• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    高被引論文摘要

    2017-01-28 19:31:55
    關(guān)鍵詞:生物多樣性長(zhǎng)白山自然保護(hù)區(qū)

    歐陽志云,王效科,苗鴻

    高被引論文摘要

    被引頻次:2083

    中國(guó)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能及其生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的初步研究

    歐陽志云,王效科,苗鴻

    生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能主要表現(xiàn)為提供保存生物進(jìn)化所需要的豐富的物種與遺傳資源,太陽能,二氧化碳的固定,有機(jī)質(zhì)的合成,區(qū)域氣候調(diào)節(jié),維持水及營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的循環(huán),土壤的形成與保護(hù),污染物的吸收與降解及創(chuàng)造物種賴以生存與繁育的條件,維持整個(gè)大氣化學(xué)組分的平衡與穩(wěn)定,以及由于豐富的生物多樣性所形成的自然景觀及其具有的美學(xué)、文化、科學(xué)、教育的價(jià)值。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的這些功能雖不表現(xiàn)為直接的生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)價(jià)值,但它們是生物資源直接價(jià)值產(chǎn)生與形成的環(huán)境??梢哉f,正是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)功能,才使人類的生態(tài)環(huán)境條件得以維持和穩(wěn)定。從生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)功能著手,首先研究中國(guó)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在有機(jī)物質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)、CO2的固定、O2的釋放、重要污染物質(zhì)降解,以及在涵養(yǎng)水源、保護(hù)土壤中的生態(tài)功能作用,然后再運(yùn)用影子價(jià)格,替代工程或損益分析等方法探討了中國(guó)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的間接經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。研究表明我國(guó)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)具有巨大的生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,對(duì)維持我國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有不可替代的作用。

    生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能;生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值

    來源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 1999, 19(5): 607-613

    被引頻次:1252

    長(zhǎng)白山自然保護(hù)區(qū)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)間接經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值評(píng)估

    薛達(dá)元,包浩生,李文華

    摘要:使用市場(chǎng)價(jià)值法、影子工程法、機(jī)會(huì)成本法和替代花費(fèi)法等對(duì)長(zhǎng)白山自然保護(hù)區(qū)森林牛態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能價(jià)值進(jìn)行了經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)估評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果表明,保護(hù)區(qū)總的生態(tài)功能價(jià)值為176465.94萬元,其中活立木生產(chǎn)量?jī)r(jià)值10777.43萬元,涵養(yǎng)水源價(jià)值69741.2萬元,保護(hù)土壤減少侵蝕的價(jià)值2307.02萬元,固碳以減緩溫室效應(yīng)的價(jià)值87716.6萬元,林分持留N、P、K分價(jià)值4338.88萬元,降解SO2和防治病蟲害價(jià)值158473萬元。

    關(guān)鍵詞:自然保護(hù)區(qū);森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng);生物多樣性;間接價(jià)值;長(zhǎng)白山

    來源出版物:中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué), 1999, 19(3): 247-252

    被引頻次:529

    陸地植物群落物種多樣性的梯度變化特征

    賀金生,陳偉烈

    摘要:研究陸地植物群落物種多樣性隨環(huán)境因子及群落演替梯度的變化特征是揭示生物多樣性與生態(tài)因子相互關(guān)系的重要方面。根據(jù)近期國(guó)內(nèi)外的文獻(xiàn),綜述了這方面的研究進(jìn)展。隨緯度的降低,通常物種多樣性隨之增加;隨著水分梯度的變化,物種多樣性的變化有6種趨勢(shì);隨海拔高度的變化,物種多樣性有5種模式;隨土壤養(yǎng)分梯度的變化,表現(xiàn)出不同的規(guī)律;演替過程中物種多樣性的變化趨勢(shì)相似。關(guān)于植物群落物種多樣性梯度格局的機(jī)制有多種假說,但仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

    關(guān)鍵詞:物種多樣性;緯度梯度;水分梯度;海拔梯度;養(yǎng)分梯度;演替梯度

    來源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 1997, 17(1): 91-98

    被引頻次:469

    景觀生態(tài)學(xué)與生物多樣性保護(hù)

    李曉文,胡遠(yuǎn)滿,肖篤寧

    摘要:景觀生態(tài)學(xué)的發(fā)展為生物多樣性保護(hù)提供了新理論、方法和技術(shù)手段。從景觀多樣性與遺傳多樣性、物種多樣性、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性各層次生物多樣性之間的相互關(guān)系及生物多樣性保護(hù)的景觀規(guī)劃等方面評(píng)述近年來景觀生態(tài)學(xué)應(yīng)用于生物多樣性保護(hù)的主要內(nèi)容及研究進(jìn)展,闡述了生物多樣性動(dòng)態(tài)及反饋、生物多樣性保護(hù)的地理途徑(GAP分析)、景觀生態(tài)安全格局、區(qū)域和大陸尺度的生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等一些新的概念和方法。

    關(guān)鍵詞:景觀生態(tài)學(xué);景觀多樣性;生物多樣性保護(hù);景觀規(guī)劃

    來源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 1999, 19(3): 399-407

    被引頻次:428

    干擾的類型、特征及其生態(tài)學(xué)意義

    陳利頂,傅伯杰

    摘要:干擾是自然界中無時(shí)無處不在的一種現(xiàn)象,是在不同時(shí)空尺度上偶然發(fā)生的不可預(yù)知的事件,直接影響著生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能演替。根據(jù)不同分類原則,干擾可以分為自然干擾和人為干擾;內(nèi)部干擾和外部干擾;物理干擾、化學(xué)干擾和生物干擾;局部干擾和跨邊界干擾。常見的干擾類型包括火干擾、放牧、土壤物理干擾、土壤化學(xué)干擾、踐踏、外來種入侵、洪水泛濫、森林采伐、礦山開發(fā)、道路建設(shè)和旅游等。干擾主要具有以下一些特點(diǎn):1)多重性;2)生態(tài)影響的相對(duì)性;3)明顯的尺度性;4)是對(duì)生態(tài)演替過程的再調(diào)節(jié);5)是自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中不協(xié)調(diào)的現(xiàn)象;6)時(shí)空尺度的廣泛性。干擾的一個(gè)突出作用是導(dǎo)致生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中各類資源的改變和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的重組。干擾的生態(tài)環(huán)境影響有利有弊,不僅取決于干擾本身性質(zhì),還取決于干擾作用的客體。適度的干擾可以促進(jìn)生物多樣性和生物資源的保護(hù)。因此研究干擾的性質(zhì)、生態(tài)效應(yīng)、有利的適度規(guī)模以及與人類活動(dòng)的關(guān)系具有重要意義。

    關(guān)鍵詞:干擾;類型;景觀異質(zhì)性;生物多樣性;生態(tài)學(xué)意義

    來源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2000, 20(4): 581-586

    被引頻次:380

    區(qū)域生態(tài)安全格局:概念與理論基礎(chǔ)

    馬克明,傅伯杰,黎曉亞,等

    摘要:提出區(qū)域生態(tài)安全格局概念的提出,適應(yīng)了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)和生物多樣性保護(hù)的發(fā)展需求。針對(duì)區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境問題,通過干擾排除以及空間格局規(guī)劃和管理,能夠保護(hù)和恢復(fù)生物多樣性,維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能和過程的完整性,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境問題的有效控制和持續(xù)改善。區(qū)域生態(tài)安全格局的研究對(duì)象具有針對(duì)性、研究尺度具有區(qū)域性、研究問題具有系統(tǒng)性、研究手段具有主動(dòng)性。它強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)域尺度的生物多樣性保護(hù)、退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)及其空間合理配置、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康的維持、景觀生態(tài)格局的優(yōu)化、以及對(duì)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需求的滿足。它更加強(qiáng)調(diào)格局與過程安全及其整體集成,將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管理對(duì)策落實(shí)到具體的空間地域上,實(shí)現(xiàn)管理效果的直觀可視。相關(guān)理論,景觀生態(tài)學(xué)、干擾生態(tài)學(xué)、保護(hù)生物學(xué)、恢復(fù)生態(tài)學(xué)、生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、生態(tài)倫理學(xué)、和復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)理論等為其提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)。區(qū)域生態(tài)安全格局不存在一個(gè)固定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),人類對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能需求的不斷變化是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管理的根本原因。實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域生態(tài)安全不但要以社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、道德、法律、和法規(guī)為手段,更要以其不斷發(fā)展對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能的新需求為目標(biāo)逐步進(jìn)行。區(qū)域生態(tài)安全格局研究對(duì)于解決區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境問題具有不可替代的作用,具有廣闊應(yīng)用前景。

    關(guān)鍵詞:區(qū)域生態(tài)安全格局;理論基礎(chǔ);生態(tài)恢復(fù);生物保護(hù);社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展

    來源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2004, 24(4): 761-768

    被引頻次:330

    多樣性指數(shù)在海洋浮游植物研究中的應(yīng)用

    孫軍,劉東艷

    摘要:對(duì)海洋浮游植物群落分析中常用的多樣性指數(shù)進(jìn)行了比較研究。對(duì)物種豐富度依賴型、豐度依賴型和實(shí)測(cè)浮游植物群落中物種豐富度、Shannon指數(shù)(以2或e為底)、Pielou均勻度指數(shù)、Simpson指數(shù)(1-D或1/D形式)、Margalef指數(shù)、Berger-Parker指數(shù)、McIntosh指數(shù)、McIntosh均勻度指數(shù)、Brillouin指數(shù)、Brillouin均勻度指數(shù)、Fisherα指數(shù)和Q統(tǒng)計(jì)指數(shù)等不同多樣性指數(shù)計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行了比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同多樣性指數(shù)對(duì)浮游植物群落多樣性的分析存在明顯差異。對(duì)于一般情況下浮游植物群落多樣性的研究,物種豐富度、Margalef指數(shù)、Fisherα指數(shù)、Shannon指數(shù)、Simpson相遇指數(shù)和Pielou指數(shù)的綜合使用是較合適的,但對(duì)Margalef指數(shù)和Fisherα指數(shù)的結(jié)果要謹(jǐn)慎解釋。并在綜合應(yīng)用各指數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上提出了浮游植物群落多樣性分析的一般步驟。

    關(guān)鍵詞:浮游植物;多樣性指數(shù);等級(jí)豐度作圖;生物多樣性

    來源出版物:海洋學(xué)報(bào), 2004, 26(1): 62-75

    被引頻次:276

    土壤微生物多樣性影響因素及研究方法的現(xiàn)狀與展望

    周桔,雷霆

    摘要:土壤微生物是土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,在土壤有機(jī)物質(zhì)分解和養(yǎng)分釋放、能量轉(zhuǎn)移等生物地化循環(huán)中起著重要作用。隨著人們對(duì)生物多樣性重要性認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深入及研究方法的不斷改進(jìn),土壤微生物多樣性,尤其是功能多樣性的研究工作逐漸受到生態(tài)學(xué)家的重視。本文從土壤微生物多樣性的影響因素以及研究方法等方面闡述了目前國(guó)內(nèi)外土壤微生物多樣性的研究現(xiàn)狀,并對(duì)其未來研究方向進(jìn)行了展望。

    關(guān)鍵詞:生物多樣性;微生物;土壤

    來源出版物:生物多樣性, 2007, 15(3): 306-311

    被引頻次:255

    植物物種多樣性的垂直分布格局

    唐志堯,方精云

    摘要:生物多樣性沿環(huán)境梯度的變化趨勢(shì)是生物多樣性研究的一個(gè)重要議題,而海拔梯度包含了多種環(huán)境因子的梯度效應(yīng),因此研究生物多樣性的海拔梯度格局對(duì)于揭示生物多樣性的環(huán)境梯度變化規(guī)律具有重要意義。在不同的研究尺度,植物多樣性沿海拔梯度具有不同的分布格局,而形成這種格局的因素有很大差異。本文從α多樣性,β多樣性和γ多樣性三個(gè)尺度總結(jié)了植物物種多樣性沿海拔梯度分布格局及其環(huán)境解釋。α多樣性沿海拔梯度的分布格局在不同生活型的物種之間差異很大,但對(duì)于木本植物來說,雖然也存在其他格局,但α多樣性隨海拔升高而降低是被廣泛接受的一種格局。在一般情況下,β多樣性隨著海拔的升高而降低,并且對(duì)于不同生活型的物種,β多樣性沿海拔梯度具有相似的分布格局。γ多樣性沿海拔梯度具有兩種分布格局:偏峰分布格局和顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)格局;特有物種數(shù)往往隨著海拔的升高而減少,而特有度則隨著海拔的升高而增加。

    關(guān)鍵詞:物種多樣性;海拔梯度;α多樣性;β多樣性;γ多樣性

    來源出版物:生物多樣性, 2008, 19(3): 702-715

    被引頻次:247

    生物多樣性科學(xué)前沿

    陳靈芝,錢迎倩

    摘要:由國(guó)際生物科學(xué)聯(lián)盟(IUBS)在1991年首先提出,至今已由其它5個(gè)重要國(guó)際組織或項(xiàng)目(SCOPE,UNESCO,ICSU,IGPB-GCTE及IUMS)共同主持的DIVERSITAS是迄今生物多樣性科學(xué)研究唯一的國(guó)際性項(xiàng)目。1996年7月,科學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)草擬了本階段新的操作計(jì)劃,并于同年8月在IUBS執(zhí)行委員會(huì)上討論。操作計(jì)劃詳述了10個(gè)組成方面的內(nèi)容,其中5個(gè)為核心組成部分,其它5個(gè)為特別目標(biāo)研究領(lǐng)域(STARS)?!吧锒鄻有詫?duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能的作用”是最核心的組成方面,也是1991年提出的唯一的研究?jī)?nèi)容。生物多樣性的保護(hù),恢復(fù)和持續(xù)利用既是重要的研究?jī)?nèi)容又是研究所要達(dá)到的最后目的。特別目標(biāo)研究領(lǐng)域包括了土壤和沉積物、海洋、淡水和微生物生物多樣性等重要而過去未引起足夠重視的領(lǐng)域。DIVERSITAS的研究?jī)?nèi)容與《生物多樣性公約》中的有關(guān)條款十分吻合,說明科學(xué)研究就是為履行《公約》服務(wù)的。明確研究的指導(dǎo)思想,按中國(guó)國(guó)情選擇好有代表性的優(yōu)先地區(qū)以及開展國(guó)際合作,逐步與國(guó)際接軌是下一步開展生物多樣性研究應(yīng)考慮到的幾個(gè)方面。

    關(guān)鍵詞:DIVERSITAS;生物多樣性;生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能;《生物多樣性公約》;優(yōu)先地區(qū)

    來源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2007, 15(3): 306-311

    被引頻次:8766

    來源出版物:Ecology Letters, 2001, 4 (4): 379-391

    被引頻次:2727

    Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge

    Hooper DU; Chapin FS; Ewel JJ; et al.

    Abstract:Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth’s biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alter ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of organisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including many points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and invasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth’s ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain. Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions: 1) Species’ functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species’, ecological engineers, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facilitation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, aseven relatively rare species (e.g., a keystone predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and material flows. 2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human activities has altered ecosystem goods and services in many well-documented cases. Many of these changes are difficult, expensive, or impossible to reverse or fix with technological solutions. 3) The effects of species loss or changes in composition, and the mechanisms by which the effects manifest themselves, can differ among ecosystem properties, ecosystem types, and pathways of potential community change. 4) Some ecosystem properties are initially insensitive to species loss because (a) ecosystems may have multiple species that carry out similar functional roles, (b) some species may contribute relatively little to ecosystem properties, or (c) properties may be primarily controlled by abiotic environmental conditions. 5) More species are needed to insure a stable supply of ecosystem goods and services as spatial and temporal variability increases, which typically occurs as longer time periods and larger areas are considered. We have high confidence in the following conclusions: 1) Certain combinations of species are complementary in their patterns of resource use and can increase average rates of productivity and nutrient retention. At the same time, environmental conditions can influence the importance of complementarity in structuring communities. Identification of which and how many species act in a complementary way in complex communities is just beginning. 2) Susceptibility to invasion by exotic species is strongly influenced by species composition and, under similar environmental conditions, generally decreases with increasing species richness. However, several other factors, such as propagule pressure, disturbance regime, and resource availability also strongly influence invasion success and often override effects of species richness in comparisons across different sites or ecosystems. 3) Having a range of species that respond differently to different environmental perturbations can stabilize ecosystem process rates in response to disturbances and variation in abiotic conditions. Using practices that maintain a diversity of organisms of different functional effect and functional response types will help preserve a range of management options. Uncertainties remain and further research is necessary in the following areas: 1) Further resolution of the relationships among taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and community structure is important for identifying mechanisms of biodiversity effects. 2) Multiple trophic levels are common to ecosystems but have been understudied in biodiversity/ ecosystem functioning research. The response of ecosystem properties to varying composition and diversity of consumer organisms is much more complex than responses seen in experiments that vary only the diversity of primary producers. 3) Theoretical work on stability has outpaced experimental, work, especially field research. We need long-term experiments to be able to assess temporal stability, as well as experimental perturbations to assess response to and recovery from a variety of disturbances. Design and analysis of such experiments must account for several factors that covary with species diversity. 4) Because biodiversity both responds to and influences ecosystem properties, understanding the feedbacks involved is necessary to integrate results from experimental communities with patterns seen at broader scales. Likely patterns of extinction and invasion need to be linked to different drivers of global change, the forces that structure communities, and controls on ecosystem properties for the development of effective management and conservation strategies. 5) This paper focuses primarily on terrestrial systems, with some coverage of freshwater systems, because that is where most empirical and theoretical study has focused. While the fundamental principles described here should apply to marine systems, further study of that realm is necessary. Despite some uncertainties about the mechanisms and circumstances under which diversity influences ecosystem properties, incorporating diversity effects into policy and management is essential, especially in making decisions involving large temporal and spatial scales. Sacrificing those aspects of ecosystems that are difficult or impossible to reconstruct, such as diversity, simply because we are not yet certain about the extent and mechanisms by which they affect ecosystem properties, will restrict future management options even further. It is incumbent upon ecologists to communicate this need, and the values that can derive from such a perspective, to those charged with economic and policy decision-making.

    Keywords:biodiversity; complementary resource use; ecosystem goods and services; ecosystem processes; ecosystem properties; functional characteristics; functional diversity; net primary production; sampling effect; species extinction; species invasions; species richness; stability

    來源出版物:Ecological Monographs, 2005, 75 (1): 3-35

    被引頻次:2409

    Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity

    Fahrig, L

    Abstract:The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is huge. It is also very diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in different ways and, as a consequence, drawing different conclusions regarding both the magnitude and direction of its effects. Habitat fragmentation is usually defined as a landscapescale process involving both habitat loss and the breaking apart of habitat. Results of empirical studies of habitat fragmentation are often difficult to interpret because (a) many researchers measure fragmentation at the patch scale, not the landscape scale and (b) most researchers measure fragmentation in ways that do not distinguish between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se, i.e., the breaking apart of habitat after controlling for habitat loss. Empirical studies to date suggest that habitat loss has large, consistently negative effects on biodiversity. Habitat fragmentation per se has much weaker effects on biodiversity that are at least as likely to be positive as negative. Therefore, to correctly interpret the influence of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity, the effects of these two components of fragmentation must be measured independently. More studies of the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation per se are needed to determine the factors that lead to positive versus negative effects of fragmentation per se. I suggest that the term“fragmentation” should be reserved for the breaking apart of habitat, independent of habitat loss.

    來源出版物:Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 2003, 34: 487-515

    被引頻次:2154

    Routing security in wireless ad hoc networks

    Colwell, RK; Coddington, JA

    Abstract:Both the magnitude and the urgency of the task of assessing global biodiversity require that we make the most of what we know through the use of estimation and extrapolation. Likewise, future biodiversity inventories need to be designed around the use of effective sampling and estimation procedures, especially for ‘hyperdiverse’groups of terrestrial organisms, such as arthropods, nematodes, fungi, and microorganisms. The challenge of estimating patterns of species richness from samples can be separated into (i) the problem of estimating local species richness, and (ii) the problem of estimating the distinctness, or complementarity, of species assemblages. These concepts apply on a wide range of spatial, temporal, and functional scales. Local richness can be estimated by extrapolating species accumulation curves, fitting parametric distributions of relative abundance, or using non-parametric techniques based on the distribution of individuals among species or of species among samples. We present several of these methods and examine their effectiveness for an example data set. We present a simple measure of complementarity, with some biogeographic examples, and outline the difficult problem of estimating complementarity from samples. Finally, we discuss the importance of using 'reference' sites (or sub-sites) to assess the true richness and composition of species assemblages, to measure ecologically significant ratios between unrelated taxa, to measure taxon/sub-taxon (hierarchical) ratios, and to ‘calibrate’ standardized sampling methods. This information can then be applied to the rapid, approximate assessment of species richness and faunal or floral composition at ‘comparative’ sites.

    來源出版物:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 1994, 345 (1311): 101-118

    被引頻次:1902

    Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity

    Chesson, P

    Abstract:The focus of most ideas on diversity maintenance is species coexistence, which may be stable or unstable, Stable coexistence can be quantified by the long-term rates at which community members recover from low density. Quantification shows that coexistence mechanisms function in two major ways: They may be (a) equalizing because they tend to minimize average fitness differences between species, or (b) stabilizing because they tend to increase negative intraspecific interactions relative to negative interspecific interactions. Stabilizing mechanisms are essential for species coexistence and include traditional mechanisms such as resource partitioning and frequencydependent predation, as well as mechanisms that depend on fluctuations in population densities and environmental factors in space and time. Equalizing mechanisms contribute to stable coexistence because they reduce large average fitness inequalities which might negate the effects of stabilizing mechanisms. Models of unstable coexitence, in which species diversity slowly decays over time, have focused almost exclusively on equalizing mechanisms. These models would be more robust if they also includedstabilizing mechanisms, which arise in many and varied ways but need not be adequate for full stability of a system. Models of unstable coexistence invite a broader view of diversity maintenance incorporating species turnover.

    Keywords:coexistence; competition; predation; niche; spatial and temporal variation

    來源出版物:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2000, 31: 343-366

    被引頻次:1743

    Ecology-biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges

    Loreau, M; Naeem S; Inchausti P; et al.

    Abstract:The ecological consequences of biodiversity loss have aroused considerable interest and controversy during the past decade. Major advances have been made in describing the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem processes, in identifying functionally important species, and in revealing underlying mechanisms. There is, however, uncertainty as to how results obtained in recent experiments scale up to landscape and regional levels and generalize across ecosystem types and processes. Larger numbers of species are probably needed to reduce temporal variability in ecosystem processes in changing environments. A major future challenge is to determine how biodiversity dynamics, ecosystem processes, and abiotic factors interact.

    來源出版物:Science, 2001 294 (5543): 804-808

    被引頻次:1563

    Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife: Threats to biodiversity and human health

    Daszak, P; Cunningham, AA

    Abstract:Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of free-living wild animals can be classified into three major groups on the basis of key epizootiological criteria: (i) EIDs associated with “spill-over” from domestic animals to wildlife populations living in proximity; (ii) EIDs related directly to human intervention, via host or parasite translocations; and (iii) EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement. These phenomena have two major biological implications: first, many wildlife species are reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health; second, wildlife EIDs pose a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity.

    Keywords:Attestation; public key infrastructure (PKI); Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA); security; smart grid; trusted computing

    來源出版物:Science, 2000, 287(5452): 443-449

    被引頻次:1535

    Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services

    Worm, Boris; Barbier, Edward B.; Beaumont, Nicola; et al.

    Abstract:Human-dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences. We analyzed local experiments, long-term regional time series, and global fisheries data to test how biodiversity loss affects marine ecosystem services across temporal and spatial scales. Overall, rates of resource collapse increased and recovery potential, stability, and water quality decreased exponentially with declining diversity. Restoration of biodiversity, in contrast, increased productivity fourfold and decreased variability by 21%, on average. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean’s capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. Yet available data suggest that at this point, these trends are still reversible.

    來源出版物:Science, 2006, 314(5800): 787-790

    Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity

    Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Gonzalez,Andrew; et al.

    The most unique feature of Earth is the existence of life, and the most extraordinary feature of life is its diversity. Approximately 9 million types of plants, animals, protists and fungi inhabit the Earth. So, too, do 7 billion people. Two decades ago, at the first Earth Summit, the vast majority of the world’s nations declared that human actions were dismantling the Earth’s ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and biological traits at an alarming rate. This observation led to the question of how such loss of biological diversity will alter the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide society with the goods and services needed to prosper.來源出版物:Nature, 2012 486 (7401): 59-67被引頻次:3195Biodiversity:Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100Sala, OE; Chapin FS; Armesto JJ; et al.Abstract:Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and Land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of thesubstantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.來源出版物:Science, 2000, 287 (5459): 1770-1774被引頻次:2805Quantifying biodiversity: Procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richnessGotelli, NJ; Colwell RKAbstract:Species richness is a fundamental measurement of community and regional diversity, and it underlies many ecological models and conservation strategies. In spite of its importance, ecologists have not always appreciated the effects of abundance and sampling effort on richness measures and comparisons. We survey a series of common pitfalls in quantifying and comparing taxon richness. These pitfalls can be largely avoided by using accumulation and rarefaction curves, which may be based on either individuals or samples. These taxon sampling curves contain the basic information for valid richness comparisons, including category-subcategory ratios (species-to-genus and species-to-individual ratios). Rarefaction methods-both sample-based and individualbased-allow for meaningful standardization and comparison of datasets. Standardizing data sets by area or sampling effort may produce very different results compared to standardizing by number of individuals collected, and it is not always clear which measure of diversity is more appropriate. Asymptotic richness estimators provide lower-bound estimates for taxon-rich groups such as tropical arthropods, in which observed richness rarely reaches an asymptote, despite intensive sampling. Recent examples of diversity studies of tropical trees, stream invertebrates, and herbaceous plants emphasize the importance of carefully quantifying species richness using taxon sampling curves.

    species richness; species density; taxon sampling; taxonomic ratios; biodiversity; rarefaction; accumulation curves; asymptotic richness; richness estimation; category-subcategory ratios

    猜你喜歡
    生物多樣性長(zhǎng)白山自然保護(hù)區(qū)
    七姊妹山國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)
    漫步四季,探索不一樣的長(zhǎng)白山
    長(zhǎng)白山冊(cè)封始于金代
    關(guān)于濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)措施的探討
    新疆夏爾希里自然保護(hù)區(qū)資源的保護(hù)研究利用
    關(guān)于城市綠化建設(shè)中增加生物多樣性
    利用生物多樣性防治園林植物病害的可行性分析
    保護(hù)自然保護(hù)區(qū)刻不容緩
    淺淡黃崗梁自然保護(hù)區(qū)的資源保護(hù)與開發(fā)利用
    嵐霧情吻長(zhǎng)白山
    国产高潮美女av| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 夫妻性生交免费视频一级片| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 大香蕉97超碰在线| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 内射极品少妇av片p| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 国产亚洲av片在线观看秒播厂| 欧美潮喷喷水| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃 | 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 久久久精品94久久精品| 久久久久久久精品精品| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 在线播放无遮挡| av天堂中文字幕网| 亚洲国产av新网站| 国产av国产精品国产| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 色5月婷婷丁香| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 狠狠精品人妻久久久久久综合| 日韩成人伦理影院| 亚洲欧美精品专区久久| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频 | 亚洲四区av| 伊人久久国产一区二区| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 欧美日韩精品成人综合77777| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 国产美女午夜福利| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 少妇的逼好多水| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 三级经典国产精品| 久久久久久久久大av| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 国产老妇女一区| 精品国产三级普通话版| 王馨瑶露胸无遮挡在线观看| 国产大屁股一区二区在线视频| 国产探花极品一区二区| 美女主播在线视频| 嫩草影院入口| 观看免费一级毛片| 91久久精品电影网| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 亚洲国产色片| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 中文欧美无线码| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区 | 午夜福利视频精品| 99久久人妻综合| 国产精品.久久久| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 如何舔出高潮| 亚洲色图av天堂| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 亚洲精品一二三| 男女边摸边吃奶| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 尾随美女入室| 欧美bdsm另类| 精品久久久精品久久久| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 永久网站在线| 日产精品乱码卡一卡2卡三| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃 | 国产精品国产av在线观看| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 搞女人的毛片| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 精品亚洲乱码少妇综合久久| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 777米奇影视久久| 欧美激情在线99| 久久6这里有精品| 免费看光身美女| 成人二区视频| 超碰97精品在线观看| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 亚洲国产成人一精品久久久| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 国产免费又黄又爽又色| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 国产亚洲最大av| 精品久久久久久久久亚洲| 在线a可以看的网站| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 国产男女内射视频| xxx大片免费视频| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 成年女人看的毛片在线观看| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| tube8黄色片| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| av线在线观看网站| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 丝袜脚勾引网站| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 欧美xxxx黑人xx丫x性爽| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 99久久精品国产国产毛片| 国产成人a区在线观看| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| a级毛片免费高清观看在线播放| 久久久久性生活片| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看 | 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 观看免费一级毛片| 只有这里有精品99| 久久午夜福利片| 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| av在线蜜桃| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 国产成人freesex在线| 哪个播放器可以免费观看大片| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 秋霞伦理黄片| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 五月天丁香电影| 看黄色毛片网站| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 中文资源天堂在线| 国产精品一及| 99热6这里只有精品| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频 | 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 男女那种视频在线观看| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| av国产免费在线观看| 精品久久久精品久久久| 91狼人影院| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 免费大片黄手机在线观看| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 禁无遮挡网站| 18+在线观看网站| 搡女人真爽免费视频火全软件| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 日韩成人伦理影院| 国产av不卡久久| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 九色成人免费人妻av| 如何舔出高潮| 午夜日本视频在线| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 欧美日本视频| 欧美精品国产亚洲| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 久久热精品热| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 久久久久久久国产电影| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| kizo精华| 久久久国产一区二区| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 亚洲不卡免费看| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 天天躁日日操中文字幕| 特级一级黄色大片| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 直男gayav资源| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 性色avwww在线观看| 在线播放无遮挡| 国产精品一及| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 一区二区三区精品91| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 成人国产av品久久久| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 一级毛片 在线播放| 性色av一级| 免费观看av网站的网址| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 少妇人妻 视频| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 国产av码专区亚洲av| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 2021天堂中文幕一二区在线观| 欧美性感艳星| 嘟嘟电影网在线观看| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的 | 99久国产av精品国产电影| 香蕉精品网在线| 免费大片黄手机在线观看| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 久久人人爽人人片av| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 免费观看在线日韩| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 亚洲精品一区蜜桃| h日本视频在线播放| 在线观看一区二区三区| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 成人二区视频| 国产成人一区二区在线| 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx在线观看| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 国产91av在线免费观看| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 人妻系列 视频| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 欧美zozozo另类| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 少妇的逼好多水| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| av卡一久久| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 亚洲精品视频女| 六月丁香七月| 99热这里只有精品一区| 精品久久久噜噜| 精品久久久精品久久久| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 少妇丰满av| av卡一久久| 老女人水多毛片| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 久久6这里有精品| 久久久久久久国产电影| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 日韩大片免费观看网站| 国产在视频线精品| 亚洲精品乱码久久久v下载方式| av天堂中文字幕网| 亚洲av免费在线观看| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 在线免费十八禁| 国产成人精品福利久久| 黑人高潮一二区| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 嫩草影院入口| .国产精品久久| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 在线精品无人区一区二区三 | 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 成年版毛片免费区| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 国产精品99久久久久久久久| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 成年av动漫网址| 欧美日韩在线观看h| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 中文天堂在线官网| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 国产精品成人在线| 免费看av在线观看网站| 亚洲欧美精品专区久久| 婷婷色av中文字幕| 久久国产乱子免费精品| 欧美3d第一页| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 久久精品人妻少妇| 一级黄片播放器| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| 亚洲精品视频女| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 国产一区二区三区av在线| 久久99热6这里只有精品| 亚洲精品视频女| 国产美女午夜福利| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 99热这里只有是精品50| 国产男人的电影天堂91| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看 | 一级爰片在线观看| 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| 精品久久久久久久末码| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 国产成人aa在线观看| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说 | 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 在线看a的网站| 天天躁日日操中文字幕| 国产精品无大码| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 久久热精品热| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 大码成人一级视频| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 岛国毛片在线播放| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 久久久久性生活片| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 欧美激情在线99| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久| 亚洲精品日本国产第一区| 人妻制服诱惑在线中文字幕| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 国产成人午夜福利电影在线观看| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 欧美zozozo另类| 亚洲精品一区蜜桃| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 白带黄色成豆腐渣| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 免费观看av网站的网址| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 国产综合精华液| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 下体分泌物呈黄色| 永久网站在线| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 亚洲精品一二三| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 久久久色成人| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 搡老乐熟女国产| 丝袜喷水一区| av国产免费在线观看| 毛片女人毛片| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 男女无遮挡免费网站观看| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 一级a做视频免费观看| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 最后的刺客免费高清国语| 国产成人午夜福利电影在线观看| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 亚洲av不卡在线观看| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 岛国毛片在线播放| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 国产高清三级在线| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 性色av一级| 久久精品人妻少妇| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 亚洲自偷自拍三级| 少妇 在线观看| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 性插视频无遮挡在线免费观看| 色综合色国产| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂 | 亚洲最大成人手机在线| 国产成人精品福利久久| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 男女无遮挡免费网站观看| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 日本三级黄在线观看| 精品国产三级普通话版| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 高清欧美精品videossex| 国产探花极品一区二区| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 国产成人精品一,二区| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 99热全是精品| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 七月丁香在线播放| 精品亚洲乱码少妇综合久久| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 五月天丁香电影| 久久久午夜欧美精品| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 色吧在线观看| 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 久久久久久久久久人人人人人人| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 欧美日韩精品成人综合77777| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 夫妻午夜视频| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 国产毛片在线视频| 精品久久久精品久久久| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| videos熟女内射| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品 | 日韩大片免费观看网站| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 天天躁日日操中文字幕| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | av线在线观看网站| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 少妇高潮的动态图| 丝袜美腿在线中文| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 精品久久久久久久久亚洲| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 在线 av 中文字幕| 日本午夜av视频| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 在线a可以看的网站| 久久精品夜色国产| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 国产精品伦人一区二区| xxx大片免费视频| 久久久久久久久久成人| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| tube8黄色片| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 九九在线视频观看精品| 成年免费大片在线观看| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 熟女av电影| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 只有这里有精品99| av在线老鸭窝| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 搞女人的毛片| 国产成人a区在线观看| 精品午夜福利在线看| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 亚洲不卡免费看| 欧美另类一区| av天堂中文字幕网| 成年免费大片在线观看| 精品午夜福利在线看| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看 | 免费人成在线观看视频色| av国产精品久久久久影院| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 中文字幕制服av| 日本猛色少妇xxxxx猛交久久| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 国产美女午夜福利| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| av在线亚洲专区| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| av在线观看视频网站免费| 国产大屁股一区二区在线视频| 综合色丁香网| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 国产爽快片一区二区三区| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 在线天堂最新版资源| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 成人免费观看视频高清| 久久久久性生活片| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 国产欧美亚洲国产| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 99热网站在线观看| 搞女人的毛片| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 国产精品一及| 日本熟妇午夜| 少妇 在线观看| 一本色道久久久久久精品综合| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 亚洲国产日韩一区二区| 免费黄色在线免费观看| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 成年版毛片免费区| 色视频www国产| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| av福利片在线观看| 一级av片app| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级 | 国产成人精品福利久久| 久久人人爽人人片av| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 亚洲色图av天堂| 性色av一级| 一级a做视频免费观看| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 如何舔出高潮| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 97精品久久久久久久久久精品| 国产 一区精品| 五月天丁香电影| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 久久久久久国产a免费观看|