2和CUZD1,GP2主要分布在胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞和小腸M細(xì)胞,機(jī)體對(duì)GP2的免疫耐受缺失可能參與CD的發(fā)病,抗GP2抗體是一種新的、具有特異性的CD自身免疫性抗體,有助于CD與UC的鑒別診斷,且與CD臨床表型有一定關(guān)系。而CUZD1對(duì)CD的臨床意義還需更多的研究進(jìn)一步明確。
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(2016-05-06收稿;2016-08-02修回)
Progress in Study on Relationship between Autoantigens of PAB and Crohn’s Disease
ZHANGLihui,WANGChengdang.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofFujianMedicalUniversity;InstituteofDigestiveDiseases,FujianMedicalUniversity,Fuzhou(350005)
WANG Chengdang, Email: wangcdhl@sina.com
It is reported that zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein 2 (GP2) and CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1) are the major autoantigens of autoantibodies against exocrine pancreas (PAB). GP2 is mainly expressed in the pancreatic acinar cell and M cells in small intestine follicle-associated epithelium, and CUZD1 is mainly expressed in uterus, ovary and pancreatic acinar cell. PAB is a relatively specific antibody for Crohn’s disease (CD). The article reviewed the progress in study on autoantigens of PAB in CD.
Crohn Disease; Antibodies Against Exocrine Pancreas; GP2; CUZD1; Diagnosis
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.02.012
*本文通信作者,Email: wangcdhl@sina.com