• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    The Role of the European Parliament in China-EU Relations

    2016-10-25 05:23:49ZhangLei
    China International Studies 2016年5期

    Zhang Lei

    ?

    The Role of the European Parliament in China-EU Relations

    Zhang Lei

    As one of the three major institutions of the European Union (EU),the power and functions of the European Parliament have been strengthened in the EU's external relations since the Lisbon Treaty came into effect. In recent years, the European Parliament's concerns about China has been constantly growing. What role will it play in China-EU relations? How many important actors involving China are included inside the European Parliament? And which issues are its main concerns about China? All these questions are inevitable for further studying China-EU relations.

    Power and Functions of the European Parliament in the EU's External Relations

    The EU's external relationship is a broad field, not only including traditionally diplomatic policies, but also covering development cooperation as well as a series of departmental policies like trade, transportation and environment. Before 2009 when the Lisbon Treaty came into force, the influence of the European Parliament on the EU's external relationship was relatively limited. The Treaty has produced important influences on the EU's external relations, the most significant and symbolic being that the EU gained legal personality (Article 47), which means that the EU is empowered to sign international agreements and participate in international organizations. The second dramatic change is the establishment of the High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR),supported by the European External Action Service (EEAS) (Article 18).

    All these new changes are of great significance to the European Parliament. In the common foreign and security policy, the main power and functions of the European Parliament is the right of consultation and the right to know, supervise and review, including the right to acquire timely and adequate information of international treaties in this field,and supervise and review the implementation of foreign policies (mainly involving debates on relevant affairs, resolutions on reports by the Council of the European Union with regard to main issues in this field, inquiries and suggestions presented to the Council). The HR shall bear responsibilities for the European Parliament and the appointment and dismissal of the European Commission members, including the HR, are subject to the Parliament's permission. As stipulated in Article 36 of the Treaty, the HR shall regularly seek for the Parliament's opinions on main contents and fundamental choices of the common foreign and security policy, and make sure that the opinions are taken into account. Although the comments from the Parliament are not legally binding, this stipulation does reinforce the connection between the Parliament and the HR, which is further strengthened by the Declaration by the High Representative/Vice-President of the Commission on Political Accountability in 2010. The Parliament is also entitled to passing the annual budget of the common foreign and security policy, and approving the EU Financial Instruments for External Action with the Council as co-legislator. In practice, the Parliament entertains a strong desire to play a role in the common foreign and security policy. In its verdict of the litigation filed by the Parliament against the Council about the EU-Mauritius Agreement (Case C658/11) in June 2014, the European Court pointed out that the Parliament shall obtain prompt and sufficient information in the whole negotiation process of international agreements, otherwise jurisdiction of the Parliament would be denied.

    In the area of common commercial policy, policy decisions weremainly under the control of the European Commission and the Council of the European Union. But the Lisbon Treaty endows the European Parliament with more direct powers, thus enhancing its authority on the EU's conduct of bilateral and international trade agreement negotiations. As Article 218 prescribes, international treaties as well as commercial and cooperation agreements under the ordinary legislative procedure shall be approved by the European Parliament. At the moment, the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), which involves negotiations between the EU and the US, is subject to approval from the Parliament for final adoption. Furthermore, the Lisbon Treaty expands the scope of the Union's common commercial policy into such a degree that FDI is covered. Besides, Article 207 regulates that the Parliament and the Council shall adopt measures to determine the framework for carrying out the common commercial policy based on the ordinary legislative procedure and by means of regulations. That is to say, the Parliament and the Council enjoy“common law-making power” in terms of preparing the EU's trade policies and measures, which means the Parliament's authority in the EU's external relations has been strengthened, instead of being constrained to the right of consultation, after the Lisbon Treaty.

    Specifically in China-EU relations, the bilateral investment agreement under negotiation entails final consent from the European Parliament. The Parliament emphasizes that the decision to admit China's market economy status needs to undergo the ordinary legislative procedure, and it shall enjoy legislative power together with the Council. Besides, the Parliament plays an indirect role in China-EU relations through its supervisory and budgetary powers on the European Commission, the EEAS and other EU institutions.

    Actors and Issues Involving China in the European Parliament

    China-related actors

    The internal structure of the European Parliament can be dividedinto four levels: specialized parliamentary committees, parliamentary groups, delegations for foreign relations and informal groups. Among them, the institutions involving China mainly include the parliamentary groups in the Parliament, the Committees on Foreign Affairs (with its subcommittee on human rights) and on International Trade, Delegation for Relations with the People's Republic of China, and three informal groups—the EU-China Friendship Group, the Tibet Group and the Taiwan Group. Due to multiple identities of members of the European Parliament (MEPs), the mechanisms on the four levels, while mutually independent, are interconnected.

    (1) Parliamentary committees

    The European Parliament now sets 20 standing committees and 2 subcommittees, whose main function is to submit reports and comments on related subjects. The committees also serve to communicate with other institutions (the institutions of the United Nations, other EU mechanisms, the Presidency of the Council of the European Union,parliaments of EU member countries) to exchange opinions and share experiences. Many parliamentary committees deal with affairs related to China, with the following being most prominent. First is the Committee on Foreign Affairs, which shall appoint a person to draft reports of the Parliament on EU-China relations and comprehensively review the development of EU-China relations. The Subcommittees on Human Rights and on Security and Defense are set under it. In recent years,the Parliament has been holding hearings on China's human rights on an almost annual basis, such as a hearing on “challenges to freedom of expression and democracy in Hong Kong in the light of recent events”convened by the Human Rights Subcommittee in December 2014. Second is the Committee on International Trade, which is responsible to draft reports on the EU-China trade and economic relationship and on the EU-China investment agreement negotiations. Among its concerns are China's non-tariff barriers and the poor quality of some Chineseproducts. Third is the Committee on Development, which pays special attention to China's policies on Africa and its challenge to the EU. Concerning the great changes of the EU's development policy agenda,members of this Committee once pointed out that the EU must phase out development aid to China, which has been an emerging economy and a major economic player on the international arena. Besides, issues related to China are discussed in other parliamentary committees. For example, the Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety organized seminars on “EU, China and Climate Change.”

    (2) Political groups and MEPs

    Political groups are the most significant structure in the European Parliament, with all the main players in contact with China. The Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) frequently holds informal round-table conferences where the Delegation of China to the European Union and relevant Chinese embassies in European countries are invited to exchange opinions on hot issues and common concerns. Members of main political groups often pay visits to China for keeping close contact. In 2013, the European Conservatives and Reformists Group paid a visit to China and carried out smooth communication with the International Liaison Department of the CPC Central Committee. In addition, political groups in the Parliament run such activities related to China as the seminars on China's development by the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats,and two hearings conducted by the Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe during the 7th session from 2009 to 2014 where Rebiya Kadeer, a separatist from the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, was invited to discuss issues about China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

    In recent years, the China-Europe High-Level Political Parties Forum promoted by the main political groups of the European Parliament and the CPC has been an important effort to enhancecommunications among political parties in China and the EU. Both sides expect to forge the forum into a significant high-level,multilateral and strategic platform so as to strengthen China-EU strategic communications and deepen political mutual trust. However,there remain some divergences between China and the EU about the positioning and future development of the forum. For instance, some MEPs express dissatisfaction when certain MEPs are restricted from attending the forum when it is held in China.

    To be clear, the position of the political groups in the European Parliament is not monolithic. Instead, there are different opinions on China and EU-China relations within the political groups. Generally speaking, in terms of ideologies of the political groups, Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Conservatives and Reformists Group attach more importance to trade issues and hold that people of two sides shall respect each other's choices. Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance and Group of the Allianceof Liberals and Democrats for Europe pay more attention to human rights issues while more religious MEPs in Group of the European People's Party are more interested in issues related to Tibet.

    MEP Miroslav Poche, member of the Delegation for Relations with China, endorses a negotiated solution to the South China Sea dispute.

    Overall, the European Parliament's discussions about China's human rights tend to become more rational with the progress of China-EU relations and rise of China's international standing. Except individual MEPs in the Parliament who remain purely human-rights activist,the majority of MEPs believe that EU-China relations shall cover wider issues like economic and trade ties and cultural exchanges, instead of being limited to human rights. As a member from the Group of the European People's Party suggests, EUChina relations have made great progress in the past five years and MEPs' discussions about human rights become more professional and reasonable,rather than ideological criticisms and confrontations. A number of MEPs attempt to seek balance in attitudes towards China. For example, as Emar Brok, a member from the European People's Party, says, “on one hand,there is a host of common interests between China and the EU; on the other hand, we have our own values, including the appreciation of the rule of law and human rights. In relations with China, we need to find a balance between the two points.” More and more MEPs come to realize the importance of China and consider China as a major actor on the international stage. For Brok, Europe is in favor of a multi-polar world and main political groups have forged consensus that the development of the world, especially the development of Europe, cannot do without China. Most MEPs think that there exists a strategic partnership between China and the EU. Former Deputy Speaker Miguel Angel Martinez holds that China and the EU have established a well-developed strategic partnership. The problems of the EU-China Strategic Partnership lie inthe EU, since large gaps remain between the reality and the EU's wish to join the ranks of major actors in the world. There are some MEPs who deem that the EU-China Strategic Partnership is still an illusion. Some members from the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats assert that China-EU cooperation is not really a strategic partnership with mutual trust as its core, but just a kind of agreement. While quite a few MEPs appreciate China's decision to further deepen reforms and opening-up, and regard reform measures as beneficial to deepen EU-China relations in the future, others worry whether such reform measures can be put into practice, and fear that China's priorities on developing relations with some member countries, particularly with Central and Eastern European countries, will split the EU. They maintain that cooperation between China and CEE countries shall be carried out under the framework of the EU's laws, as a helpful supplement to EUChina cooperation.

    (3) The European Parliament's Delegation for Relations with China

    The Delegation for Relations with China, one of major Chinarelated organizations in the European Parliament, keeps close contact with China's National People's Congress. The Delegation has held inter-parliamentary conferences with China's NPC since 1980 with a regular exchange mechanism gradually established by the two sides. The issues involved by the Delegation are quite extensive, including human rights in China and the EU, China's economic development,political reforms and status of civil law, cooperation between China and the EU in such fields as security and military, cyber crimes and climate change, as well as the EU-China economic and trade relationship. Jo Leinen, incumbent president of the Delegation, who once served as the president of the Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety in the Parliament, expresses his wish for China to strengthen efforts to emission reduction and for China and the EU to reinforce cooperation in climate change and environmental protection throughlaunching EU-China carbon trading cooperation. The Delegation has organized many communication activities since its establishment,which to a certain degree promotes the development of China-EU relations. As Song Zhe, China's former ambassador to the EU, denotes,the Delegation is the major driving force in the European Parliament to develop relations with China and the “China view” among members of the Delegation determines to a large extent the Parliament's cognition of China, hence influencing a number of the EU citizens' cognition of China. In general, however, the Delegation plays a limited role with more emphasis on information sharing. Quite a few MEPs point out that direct communications among political parties are of more significance.

    Moreover, informal groups, such as the EU-China Friendship Group, the Tibet Group and the Taiwan Friendship Group, can exert influence on public opinions and mobilize MEPs' vote to some extent. The EU-China Friendship Group, founded in 2006, is committed to consolidating EU-China communications and making its own contributions to bilateral relations. It is often invited to visit China by the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. The Tibet Group, set up in 1989, seats over 100 MEPs who hold meetings irregularly and host a variety of activities related to Tibet. The Taiwan Friendship Group, formerly known as the Friends of Taiwan Group founded in 1991, aims to enhance the relationship and communications between the European Parliament and Taiwan.

    Major China-related issues

    Since its establishment, the European Parliament has adopted a multitude of resolutions involving China. On one hand, many issues are quite sensitive, like human rights, issues related to Taiwan,Tibet and Xinjiang, and arms embargo. In these resolutions, the European Parliament obviously interferes in China's internal affairs. For example, it requires the Chinese government to make response to improving human rights situation, guaranteeing democracy, freedomof speech, freedom of media, and religious and political freedoms. It emphasizes that Chinese Mainland and Taiwan shall find out solutions to divergences through negotiations. The Parliament also demands the Council of the European Union and EU member countries to maintain arm embargo to China. On the other hand, for issues involving visa,WTO, science and technology, shipping, and economic and trade relationship, the attitude of the European Parliament is generally positive, enhancing bilateral cooperation.

    (1) Human rights and other sensitive issues

    The human rights issue is a major concern of the European Parliament. The Parliament generally assumes that China's human rights conditions are extremely complicated and that the political rights of the Chinese people are still worrisome though their economic, social and education rights have been greatly improved. It stresses that further development of economic relations with China shall be accompanied by effective political dialogues and respect for human rights, demands that China release the so called “human rights defenders,” and requires China's measures to strengthen and improve the EU-China human rights dialogues and continue to discuss such matters as the ICCPR, reform of the criminal justice system (including abolition of death penalty and the system of re-education through labor), freedom of expression(particularly on the Internet), of the press, of access to information, of conscience, thought and religion, and the situation of ethnic minorities in Tibet as well as the workers' rights. Among the EU's institutions, the European Parliament has always been deeply concerned about issues related to Tibet, and thus adopted a series of Tibet-related resolutions and called for the EU to appoint a special representative to Tibet. The Parliament also pays attention to the rights of Xinjiang Uyghur and China's other ethnic minorities. Besides, it often delivers its opinions on the Taiwan issue, hoping that the Taiwan's representativeness in international organizations can be better defined. The Parliament callson the EU and Taiwan to sign agreements on investment protection and market access, which in its view does not in any way contradict the EU's one-China policy, and it appreciates and supports Taiwan's so-called democracy, social pluralism, respect for human rights and rule of law.

    (2) China-EU economic and trade relationship and other issues

    In recent years, the European Parliament has shown concerns for China in increasingly broader perspectives, with economic and trade relationship gradually becoming a major issue in China-EU relations. The issues drawing the Parliament's attention include market access,trade deficit, and intellectual property rights. The Parliament appeals to the EU to establish more balanced trade relations with China and asks for an EU-China partnership on the basis of mutual benefits and transparency so as to defend the interests of European industries.

    The European Parliament has paid particular attention to the China-EU Bilateral Investment Agreement. First of all, the Parliament indicates that the Agreement is important for both sides, which can further enhance mutually beneficial cooperation in finance,infrastructure construction, new-style urbanization, new energy,technological innovation, energy conservation and environmental protection. Second, the Parliament lays emphasis on the significance of market access and regards it as a precondition of negotiations. Quite a few MEPs point out that market access is a very significant issue for the EU and will also be a difficult one in bilateral negotiations. Third,the Parliament highlights the significance of establishing prerequisites through the Agreement for fair competition between the EU and China,particularly assuring that a level playing-field applies to state-owned and privately-run enterprises. The investments by Sovereign Wealth Funds shall also be applicable to fair competition. Lastly, the Parliament holds that China has underperformed in certain fundamental social and labor rights as well as environmental standards, which the Parliament considers as partial reasons for trade imbalance between the EU andChina. The Parliament underlines that a precondition for the conclusion of the Agreement should be the inclusion of a strong commitment by the parties to sustainable and inclusive development in economic, social and environmental dimensions, in order to build a more balanced trade and investment relationship between the EU and China.

    On May 12, 2016, the European Parliament passed a resolution about China's market economy status by an overwhelming majority,further promoting the discussions surrounding this issue. The Parliament stressed the importance of China as the EU's partner, but deemed that China has not fulfilled the EU's five criteria to define market economies. The Parliament urged the European Commission to coordinate with the EU's major trading partners and take due account of the concerns expressed by the EU's industries, trade unions and other stakeholders so as to ensure that the EU jobs are defended. The Parliament was convinced that, until China meets all five EU criteria required to qualify as a market economy, the EU should adopt a non-standard methodology in anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations into Chinese imports. In parallel, the Parliament stressed the imminent need for a general reform of the EU's trade defense instruments in order to guarantee a level playing field for the EU industries with China and other trading partners in full compliance with WTO rules, and called on the Council to rapidly seek agreement with the Parliament on the modernization of the Union's trade defense instruments.

    (3) Comprehensive China-EU Relations

    The European Parliament attaches great importance to the development of comprehensive China-EU relations. The concerned issues involve nearly every aspect of bilateral relations, such as the EUChina Strategic Partnership, China's internal development and external conditions, as well as human rights issues. In general, the Parliament hopes to further improve the development of EU-China relations. It welcomes the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomaticrelations between the EU and China as a source of inspiration to strengthen the strategic partnership, and calls on both sides to enhance political cooperation. It also shows interests in China's Belt and Road Initiative and the Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank (AIIB),and requires that articles regarding sustainable development and human rights shall be included in the Bilateral Investment Agreement. At the same time, the Parliament calls for China and the EU to strengthen cooperation in security and defense, counter-terrorism, illegal immigration, climate change, urbanization and development aid so as to cope with global challenges and threats, and emphasizes that China shall play a greater role on the world stage. For instance, the Parliament urges the Chinese government to use all its leverages to ensure stability on the Korean Peninsula and exert influence on Pakistan to persuade the Southeast Asian nation to refrain from fuelling instability in the region.

    Practical Role and Influence of the European Parliament in China-EU Relations

    In practice, a variety of communication channels between the European Parliament and China, like parliamentary and party exchanges, have laid the foundation for China and the EU to promote understanding. To some extent, the Parliament's debates on issues related to China have provided the EU citizens with a platform for viewpoint collision. With the steady rise of the Parliament's participation in policy making, it now exerts ever-greater influence on the EU's external relations and plays an increasingly important role in China-EU relations.

    Role and influence of the European Parliament's human rights resolutions

    In the area of human rights, the European Parliament is regarded as the most principled and ingenuous institution in the EU. With the purpose of safeguarding human rights, the Parliament not only caresabout the human rights situation of its member countries, but also focuses on “suspected” human-rights violations in other countries and regions. It once passed resolutions on the human rights of the US and Russia. Based on a survey in 2015, 59 percent of the interviewed EU citizens claimed that “protecting human rights” is the most important value that the European Parliament shall defend. In addition, the Parliament's proceedings and rules also make for the approval of humanrights resolutions. According to the Parliament plenary meeting's procedure, the debate on human rights violations shall be arranged on Thursday afternoons followed by voting. Since the plenary meeting usually lasts four days and some MEPs leave the venue on the afternoon of the fourth day, the number of MEPs who can take part in the voting is limited. Therefore, compared with significant legislative proposals, it is easier for human rights resolutions to be passed. For instance, there were altogether two disclosed ballots for the resolution on the so-called“Ai Weiwei incident” on April 7, 2011. 39 MEPs voted in the first ballot,with 26 in favor and 13 against; in the second ballot, 35 voted in favor and 4 against. As a sharp contrast, 567 MEPs participated in voting on partial contents of the policy review on Europe's eastern neighboring countries, with 247 in favor, 295 against and 25 abstentions.

    Overall, the European Parliament's resolutions on China's human rights are not legally binding, but only an expression of its concerns. Even though human rights resolutions have relatively limited influence on the EU's common foreign and security policy, the Parliament's attacks on China with regard to human rights not only obstruct mutually political trust between China and the EU, but also defame China's image in Europeans' view, which may to some degree affect the international opinion and finally negatively impact the development of China-EU relations.

    Role of the European Parliament in trade and investment

    Following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the influenceof the European Parliament in the EU's trade and investment has been significantly improved, making the negotiation process in this area more complicated and variable. Take as an example the negotiation process of the EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement, the European Parliament successfully incorporated some safeguard clauses so as to protect European industries. For another example, the Parliament rejected the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) in 2012 (478 voted against ACTA and 39 in favor).

    Specifically for EU-China relations, the Lisbon Treaty sets investment as the EU's exclusive competence and at the same time provides that the European Parliament possesses a consent right for international treaties,which brings a lot of uncertainties for the development of China-EU relations. If the Parliament rejected the Bilateral Investment Agreement,China-EU relations would be adversely affected. At the moment, the EU has not achieved any investment agreement. The negotiation on the China-EU Agreement represents the first time for the EU to exercise this power since the Lisbon Treaty came into operation, and hence draws much attention from the European Parliament. It can be expected that the negotiation on the Agreement is highly variable. On one hand, the Parliament embraces the Agreement and expects to further push forward the development of bilateral relations. On the other hand, compared with the European Commission, the Parliament is more cautious and moderate for supporting free trade. The Parliament pays more attention to the concerns of the civil society, like human rights, fundamental freedoms and sustainable development. Thus in practice, the Parliament tends to relate non-trade issues (human rights, social and environmental standards) with trade policies. In terms of political parties, the Parliament's debates on trade and investment policies are mainly dominated by the “l(fā)eftist-rightist division.” The Parliament in general adheres to the trade agenda supported by the European Commission, and supposes that relevant concerns(human rights included) can be put forward in other ways. As a good few MEPs indicate, the Parliament on the whole wants to further propel thedevelopment of EU-China relations, and human rights issues shall not hinder the achievement of the Bilateral Investment Agreement despite that this agreement arouses heated debates and extensive attention in the Parliament which holds critical attitudes towards China's human rights situation.

    In the EU's viewpoint, whether to grant the market economy status to China or not involves the amendment of the EU's anti-dumping legislation. According to the ordinary legislative procedures (co-decision procedures), the European Parliament, which enjoys more authorities than the consent right, shares legislative power with the Council of the European Union. The Parliament expects the European Commission to present more balanced proposals which not only abide by WTO rules,but also protects the EU's industries and employment. For the moment,the resolutions passed by the Parliament do not manifest a relatively constructive attitude toward this issue. While the resolutions are not legally binding, the Commission and the Council cannot totally ignore the Parliament's attitudes.

    Conclusion

    The year 2016 is the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the EU, and also marks the beginning for China and the EU to further boost bilateral relations and forge four partnerships featuring peace, growth, reform and civilization. It is of practical significance to have a sound understanding of actors and issues involving China inside the European Parliament. Judging from the internal mechanisms of the Parliament, the parliamentary committees and political groups are major institutions to form resolutions on China,while the Delegation for Relations with China, informal groups and individual MEPs also play their roles. Parliamentary communications and party exchanges serve as important platforms and channels for connection between the European Parliament and China, and as a majorapproach to promoting mutual understanding, dismissing suspicions and distrust and enhancing the stable development of bilateral relations. In terms of attitudes of MEPs, while some insist on toughly critical stance on China, more have now adopted a pragmatic attitude and held more balanced opinions on China. In terms of issues, the Parliament's resolutions on China have changed from mainly focusing on the single issue of human rights into broader topics including politics, economy and trade, society, development, diplomacy and environment.

    Generally speaking, not only does the European Parliament offer advice for the EU to boost the China-EU Strategic Partnership, it also exerts influence upon China-EU bilateral relations to a certain degree and may affect the public opinion. Due to the differences in ideologies and views on human rights issues, it is inevitable for the Parliament to continually pass resolutions on China's human rights and the rights of ethnic minorities in China in the future, which to some extent will have negative impacts on China-EU relations. Nonetheless, most MEPs are increasingly focusing on China from a wider perspective and anticipate to continuously push forward the development of bilateral relations, so their role in advancing China-EU relations cannot be neglected. Quite a few MEPs entertain hopes for the future China-EU relations and wish to promote it by all means and in various ways.

    The negotiation on the China-EU Bilateral Investment Agreement and the issue of China's market economy status are the focuses of the European Parliament and China-EU relations in 2016. If the FTA negotiation between China and the EU is launched in the future, both sides shall take the attitudes of the European Parliament into account. Furthermore, just as many MEPs stress, China-EU relations cannot solely rely on economy and trade though it is the cornerstone of bilateral relations. It is still necessary for both sides to seek or establish common values and strengthen communications in other areas.

    Zhang Lei is Associate Research Fellow at the Institute of European Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS).

    极品教师在线免费播放| 99热精品在线国产| 久久香蕉精品热| 精品久久久久久,| 嫩草影院入口| 国产精品久久久久久久电影 | 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 在线观看日韩欧美| 99热精品在线国产| www.自偷自拍.com| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 天堂av国产一区二区熟女人妻| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 舔av片在线| 两性夫妻黄色片| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 国产精品影院久久| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 国产三级在线视频| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 久久久久久久久中文| 悠悠久久av| 一二三四社区在线视频社区8| av视频在线观看入口| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 9191精品国产免费久久| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 国产成人精品无人区| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 色播亚洲综合网| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 无限看片的www在线观看| av中文乱码字幕在线| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| bbb黄色大片| 成人欧美大片| 日本五十路高清| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 特级一级黄色大片| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 一本综合久久免费| 一区福利在线观看| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看 | 久久精品影院6| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 日本一本二区三区精品| 国产99白浆流出| 亚洲18禁久久av| 欧美色视频一区免费| 国内精品久久久久精免费| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 久久中文看片网| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产| 成人无遮挡网站| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| a在线观看视频网站| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3| 99视频精品全部免费 在线 | 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 国内精品美女久久久久久| 久久精品影院6| 女警被强在线播放| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 丁香欧美五月| 亚洲av成人av| 久久国产精品影院| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| www.999成人在线观看| 夜夜爽天天搞| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 精品久久久久久,| 欧美激情在线99| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 久久国产精品影院| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 免费看日本二区| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看 | 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 黄频高清免费视频| 久久人妻av系列| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 日本免费a在线| 色av中文字幕| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看 | 久久久久性生活片| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 精品一区二区三区视频在线 | 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 久久中文字幕一级| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 久久中文字幕人妻熟女| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 日本黄大片高清| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区| 特级一级黄色大片| 88av欧美| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 三级毛片av免费| 国产单亲对白刺激| 观看免费一级毛片| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 色视频www国产| 岛国在线观看网站| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 老司机福利观看| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 黄色丝袜av网址大全| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| or卡值多少钱| 国产高清videossex| av在线蜜桃| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 在线播放国产精品三级| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 久久久久九九精品影院| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看 | 久久久成人免费电影| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 亚洲无线观看免费| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 美女黄网站色视频| 女警被强在线播放| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡| 88av欧美| 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 又爽又黄无遮挡网站| 精品福利观看| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 国产高清videossex| 91字幕亚洲| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费| 欧美日韩乱码在线| xxxwww97欧美| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 亚洲色图av天堂| 丁香欧美五月| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站 | 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 欧美大码av| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人 | 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 99久国产av精品| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 香蕉丝袜av| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 欧美在线黄色| 国内精品久久久久久久电影| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| 91av网站免费观看| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 老司机福利观看| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 看片在线看免费视频| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 国产亚洲欧美98| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 一区福利在线观看| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看 | 99热这里只有是精品50| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 中文字幕精品亚洲无线码一区| h日本视频在线播放| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 制服人妻中文乱码| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 脱女人内裤的视频| 亚洲激情在线av| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 国产精品 国内视频| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 久久这里只有精品19| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 9191精品国产免费久久| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 国产精品影院久久| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 在线a可以看的网站| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 91老司机精品| 色吧在线观看| 亚洲精品乱码久久久v下载方式 | 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 国产免费av片在线观看野外av| e午夜精品久久久久久久| 日本黄大片高清| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 在线国产一区二区在线| 国产三级黄色录像| 天堂网av新在线| 在线观看一区二区三区| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 亚洲国产色片| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看 | 看黄色毛片网站| 宅男免费午夜| 级片在线观看| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 两个人的视频大全免费| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 一个人看视频在线观看www免费 | 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 久久久国产成人免费| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 国产毛片a区久久久久| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 久久中文看片网| www.精华液| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 级片在线观看| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区| ponron亚洲| 免费看十八禁软件| 黄色日韩在线| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 极品教师在线免费播放| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站 | 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 身体一侧抽搐| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 两个人的视频大全免费| 最近在线观看免费完整版| 精品国产亚洲在线| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 一级黄色大片毛片| 亚洲五月天丁香| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 国内精品久久久久精免费| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 午夜久久久久精精品| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| www.精华液| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 美女免费视频网站| 老司机福利观看| av国产免费在线观看| 国产单亲对白刺激| 午夜福利欧美成人| 99热这里只有精品一区 | 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 在线视频色国产色| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| svipshipincom国产片| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 亚洲第一电影网av| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 亚洲在线观看片| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 丁香六月欧美| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 中文资源天堂在线| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 极品教师在线免费播放| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 嫩草影院入口| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 国产成人影院久久av| 99视频精品全部免费 在线 | 在线视频色国产色| 精品久久久久久成人av| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 日本一本二区三区精品| 国产成人福利小说| 色综合婷婷激情| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 欧美zozozo另类| 欧美日韩精品网址| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 身体一侧抽搐| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 久久久成人免费电影| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 久久中文字幕一级| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 日韩高清综合在线| 身体一侧抽搐| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| avwww免费| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区| netflix在线观看网站| 我要搜黄色片| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在 | 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 99热精品在线国产| av在线天堂中文字幕| 一个人看视频在线观看www免费 | 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 免费观看精品视频网站| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 禁无遮挡网站| 国产熟女xx| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩 | 国产野战对白在线观看| 久久久久国内视频| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 亚洲专区字幕在线| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 青草久久国产| 一本综合久久免费| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 国产单亲对白刺激| 亚洲精品在线美女| 色综合站精品国产| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 脱女人内裤的视频| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 国产高清videossex| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| e午夜精品久久久久久久| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 亚洲色图av天堂| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 黄色女人牲交| 校园春色视频在线观看| 免费看a级黄色片| 久久久国产成人免费| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| 久久性视频一级片| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 黄色日韩在线| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| av国产免费在线观看| 国产综合懂色| or卡值多少钱| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 精品电影一区二区在线| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 午夜成年电影在线免费观看| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 国产亚洲精品av在线| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产 | 免费看日本二区| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 少妇的逼水好多| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 久久精品影院6| 91老司机精品| 88av欧美| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 国产69精品久久久久777片 | 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 国产成人福利小说| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 观看免费一级毛片| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 99热精品在线国产| 国产成人精品无人区| 国内精品美女久久久久久| 性欧美人与动物交配| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av | 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 观看免费一级毛片| 我要搜黄色片| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在 | 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 天堂网av新在线| 一个人免费在线观看电影 | xxxwww97欧美| 国产精品,欧美在线| netflix在线观看网站| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 嫩草影视91久久| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 精品福利观看| 热99re8久久精品国产| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 99久久精品一区二区三区| 久久亚洲真实| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 国产免费男女视频| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 免费观看精品视频网站| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 999久久久国产精品视频| 午夜成年电影在线免费观看| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 午夜两性在线视频| 日本黄色片子视频| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 成人精品一区二区免费| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 国产高潮美女av| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| a级毛片a级免费在线| 午夜两性在线视频| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 十八禁网站免费在线| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 欧美日韩国产亚洲二区| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 少妇丰满av| 亚洲国产欧美网| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| avwww免费| 久久热在线av| 香蕉丝袜av| 午夜视频精品福利| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 身体一侧抽搐| 久久伊人香网站| 免费看美女性在线毛片视频| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 黄色 视频免费看| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 日韩欧美免费精品| 久久久久久人人人人人| av黄色大香蕉| 黄频高清免费视频| 91字幕亚洲| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 国产三级在线视频| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 窝窝影院91人妻| 午夜免费激情av| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 国产亚洲精品av在线|