張曉杰 費(fèi)洪新 劉得水
(齊齊哈爾醫(yī)學(xué)院,黑龍江 齊齊哈爾 161006)
活性氧在抑郁中的研究進(jìn)展
張曉杰 費(fèi)洪新 劉得水
(齊齊哈爾醫(yī)學(xué)院,黑龍江 齊齊哈爾 161006)
活性氧;抑郁癥;研究進(jìn)展
抑郁(depression)是一類常見的精神障礙疾病,臨床表現(xiàn)為情緒低落、悲觀、快感缺失、意識(shí)活動(dòng)減退等〔1〕,抑郁的發(fā)病率較高、病程高度可變,發(fā)病年齡段區(qū)間大,大約會(huì)影響世界上20%左右的人群〔2〕。抑郁對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)往往不一致,且其沒有確定的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制。目前認(rèn)為,抑郁與多種因素有關(guān),例如遺傳因素、心理因素、化學(xué)因素、物理因素、社會(huì)因素、神經(jīng)因素、內(nèi)分泌因素、環(huán)境因素等〔3〕。研究表明,抑郁與腦組織5-羥色胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體連鎖多態(tài)性區(qū)域(5-HTTLPR)的多態(tài)性變異、色氨酸羥化酶(TPH)-2突變、下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺(HPA)異常、活動(dòng)減少、負(fù)性生活事件、白介素(IL)-1β上調(diào)等密切相關(guān)〔4~7〕。近年來(lái),抑郁中活性氧(ROS)的研究逐漸引起了研究者的高度重視〔8〕。ROS可以破壞腦組織神經(jīng)元的生物膜糖類、不飽和脂肪酸、蛋白質(zhì)、遺傳物質(zhì)、線粒體等,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元的損傷,可以利用抗氧化酶、維生素、中草藥等清除體內(nèi)的ROS。本文主要對(duì)ROS與抑郁關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,期望為解決抑郁癥這一難題提供新策略。
2.1 ROS干擾生物膜糖類代謝 糖類是機(jī)體組織、細(xì)胞廣泛分布的碳水化合物總稱,分為單糖、雙糖、低聚糖和多糖等。細(xì)胞膜、線粒體膜、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)(ER)膜、溶酶體膜等生物膜上的糖類很容易受到ROS的攻擊,從而影響生物膜的信息傳遞、能量轉(zhuǎn)換、物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)等等。研究表明,ROS可以氧化細(xì)胞膜上寡糖鏈的糖類分子,造成細(xì)胞膜的損傷,例如ROS可以減少細(xì)胞膜上唾液酸的含量、影響線粒體膜電位(MMP)的變化、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞質(zhì)ER應(yīng)激,進(jìn)而造成腦組織神經(jīng)元的損傷〔9~11〕。
2.2 ROS干擾脂類代謝 脂類是一類不溶于水而具有脂溶性的化合物總稱,脂類包括甘油三酯、磷脂、膽固醇等,細(xì)胞膜上磷脂雙分子層很容易受到ROS的影響。研究表明,腦組織很容易受到ROS攻擊的原因是其氧消耗量較高且富含脂質(zhì),過量ROS可以不可逆氧化細(xì)胞膜脂質(zhì)而干擾細(xì)胞的代謝,重度抑郁(MDD)的臨床血清樣品脂質(zhì)過氧化標(biāo)志物升高,腦卒中抑郁伴有腦組織OS反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生ROS介導(dǎo)脂質(zhì)過氧化,進(jìn)而加重腦組織神經(jīng)元的損傷〔12〕。
2.3 ROS干擾蛋白質(zhì)代謝 蛋白質(zhì)是由一條或者多條肽鏈組成的生物大分子物質(zhì),氨基酸(aa)是蛋白質(zhì)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和功能單位。研究表明,在ROS的作用下,蛋白質(zhì)分子中的aa可以受到ROS攻擊,引起蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變〔13〕。ROS可以下調(diào)緊密連接蛋白(ZO)-1、ZO-2、ZO-b等蛋白表達(dá),引起細(xì)胞間緊密連接復(fù)合體中斷等,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞之間的連接不緊密,進(jìn)而引起機(jī)體的屏障性結(jié)構(gòu)遭到破壞〔14〕??挂钟羲幬镟缒纹胀∫种浦嗵?LPS)誘導(dǎo)的OS反應(yīng),減少ROS含量,同時(shí)通過ROS介導(dǎo)下調(diào)Toll樣受體(TLR)4蛋白表達(dá),減少小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(MG)活化,減輕神經(jīng)性炎癥反應(yīng)而保護(hù)腦組織神經(jīng)元〔15〕。
2.4 ROS干擾核酸代謝 核酸是由核苷酸聚合形成并儲(chǔ)存、復(fù)制、傳遞遺傳信息的生物大分子物質(zhì),包括脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)。研究表明,體內(nèi)過量的ROS可以導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞DNA和RNA氧化,從而引起細(xì)胞的損傷〔16〕。OS反應(yīng)引起細(xì)胞ROS含量增加,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞線粒體DNA氧化〔17〕。具有抗病毒感染和治療惡性腫瘤功效的藥物干擾素(IFN)-α,可以誘導(dǎo)ROS含量增加,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)核酸氧化,IFN-α的這種副作用可以被N-乙?;?半胱氨酸(NAC)逆轉(zhuǎn)〔18〕。
2.5 ROS促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡 細(xì)胞凋亡是機(jī)體細(xì)胞自主性、程序性死亡過程,與細(xì)胞凋亡密切相關(guān)的蛋白包括很多,例如B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病因子(Bcl)-2、Bcl-2相關(guān)X蛋白(Bax)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase)-3等。研究表明,皮質(zhì)酮(CORT)通過腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)/原肌球蛋白相關(guān)激酶(Trk)B通路介導(dǎo)ROS產(chǎn)生,從而誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞凋亡,而硫化氫(H2S)可以逆轉(zhuǎn)這種作用,減少CORT的神經(jīng)毒性〔19〕,二金剛烷胺(ATD)也可以減輕CORT誘導(dǎo)ROS引起的細(xì)胞凋亡〔20〕。在產(chǎn)前抑郁大鼠模型中,文拉法辛(VEN)可以上調(diào)Bcl-2表達(dá)且下調(diào)Bax表達(dá),減少線粒體凋亡相關(guān)因子的釋放,以此改善ROS介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡水平〔21〕。OS反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致抑郁視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮(RPE)年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性(AMD),漢黃芩素通過RPE上磷脂酰肌醇3磷酸激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)信號(hào)通路減輕H2O2誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡〔22〕。抑郁伴有神經(jīng)元突觸的減少或丟失,這與Caspase-3介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)〔23〕,抑郁還伴有氧化和亞硝化應(yīng)激(O&NS)反應(yīng)、血腦屏障(BBB)通透性改變、神經(jīng)元變性等〔24〕。
2.6 ROS促進(jìn)細(xì)胞壞死 細(xì)胞壞死是一種可以引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)的細(xì)胞死亡方式,可以伴有細(xì)胞膜損傷、細(xì)胞腫脹、細(xì)胞內(nèi)容物外流、形成瘢痕等。ROS可以通過內(nèi)源性和外源性的途徑介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞壞死。細(xì)胞壞死內(nèi)源性途徑與線粒體的功能異常等等有關(guān),而細(xì)胞壞死外源性途徑與細(xì)胞死亡受體通路等等有關(guān),死亡受體包括腫瘤壞死因子受體(TNFR)1〔25〕、Fas受體、腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TRAILR)〔26〕。研究表明,大鼠抑郁模型伴有腦組織TNF-α表達(dá)增加,進(jìn)而介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞壞死〔27〕,可見調(diào)控腦組織TNF-α表達(dá)水平將有助于抑郁的治療〔28〕。
3.1 抗氧化酶 抗氧化酶是一類具有抗氧化作用的酶類總稱,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、過氧化氫酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、硫氧還蛋白過氧化物酶(TPX)、抗壞血酸過氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽還原酶(GR)等。其中抗氧化酶SOD含有銅和鋅兩種金屬元素,SOD可以分為SOD1、SOD2、SOD3,主要分布于細(xì)胞質(zhì)、線粒體、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM),SOD可以清除機(jī)體的氧自由基;抗氧化酶CAT的分布極其廣泛,CAT可以催化H2O2生成H2O和O2,從而避免H2O2與O2在鐵元素的作用生成·OH;抗氧化酶GSH-Px也是分布非常廣泛的過氧化物分解酶,GSH-Px可以催化谷胱甘肽(GSH),生成氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG),促使過氧化物生成無(wú)害的羥基化合物,減少ROS對(duì)機(jī)體的損傷。研究表明,抑郁與OS反應(yīng)密切相關(guān)〔29〕,抗氧化酶SOD水平的增加伴有氧化產(chǎn)物丙二醛(MDA)含量減少〔30〕,腦電波振動(dòng)(BWV)可以增加SOD水平,減少ROS含量,以此改善心理精神癥狀〔31〕。酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)顯示,抑郁患者血清MDA、H2O2水平升高且伴有DNA損傷,同時(shí)抗氧化酶SOD-1、GSH-Px含量降低〔32〕。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)SH-SY5Y細(xì)胞伴有ROS水平增加、SOD活性減弱、Bcl-2表達(dá)下調(diào)且Bax蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),中藥柴胡(BR)提取物可以逆轉(zhuǎn)上述變化,例如BR提取物增加SOD活性等等〔33〕。研究表明,補(bǔ)充抗氧化酶類有助于抑郁的治療〔34〕,腦皮質(zhì)抑制引起的抑郁出現(xiàn)抗氧化酶SOD活性減弱,ROS水平增加,例如H2O2升高〔35〕,降低O&NS,減少ROS含量,增加抗氧化酶水平,將是今后抑郁治療的新方向〔36〕。
3.2 維生素 維生素是一類人和動(dòng)物為了生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育、代謝等生理功能所必需的微量有機(jī)物質(zhì),其主要從食物中獲得。維生素種類繁多,主要包括維生素A、B1、B2、PP、B4、B5、B6、B12、C、D、E、K、葉酸、生物素、肌醇等,其中具有較強(qiáng)抗氧化作用的維生素包括維生素C、E、A。維生素C可以轉(zhuǎn)化為脫氫抗壞血酸和半脫氧抗壞血酸,這種轉(zhuǎn)變過程可以消耗大量的ROS,另外維生素C可以使氧化的維生素E還原,維持機(jī)體維生素E的抗氧化作用;維生素E可以減少細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)過氧化且增加細(xì)胞的ATP水平,增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的抗氧化能力;維生素A的前體β-類胡蘿卜素也參與機(jī)體的抗氧化作用,但是其抗氧化作用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及維生素C、E,另外維生素A具有一定的神經(jīng)毒性,維生素A服用過多可以加重Wistar大鼠抑郁癥行為〔37〕。研究表明,維生素E、維生素C、輔酶Q10具有抗氧化作用,維生素B群與鎂組合通過抗氧化作用來(lái)治療抑郁,維生素C也可以逆轉(zhuǎn)慢性不可預(yù)知的溫和刺激(CUMS)誘導(dǎo)的動(dòng)物抑郁樣行為〔38〕。氟西汀是一種選擇性血清素再攝取抑制劑(SSRI),其抗抑郁的副作用之一是可以促進(jìn)ROS產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生氧化損傷,葉酸可以減弱氟西汀的這種副作用〔39〕。維生素E、輔酶Q10等是OS的標(biāo)志物,抑郁的好轉(zhuǎn)伴有維生素E、輔酶Q10水平上調(diào),維生素E對(duì)改善糖尿病伴有抑郁的效果較好〔40,41〕。
3.3 褪黑素(MEL) MEL是一種人類和哺乳動(dòng)物腦組織松果體產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)源性胺類激素,MEL通過結(jié)合其受體MT1和MT2發(fā)揮作用,MEL可以清除體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的ROS,減少糖類、蛋白質(zhì)、核酸等生物大分子的損傷,以此發(fā)揮內(nèi)源性抗氧化的積極作用。研究顯示,小鼠內(nèi)源性MEL減少會(huì)加速工業(yè)甲醛誘導(dǎo)的小鼠抑郁認(rèn)知功能,而補(bǔ)充MEL有助于改善小鼠認(rèn)知能力及其增加海馬神經(jīng)元數(shù)量〔42〕,MEL還可以改善妊娠期間大鼠抑郁的情緒變化〔43〕。MEL通過調(diào)節(jié)抑郁Toll樣受體(TLR)表達(dá),減弱腦組織神經(jīng)性炎癥反應(yīng)并減少腦組織ROS的含量〔44〕。另外,MEL節(jié)律效應(yīng)可以在心血管疾病中發(fā)揮作用,其還可以通過ROS在抑郁中發(fā)揮積極作用〔45〕。
3.4 中草藥 中草藥是植物藥材和動(dòng)物藥材的總稱,植物藥材包括植物的根、莖、葉、果實(shí)等,動(dòng)物藥材包括動(dòng)物的內(nèi)臟、皮膚、骨骼、器官、毛發(fā)等等。由于植物藥材的種類占中草藥的大多數(shù),基于此,習(xí)慣稱植物藥材為中草藥。中草藥的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)是安全范圍大、副作用小、作用靶點(diǎn)多、藥物成分之間互補(bǔ)等等,因此多種中草藥的提取物或者有效成分可以用于抑郁的治療。研究表明,人參提取物被用于抗抑郁的治療,其治療機(jī)制包括人參提取物可以改善CORT誘導(dǎo)的PC12細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而改善抑郁細(xì)胞損傷模型的神經(jīng)元損傷〔46〕。葡萄提取物白藜蘆醇可以增加抑郁GSH水平,減少ROS含量,減少OS損傷〔47〕。姜黃提取物姜黃素可以明顯改善抑郁癥的抗氧化水平,減少抑郁ROS含量〔48〕。瑞香科植物提取物芹菜素可以清除抑郁腦組織ROS,且抑制單胺氧化酶(MAO)-A活性〔49〕。醫(yī)療食品瑪卡提取物可以改善CUMS誘導(dǎo)的小鼠抑郁行為學(xué)并減輕小鼠腦組織OS反應(yīng),減少腦組織ROS含量〔50〕。細(xì)葉鳶尾提取成分細(xì)葉鳶尾黃酮可以減輕H2O2誘導(dǎo)的抑郁神經(jīng)元損傷〔51〕。黃芩乙醇提取物降低叔丁基過氧化物誘導(dǎo)小鼠腦組織ROS水平,表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抗氧化作用〔52〕。獨(dú)葉草可以改善小鼠抑郁模型的行為學(xué),且可以通過減少脂質(zhì)過氧化而發(fā)揮抗氧化作用〔53〕。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,采用CORT誘導(dǎo)原代培養(yǎng)的下丘腦神經(jīng)元建立抑郁細(xì)胞損傷模型,中草藥淫羊藿提取物淫羊藿苷可以通過PI3K/Akt途徑而抑制下丘腦神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞凋亡〔54,55〕。
綜上所述,過量ROS可以促進(jìn)抑郁的發(fā)生發(fā)展,使用抗氧化酶、維生素、中草藥等等可以清除ROS,可見ROS在抑郁中扮演著重要角色。推測(cè)降低抑郁腦組織過量ROS水平是治療抑郁的新策略之一。
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〔2016-06-30修回〕
(編輯 曲 莉)
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目 (No.81173576,81373777,81173599);黑龍江省自然基金項(xiàng)目 (No.H201354);黑龍江省教育廳 (No.12521624,12531790)
張曉杰(1965-),女,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事抑郁、癡呆、腫瘤、痛風(fēng)、肝纖維化研究。
R749
A
1005-9202(2017)03-0745-05;
10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2017.03.099