·推薦論文摘要·

·推薦論文摘要·

臭氧脅迫對(duì)植物主要生理功能的影響

列淦文，葉龍華，薛立

近年來(lái)，由于光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的臭氧前體增加，全球植物受對(duì)流層臭氧（O3）脅迫的程度越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。臭氧污染被認(rèn)為是造成東歐、西歐和整個(gè)美國(guó)的大片森林衰退和枯死的主要原因。臭氧脅迫嚴(yán)重影響植物葉片對(duì)光能的利用，通過(guò)氣孔限制和非氣孔限制，導(dǎo)致其光合速率的降低，影響光合產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)量。臭氧對(duì)植物的影響與植物體內(nèi)代謝物質(zhì)的積聚量緊密聯(lián)系。臭氧脅迫引發(fā)植物的各種防御保護(hù)機(jī)制，刺激抗氧化系統(tǒng)，影響膜系統(tǒng)，改變其體內(nèi)碳和礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的吸收并引起它們的重新分配，誘導(dǎo)其基因表達(dá)的深層變化。為了適應(yīng)臭氧脅迫環(huán)境，植物通過(guò)生理生化機(jī)制的調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)保證其生命活動(dòng)。如細(xì)胞通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)滲透物質(zhì)的含量來(lái)保持滲透勢(shì)的平衡；細(xì)胞內(nèi)各種抗氧化酶活性增加，以清除自由基，避免或者減輕細(xì)胞受到傷害；改變代謝途徑以保持能量?jī)?chǔ)備和降低代謝速率?？梢?jiàn)，生態(tài)環(huán)境對(duì)生物進(jìn)化具有重要影響。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)將在臭氧脅迫對(duì)植物生理的影響中得到證實(shí)，也是生物進(jìn)化論的另一種證據(jù)。綜述了臭氧對(duì)光合生理、呼吸代謝、抗氧化系統(tǒng)、膜系統(tǒng)、礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的吸收和分配與分子生理等主要生理功能的影響，并提出臭氧脅迫對(duì)植物生理影響的今后研究方向與未來(lái)研究熱點(diǎn)是：（1）加強(qiáng)在植物個(gè)體和群落水平上臭氧脅迫對(duì)植物生理影響的研究；（2）臭氧影響下植物的基因調(diào)控和相關(guān)信號(hào)傳遞網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的機(jī)理；（3）通過(guò)分子標(biāo)記、基因圖譜、基因組學(xué)和轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)等方法研究選育適應(yīng)臭氧脅迫環(huán)境的植物；（4）盡可能在接近自然條件的環(huán)境中開(kāi)展研究；（5）臭氧脅迫對(duì)亞熱帶和熱帶森林及其樹(shù)種主要生理功能影響的研究；（6）建立模型評(píng)估臭氧對(duì)植物的影響。

植物；臭氧脅迫；生理代謝；生理機(jī)制

來(lái)源出版物：生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 34(2): 294-306

重慶夏季近地面臭氧變化規(guī)律及影響因素分析

劉姣姣，蔣昌潭，宋丹，等

摘要：利用重慶市主城區(qū)近地面臭氧及前體物、氣象因子的連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)資料，重點(diǎn)分析了主城區(qū)夏季典型日臭氧質(zhì)量濃度時(shí)空變化規(guī)律，以及臭氧與 NO、NO2和 CO等前體物及氣象因素的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果表明，近地表臭氧質(zhì)量濃度具有主城核心區(qū)域較低而周圍地區(qū)較高的空間分布特征；臭氧質(zhì)量濃度日分布呈“單峰型”，最高小時(shí)質(zhì)量濃度出現(xiàn)在午后16時(shí)左右，與太陽(yáng)輻射強(qiáng)度、溫度等氣象因素呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系，同時(shí)與NO、NO2和CO等前體物呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系；高質(zhì)量濃度臭氧污染易出現(xiàn)在高壓天氣系統(tǒng)中，即太陽(yáng)輻射強(qiáng)度大、微風(fēng)、相對(duì)濕度低且氣溫較高的天氣下；臭氧質(zhì)量濃度升高與大氣壓下降幅度密切相關(guān)，大氣壓下降超過(guò)0.4 kPa時(shí)，臭氧質(zhì)量濃度較高。

關(guān)鍵詞：臭氧；前體物；氣象因素

來(lái)源出版物：重慶大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 34(2): 294-306

深圳地區(qū)臭氧污染來(lái)源的敏感性分析

梁永賢，尹魁浩，胡泳濤，等

摘要：利用美國(guó) EPA開(kāi)發(fā)的區(qū)域多尺度空氣質(zhì)量模式CMAQ對(duì)2008年8月發(fā)生在深圳地區(qū)的臭氧污染過(guò)程進(jìn)行模擬，運(yùn)用源敏感性識(shí)別工具DDM-3D分析深圳本地排放源及周邊地區(qū)排放源對(duì)深圳地區(qū)臭氧污染形成的敏感性。研究表明，VOCs人為源排放對(duì)深圳臭氧形成敏感度高，控制深圳臭氧污染的關(guān)鍵在于控制 VOCs人為源排放，控制重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在化學(xué)品/橡膠/塑膠、印刷、電子產(chǎn)品制造、家具、玩具、制鞋、建筑涂料使用、家用溶劑等方面；深圳的臭氧污染具有區(qū)域特征，在不利天氣條件下，需與周邊城市協(xié)調(diào)控制才能達(dá)到8 h平均濃度120 μg/m3的目標(biāo)。

關(guān)鍵詞：深圳；臭氧；敏感性；源排放

來(lái)源出版物：中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué), 2014, 34(6): 1390-1396

室內(nèi)環(huán)境臭氧污染與凈化技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展

易忠芹，王宇，田小兵，等

摘要：隨著灰霾等空氣污染現(xiàn)象的日益頻繁，人們對(duì)室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量越來(lái)越關(guān)注。臭氧是影響室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要因素。結(jié)合近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)室內(nèi)環(huán)境中臭氧污染的相關(guān)研究，分析室內(nèi)臭氧污染的來(lái)源和目前室內(nèi)環(huán)境臭氧污染情況，探討目前有關(guān)臭氧凈化治理的方法與技術(shù)，指出應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展更為高效、實(shí)用的多相熱催化等凈化技術(shù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：臭氧污染；凈化技術(shù)；室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量

來(lái)源出版物：科技導(dǎo)報(bào), 2014, 32(33): 75-78

長(zhǎng)江三角洲地區(qū)城市臭氧污染特征與影響因素分析

易睿，王亞林，張殷俊，等

摘要：為研究長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū)城市 O3污染特征及其影響因素，對(duì)長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū)25個(gè)城市2013年國(guó)家環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)位和國(guó)家氣象臺(tái)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果表明：除淮安外，其余24個(gè)城市均存在不同程度的O3日超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象，超標(biāo)率在1.6%～15.1%之間，平均為5.8%，低于珠三角地區(qū)（8.9%）和京津冀地區(qū)（9.7%）。5—8月是長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū) O3污染最為嚴(yán)重的月份，而這一時(shí)期顆粒物污染相對(duì)較輕，因此，O3與顆粒物污染在時(shí)間上呈相反的態(tài)勢(shì)。從空間分布看，長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū) O3污染呈現(xiàn)較為明顯的連片分布特征，上海及周邊城市 O3污染較重。機(jī)動(dòng)車數(shù)量影響城市 O3污染：各城市民用汽車保有量與各城市NO2年均濃度、O3超標(biāo)天數(shù)有顯著的相關(guān)性，相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.672和0.56；每日O3小時(shí)濃度高峰值與車流量高峰基本吻合。高溫、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間日照容易出現(xiàn) O3濃度的高值；隨著相對(duì)濕度、風(fēng)速的增加，O3超標(biāo)頻率和濃度均值都表現(xiàn)為先升后降的規(guī)律。

關(guān)鍵詞：O3；長(zhǎng)江三角洲；影響因素；氣象因素

來(lái)源出版物：環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 35(8): 2370-2377

上海地區(qū)光化學(xué)污染中氣溶膠特征研究

趙辰航，耿福海，馬承愚，等

摘要：利用上海地區(qū)2011—2013年9個(gè)大氣成分及氣象觀測(cè)站點(diǎn)臭氧（O3）、顆粒物（PM1、PM2.5、PM10）、氣溶膠粒子譜觀測(cè)資料以及氣象數(shù)據(jù)，分析了上海不同功能區(qū)臭氧超標(biāo)時(shí)的頻率分布及各類污染物濃度特征。結(jié)果表明，上海地區(qū)夏季光化學(xué)污染嚴(yán)重，周邊城區(qū)臭氧污染要明顯高于中心城區(qū)，不同功能區(qū)污染情況差異較大，金山化工區(qū)和崇明生態(tài)島光化學(xué)污染較為嚴(yán)重。通過(guò)分析光化學(xué)污染前后氣溶膠變化特征可知，當(dāng)出現(xiàn)光化學(xué)污染時(shí)，各站氣溶膠濃度明顯升高，特別是PM1濃度增加顯著，且PM1/PM2.5比未出現(xiàn)臭氧污染時(shí)的比例明顯升高。表明隨著光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的增強(qiáng)，二次氣溶膠生成明顯增多。因此可將PM1作為光化學(xué)污染的判定指標(biāo)之一。

關(guān)鍵詞：臭氧；光化學(xué)污染；氣溶膠

來(lái)源出版物：中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué), 2015, 35(2): 356-363

珠三角秋季臭氧污染來(lái)源解析

沈勁，陳皓，鐘流舉

摘要：秋季是珠三角臭氧污染最嚴(yán)重的季節(jié)，選取2004年秋季珠三角典型臭氧污染過(guò)程，運(yùn)用臭氧來(lái)源解析技術(shù)等分析手段，研究珠三角臭氧污染特性，分析并量化各排放源區(qū)各類源對(duì)受體點(diǎn)的臭氧貢獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果表明，東莞市對(duì)珠江口地區(qū)的臭氧峰值有重大貢獻(xiàn)，下午2—3點(diǎn)東莞市前體物的臭氧貢獻(xiàn)最大可達(dá)40 ppb；而廣州市區(qū)的前體物排放主要影響順德區(qū)和南海區(qū)。在珠三角，排放源區(qū)一般對(duì)下風(fēng)向40 km范圍內(nèi)的地區(qū)臭氧貢獻(xiàn)最大。秋季大多數(shù)情況下珠三角西部（江門東湖）臭氧受中部主要排放源區(qū)臭氧前體物排放與輸送的影響很大，廣州和佛山地區(qū)對(duì)江門東湖的臭氧峰值貢獻(xiàn)達(dá)50 ppb左右。交通尾氣排放對(duì)珠三角各受體點(diǎn)的臭氧貢獻(xiàn)最大，交通源對(duì)重污染區(qū)受體點(diǎn)臭氧的貢獻(xiàn)最高可達(dá)40～50 ppb。

關(guān)鍵詞：珠三角；臭氧；來(lái)源解析

來(lái)源出版物：環(huán)境污染與防治, 2015, 37(1): 25-30

機(jī)動(dòng)車排放對(duì)城市光化學(xué)煙霧形成的影響

陶雙成，鄧順熙，劉寧，等

摘要：在系統(tǒng)分析機(jī)動(dòng)車排放特征污染物及其對(duì)城市大氣環(huán)境污染貢獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，采用光化學(xué)煙霧形成反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型，模擬了我國(guó)典型大氣污染型城市蘭州、廣州的光化學(xué)煙霧污染狀況及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，分析了機(jī)動(dòng)車排放變化對(duì)城市光化學(xué)煙霧特征污染物形成的影響。模擬結(jié)果顯示，廣州市光化學(xué)煙霧污染較蘭州市嚴(yán)重，但隨著蘭州市機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量的增加，其光化學(xué)煙霧污染特征污染物臭氧和過(guò)氧乙酰硝酸酯濃度將會(huì)顯著增加。研究表明，在我國(guó)城市大氣非甲烷碳?xì)浠衔锉尘皾舛容^高的條件下，可通過(guò)低碳城市計(jì)劃等節(jié)能減排措施實(shí)現(xiàn)城市區(qū)域碳排放控制，進(jìn)而大幅度降低城市大氣中非甲烷碳?xì)浠衔餄舛群?，但?duì)機(jī)動(dòng)車排放的氮氧化物做不到有效控制，城市光化學(xué)煙霧污染還是會(huì)明顯加重。

關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)動(dòng)車排放污染物；光化學(xué)煙霧；臭氧；節(jié)能減排

來(lái)源出版物：世界科技研究與發(fā)展, 2015, 37(1): 21-25

光化學(xué)污染科學(xué)及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀研究

鮑雷

摘要：對(duì)光化學(xué)污染研究及其發(fā)展進(jìn)行了綜述，概括了光化學(xué)污染研究的主要方法，即實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究、模式計(jì)算和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)分析等方法。介紹了歐美國(guó)家和中國(guó)在煙霧箱研究方面的發(fā)展情況，提出了控制自由基源以及痕量氣體的檢測(cè)方式有待提高等問(wèn)題。闡述了光化學(xué)污染模式計(jì)算的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)以及在模式運(yùn)用中影響模式計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確性的主要因素。還介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外光化學(xué)污染監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)展歷程和現(xiàn)狀，并根據(jù)目前自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)展水平探討了光化學(xué)煙霧監(jiān)測(cè)因子及作用，最后提出加強(qiáng)光化煙霧研究具體建議和研究方向。

關(guān)鍵詞：光化學(xué)污染；煙霧箱；模式計(jì)算；監(jiān)測(cè)；發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

來(lái)源出版物：環(huán)境科學(xué)與管理, 2016, 41(3): 58-62

臭氧污染動(dòng)態(tài)源貢獻(xiàn)分析方法及應(yīng)用初探

李敏輝，朱云，Carey Jang，等

摘要：論文創(chuàng)新提出了基于RSM/CMAQ臭氧污染動(dòng)態(tài)源貢獻(xiàn)分析方法，并以佛山市順德區(qū)2014年10月為例，分析了不同區(qū)域的人為可控源NOx和VOCs減排情景下（10%、70%和100%）對(duì)本地O3濃度變化的量化貢獻(xiàn)。研究結(jié)果表明順德區(qū)O3的人為可控比例約43%，且受區(qū)域排放影響非常明顯，主導(dǎo)上風(fēng)向廣州排放源總貢獻(xiàn)（14%）超過(guò)順德本地貢獻(xiàn)（7%）。VOCs的減排可有效削減順德區(qū)O3濃度，當(dāng)減排力度較小時(shí)（＜12%），若僅控制區(qū)域NOx排放將導(dǎo)致順德區(qū)O3濃度上升，隨著減排力度的加大，區(qū)域NOx的削減貢獻(xiàn)會(huì)反超VOCs。RSM/CMAQ動(dòng)態(tài)源貢獻(xiàn)分析方法可為空氣質(zhì)量管理提供科學(xué)決策依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：臭氧；曲面響應(yīng)模型；空氣質(zhì)量模型；動(dòng)態(tài)源貢獻(xiàn)分析；空氣質(zhì)量管理

來(lái)源出版物：環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 36(11): 2297-2304

京津冀區(qū)域臭氧污染趨勢(shì)及時(shí)空分布特征

程麟鈞，王帥，宮正宇，等

摘要：為研究京津冀區(qū)域的臭氧（O3）污染情況及其時(shí)空分布特征，對(duì)2013—2015年京津冀區(qū)域13個(gè)城市80個(gè)國(guó)家環(huán)境空氣監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)位的監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果表明：2013—2015年，京津冀區(qū)域O3污染狀況整體呈加重趨勢(shì)，其中2014年污染狀況最為嚴(yán)重。13個(gè)城市中 O3污染最嚴(yán)重的城市為北京和衡水，連續(xù) 3年均超標(biāo)，且處于上升態(tài)勢(shì)中。區(qū)域內(nèi)不同城市 O3污染趨勢(shì)并不相同。京津冀區(qū)域 O3濃度變化呈明顯的季節(jié)變化特征，春末和夏季的O3污染最嚴(yán)重。O38 h（臭氧日最大8 h均值）年均值的高值區(qū)主要分布在北京中北部、承德和衡水等，2013—2015年第90百分位O38 h的高值區(qū)均集中分布在北京。O3的濃度峰值時(shí)間要晚于NOx25 h。O3在春、夏季呈單峰分布，白天15 : 00左右出現(xiàn)最大值，在秋、冬季濃度較低，全天波動(dòng)不大。

關(guān)鍵詞：京津冀；臭氧；時(shí)空分布

來(lái)源出版物：中國(guó)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè), 2017, 33(1): 14-21

來(lái)源出版物：American Journal of Epidemiology, 2014, 180(1):15-28

Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observation-based review

Cooper, OR; Parrish, DD; Ziemke, J; et al.

Abstract:Tropospheric ozone plays a major role in Earth’s atmospheric chemistry processes and also acts as an air pollutant and greenhouse gas. Due to its short lifetime, and dependence on sunlight and precursor emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources, tropospheric ozone’s abundance is highly variable in space and time on seasonal, interannual and decadal time-scales. Recent, and sometimes rapid, changes in observed ozone mixing ratios and ozone precursor emissions inspired us to produce this up-to-date overview of tropospheric ozone’s global distribution and trends. Much of the text is a synthesis of in situ and remotely sensed ozone observations reported in the peer-reviewed literature, but we also include some new and extended analyses using well-known and referenced datasets to draw connections between ozone trends and distributions in different regions of the world. In addition, we provide a brief evaluation of the accuracy of rural or remote surface ozone trends calculated by three state-of-the-science chemistry-climate models, the tools used by scientists to fill the gaps in our knowledge of global tropospheric ozone distribution and trends.

來(lái)源出版物：Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, 2014, 2: 000029

China’s international trade and air pollution in the United States

Lin, Jintai; Pan, Da; Davis, Steven, J; et al.

Abstract:China is the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic air pollutants, and measurable amounts of Chinese pollution are transported via the atmosphere to other countries, including the United States. However, a large fraction of Chinese emissions is due to manufacture of goods for foreign consumption. Here, we analyze the impacts of trade-related Chinese air pollutant emissions on the global atmospheric environment, linking an economicemission analysis and atmospheric chemical transport modeling. We find that in 2006, 36% of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide, 27% of nitrogen oxides, 22% of carbon monoxide, and 17% of black carbon emitted in China were associated with production of goods for export. For each of these pollutants, about 21% of export-related Chinese emissions were attributed to China-to-US export. Atmospheric modeling shows that transport of the exportrelated Chinese pollution contributed 3%-10% of annual mean surface sulfate concentrations and 0.5%-1.5% of ozone over the western United States in 2006. This Chinese pollution also resulted in one extra day or more of noncompliance with the US ozone standard in 2006 over the Los Angeles area and many regions in the eastern United States. On a daily basis, the export-related Chinese pollution contributed, at a maximum, 12%-24% of sulfate concentrations over the western United States. As the United States outsourced manufacturing to China, sulfate pollution in 2006 increased in the western United States but decreased in the eastern United States, reflecting the competing effect between enhanced transport of Chinese pollution and reduced US emissions. Our findings are relevant to international efforts to reduce transboundary air pollution.

關(guān) 鍵 詞 ：input-output analysis; emission control; international collaboration

來(lái)源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111(5): 1736-1741

Evidence of widespread ozone-induced visible injury on plants in Beijing, China

Feng, Zhaozhong; Sun, Jingsong; Wan, Wuxing; et al.

Abstract:Despite the high ozone levels measured in China, and in Beijing in particular, reports of ozoneinduced visible injury in vegetation are very scarce. Visible injury was investigated on July and August 2013 in the main parks, forest and agricultural areas of Beijing. Ozone injury was widespread in the area, being observed in 28 different species. Symptoms were more frequent in rural areas and mountains from northern Beijing, downwind from the city, and less frequent in city gardens. Among crops, injury to different types of beans (genera Phaseolus, Canavalia and Vigna) was common, and it was also observed in watermelon, grape vine, and in gourds. Native species such as ailanthus, several pines and ash specieswere also symptomatic. The black locust, the rose of Sharon and the Japanese morning glory were among the injured ornamental plants. Target species for broader biomonitoring surveys in temperate China have been identified.

關(guān)鍵詞：air pollution; ozone; visible injury; bioindicator plants

來(lái)源出版物：Environmental Pollution, 2014, 193: 296-301

Ozone levels in European and USA cities are increasing more than at rural sites, while peak values are decreasing

Paoletti, Elena; De Marco, Alessandra; Beddows, David C. S.; et al.

Abstract:Ground-level ozone (O3) levels are usually lower in urban centers than nearby rural sites. To compare trends in O3levels during the period 1990-2010, we obtained monitoring data from paired urban and rural sites from the European Environment Agency and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Ozone peaks decreased at both station types, with no significant differences between urban and rural stations. Ozone annual averages increased at both urban and rural sites, with a faster rate of increase for urban centers. The overall trend was for convergence between urban and rural O3data. Ozone levels exceeded the criteria established for the protection of human and vegetation health at both urban and rural sites.

關(guān)鍵詞：air quality; urban air pollution; tropospheric ozone; protection of human health; protection of vegetation

來(lái)源出版物：Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2014, 192: 295-299

Impacts of acid deposition, ozone exposure and weather conditions on forest ecosystems in Europe: An overview

De Vries, W; Dobbertin, M. H; Solberg, S; et al.

Abstract:In 1994, a “Pan-European Programme for Intensive and Continuous Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems” started to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of air pollution, climate change and natural stress factors on forest ecosystems. The programme today counts approximately 760 permanent observation plots including near 500 plots with data on both air quality and forest ecosystem impacts. This paper first presents impacts of air pollution and climate on forests ecosystems as reported in the literature on the basis of laboratory and field research. Next, results from monitoring studies, both at a European wide scale and related national studies, are presented in terms of trends and geographic variations in nitrogen and sulphur deposition and ozone concentrations and the impacts of those changes in interaction with weather conditions on (i) water and element budgets and nutrient-acidity status, (ii) forest crown condition, (iii) forest growth and carbon sequestration and (iv) species diversity of the ground vegetation. The empirical, field based forest responses to the various drivers are evaluated in view of available knowledge. Analyses of large scale monitoring data sets show significant effects of atmospheric deposition on nutrient-acidity status in terms of elevated nitrogen and sulphur or sulphate concentrations in forest foliage and soil solution and related soil acidification in terms of elevated aluminium and/or base cation leaching from the forest ecosystem. Relationships of air pollution with crown condition, however, appear to be weak and limited in time and space, while climatic factors appear to be more important drivers. Regarding forest growth, monitoring results indicate a clear fertilization effect of N deposition on European forests but the field evidence for impacts of ambient ozone exposure on tree growth is less clear.

關(guān)鍵詞：nitrogen deposition; climate change; ozone exposure; monitoring; element budgets; forest condition; forest growth; ground vegetation

來(lái)源出版物：Plant and Soil, 2014, 380(1-2): 1-45

The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale

Lelieveld, J.; Evans, JS; Fnais, M; et al.

Abstract:Assessment of the global burden of disease is based on epidemiological cohort studies that connect premature mortality to a wide range of causes, including the long-term health impacts of ozone and fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). It has proved difficult to quantify premature mortality related to air pollution, notably in regions where air quality is not monitored, and also because the toxicity of particles from various sources may vary. Here we use a global atmospheric chemistry model to investigate the link between prematuremortality and seven emission source categories in urban and rural environments. In accord withthe global burden of disease for 2010, we calculate that outdoor air pollution, mostly by PM2.5, leads to 3.3 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.61-4.81) million premature deaths per year worldwide, predominantly in Asia. We primarily assume that all particles are equally toxic, but also include a sensitivity study that accounts for differential toxicity. We find that emissions from residential energy use such as heating and cooking, prevalent in India and China, have the largest impact on premature mortality globally, being even more dominant if carbonaceous particles are assumed to be most toxic. Whereas in much of the USA and in a few other countries emissions from traffic and power generation are important, in eastern USA, Europe, Russia and East Asia agricultural emissions make the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with the estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions regarding particle toxicity. Model projections based on a business-as-usual emission scenario indicate that the contribution of outdoor air pollution to premature mortality could double by 2050.

來(lái)源出版物：Nature, 2015, 525(7569): 367

Why does surface ozone peak before a typhoon landing in southeast China

Y. C. Jiang; T. L. Zhao; J. Liu; et al.

Abstract:A high O3episode with the large increases in surface ozone by 21–42 ppbv and the nocturnal surface O3levels exceeding 70 ppbv was observed in the region between Xiamen and Quanzhou over the southeastern coast of China during 12–14 June 2014, before Typhoon Hagibis landing. Variations in the surface O3, NO2, CO and meteorology during Typhoon Hagibis event clearly suggest a substantial impact of the peripheral downdrafts in the large scale typhoon circulation on such an O3episode with excluding the contributions of photochemical production and the horizontal transport. The influence of vertical O3transport from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region on high surface O3levels is further confirmed by a negative correlation between surface O3and CO concentrations as well as dry surface air observed during the O3episode. This study provides observational evidence of typhoon-driven intrusion of O3from the UTLS region to surface air, revealing a significant effect of such a process of stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) of O3on tropospheric O3and ambient air quality

來(lái)源出版物：Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2015, 15(17): 24623-24642

An overview of the 2013 Las Vegas Ozone study (LVOS): Impact of stratospheric intrusions and long-range transport on surface air quality

Langford, AO; Senff, CJ; Alvarez, RJ; et al.

Abstract:The 2013 Las Vegas Ozone Study (LVOS) was conducted in the late spring and early summer of 2013 to assess the seasonal contribution of stratosphere-totroposphere transport (SIT) and long-range transport to surface ozone in Clark County, Nevada and determine if these processes directly contribute to exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in this area. Secondary goals included the characterization of local ozone production, regional transport from the Los Angeles Basin, and impacts from wildfires. The LVOS measurement campaign took place at a former U.S. Air Force radar station similar to 45 km northwest of Las Vegas on Angel Peak (similar to 2.7 km above mean sea level, asl) in the Spring Mountains. The study consisted of two extended periods (May 19-June 4 and June 22-28, 2013) with near daily 5-min averaged lidar measurements of ozone and backscatter profiles from the surface to similar to 2.5 km above ground level (similar to 5.2 km asl), and continuous in situ measurements (May 20-June 28) of O3, CO, (1-min) and meteorological parameters (5-min) at the surface. These activities were guided by forecasts and analyses from the FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTticle) dispersion model and the Real Time Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS), and the NOAA Geophysical Research Laboratory (NOAA GFDL) AM3 chemistry-climate model. In this paper, we describe the LVOS measurements and present an overview of the results. The combined measurements and model analyses show that STT directly contributed to each of the three O3exceedances that occurred in Clark County during LVOS, with contributions to 8-h surface concentrations in excess of 30 ppbv on each of these days. The analyses show that long-range transport from Asia made smaller contributions(＜10 ppbv) to surface O3during two of those exceedances. The contribution of regional wildfires to surface O3during the three LVOS exceedance events was found to be negligible, but wildfires were found to be a major factor during exceedance events that occurred before and after theLVOS campaign. Our analyses also shows that ozone exceedances would have occurred on more than 50% of the days during the six-week LVOS campaign if the 8-h ozone NAAQS had been 65 ppbv instead of 75 ppbv.

關(guān)鍵詞：background ozone; stratosphere-to-troposphere transport; long range transport; Asian pollution; surface ozone; NAAQS; exceedances

來(lái)源出版物：Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 109: 305-322

Understanding high wintertime ozone pollution events in an oil- and natural gas-producing region of the western US

Ahmadov, R.; McKeen, S; Trainer, M; et al.

Abstract:Recent increases in oil and natural gas (NG) production throughout the western US have come with scientific and public interest in emission rates, air quality and climate impacts related to this industry. This study uses a regional-scale air quality model (WRF-Chem) to simulate high ozone (O3) episodes during the winter of 2013 over the Uinta Basin (UB) in northeastern Utah, which is densely populated by thousands of oil and NG wells. The highresolution meteorological simulations are able qualitatively to reproduce the wintertime cold pool conditions that occurred in 2013, allowing the model to reproduce the observed multi-day buildup of atmospheric pollutants and the accompanying rapid photochemical ozone formation in the UB. Two different emission scenarios for the oil and NG sector were employed in this study. The first emission scenario (bottom-up) was based on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Emission Inventory (NEI) (2011, version 1) for the oil and NG sector for the UB. The second emission scenario (top-down) was based on estimates of methane (CH4) emissions derived from in situ aircraft measurements and a regression analysis for multiple species relative to CH4concentration measurements in the UB. Evaluation of the model results shows greater underestimates of CH4and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the simulation with the NEI-2011 inventory than in the case when the top-down emission scenario was used. Unlike VOCs, the NEI-2011 inventory significantly overestimates the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), while the top-down emission scenario results in a moderate negative bias. The model simulation using the top-down emission case captures the buildup and afternoon peaks observed during high O3episodes. In contrast, the simulation using the bottom-up inventory is not able to reproduce any of the observed high O3concentrations in the UB. Simple emission reduction scenarios show that O3production is VOC sensitive and NOxinsensitive within the UB. The model results show a disproportionate contribution of aromatic VOCs to O3formation relative to all other VOC emissions. The model analysis reveals that the major factors driving high wintertime O3in the UB are shallow boundary layers with light winds, high emissions of VOCs from oil and NG operations compared to NOxemissions, enhancement of photolysis fluxes and reduction of O3loss from deposition due to snow cover.

來(lái)源出版物：Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015, 15(1): 411-429

Ground-level O3pollution and its impacts on food crops in China: A review

Feng, Zhaozhong; Hu, Enzhu; Wang, Xiaoke; et al.

Abstract:Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has become one of the top environmental issues in China, especially in those economically vibrant and densely populated regions. In this paper, we reviewed studies on the O3concentration observation and O3effects on food crops throughout China. Data from 118 O3monitoring sites reported in the literature show that the variability of O3concentration is a function of geographic location. The impacts of O3on food crops (wheat and rice) were studied at five sites, equipped with Open Top Chamber or O3-FACE (free-air O3concentration enrichment) system. Based on exposure concentration and stomatal O3flux response relationships obtained from the O3-FACE experimental results in China, we found that throughout China current and future O3levels induce wheat yield loss by 6.4%-14.9% and 14.8-23.0% respectively. Some policies to reduce ozone pollution and impacts are suggested.

關(guān)鍵詞：China; crop yield loss; ozone concentration distribution; policy

來(lái)源出版物：Environmental Pollution, 2015, 199: 42-48

Trends and variability in surface ozone over the United States

Strode, Sarah A; Rodriguez, Jose M.; Logan, Jennifer A; et al.

Abstract:We investigate the observed trends andinterannual variability in surface ozone over the United States using the Global Modeling Initiative chemical transport model. We discuss the roles of meteorology, emissions, and transport from the stratosphere in driving the interannual variability in different regions and seasons. We demonstrate that a hindcast simulation for 1991-2010 can reproduce much of the observed variability and the trends in summertime ozone, with correlation coefficients for seasonally and regionally averaged median ozone ranging from 0.46 to 0.89. Reproducing the interannual variability in winter and spring in the western United States may require higher-resolution models to adequately represent stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Hindcast simulations with fixed versus variable emissions show that changes in anthropogenic emissions drive the observed negative trends in monthly median ozone concentrations in the eastern United States during summer, as well as the observed reduction in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle. The simulation underestimates positive trends in the western United States during spring, but excluding the first 4 years of data removes many of the statistically significant trends in this region. The reduction in the slope of the ozone versus temperature relationship before and after major emission reductions is also well represented by the model. Our results indicate that a global model can reproduce many of the important features of the meteorologically induced ozone variability as well as the emission-driven trends, lending confidence to model projections of future changes in regional surface ozone.

來(lái) 源 出 版 物 ： Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2015, 120: 9020-9042

A study of aerosol optical properties during ozone pollution episodes in 2013 over Shanghai, China

Shi, Chanzhen; Wang, Shanshan; Liu, Rui; et al.

Abstract:Aerosol optical property is essential to the tropospheric ozone formation mechanism while it was rarely measured in ozone-rich environment for a specific study. With the retrieved products of the sun-photometer, a comparative investigation was conducted on aerosol optical depth (ADD), single scattering albedo (SSA) and size distribution during ozone-polluted episodes and clean background. Contrary to expectations, aerosol loading was found to be positively-correlated with ozone concentration: daily averaged ADD at 500 nm in ozone episodes (similar to 0.78) displayed 2.4 times higher than that in clean days (similar to 032). Large Angstrom exponent (similar to 1.51) along with heavy aerosol loading indicated a considerable impact of fine particles on optical extinction. The dynamic diurnal fluctuation of these parameters also implied a complex interaction between aerosols and photo-chemical reactions. The bimodal lognormal distribution pattern for aerosol size spectra exhibited in both ozone-polluted and clean days. The occurrence of maximum volume concentration (similar to 0.28) in fine mode (radius ＜0.6 mu m) was observed at 3 p.m. (local time), when ozone was substantially generated. Pronounced scattering feature of aerosol was reproduced in high-concentration ozone environment. SSA tended to increase continuously from morning (similar to 0.91 at 440 nm) to afternoon (similar to 0.99), which may be associated with secondary aerosol formation. The scattering aerosol (with moderately high aerosol loading) may favor the ozone formation through increasing solar flux in boundary layer. Utilizing the micro-pulse lidar (MPL), a more developed planet boundary layer (PBL, top height similar to 1.96 km) was discovered during ozone-polluted days than clean condition (similar to 1.4 km). In episodes, the maximum extinction ratio (similar to 0.5 km-1) was presented at a height of 12 km in the late afternoon. The humidity profile by sounding also showed the extreme value at this altitude. It suggested that optical extinction was mainly attributed to the aerosol in middle PBL, where the intense photochemical reactions and hydroscopic growth may occur.

關(guān)鍵詞：aerosol; ozone pollution; optical property; extinction profile; Shanghai

來(lái)源出版物：Atmospheric Research, 2015, 153: 235-249

Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects

Wang, T; Xue, L; Brimblecombe, P; et al.

Abstract:High concentrations of ozone in urban and industrial regions worldwide have long been a major air quality issue. With the rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption in China over the past three decades, the emission of chemical precursors to ozone-nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds-has increased sharply, surpassing that of North America and Europe and raising concerns about worsening ozone pollution in China.Historically, research and control have prioritized acid rain, particulate matter, and more recently fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In contrast, less is known about ozone pollution, partly due to a lack of monitoring of atmospheric ozone and its precursors until recently. This review summarizes the main findings from published papers on the characteristics and sources and processes of ozone and ozone precursors in the boundary layer of urban and rural areas of China, including concentration levels, seasonal variation, meteorology conducive to photochemistry and pollution transport, key production and loss processes, ozone dependence on nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, and the effects of ozone on crops and human health. Ozone concentrations exceeding the ambient air quality standard by 100%-200% have been observed in China’s major urban centers such as Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze River delta, and the Pearl River delta, and limited studies suggest harmful effect of ozone on human health and agricultural corps; key chemical precursors and meteorological conditions conductive to ozone pollution have been investigated, and inter-city/region transport of ozone is significant. Several recommendations are given for future research and policy development on groundlevel ozone.

來(lái)源出版物：Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 575: 1582

Assessing the impact of local meteorological variables on surface ozone in Hong Kong during 2000–2015 using quantile and multiple line regression models

Zhao,W; Fan, S; Guo, H; et al.

Abstract:The quantile regression (QR) method has been increasingly introduced to atmospheric environmental studies to explore the non-linear relationship between local meteorological conditions and ozone mixing ratios. In this study, we applied QR for the first time, together with multiple linear regression (MLR), to analyze the dominant meteorological parameters influencing the mean, 10th percentile, 90th percentile and 99th percentile of maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations in 2000–2015 in Hong Kong. The dominance analysis (DA) was used to assess the relative importance of meteorological variables in the regression models. Results showed that the MLR models worked better at suburban and rural sites than at urban sites, and worked better in winter than in summer. QR models performed better in summer for 99th and 90th percentiles and performed better in autumn and winter for 10th percentile. And QR models also performed better in suburban and rural areas for 10th percentile. The top 3 dominant variables associated with MDA8 ozone concentrations, changing with seasons and regions, were frequently associated with the six meteorological parameters: boundary layer height, humidity, wind direction, surface solar radiation, total cloud cover and sea level pressure. Temperature rarely became a significant variable in any season, which could partly explain the peak of monthly average ozone concentrations in October in Hong Kong. And we found the effect of solar radiation would be enhanced during extremely ozone pollution episodes (i.e., the 99th percentile). Finally, meteorological effects on MDA8 ozone had no significant changes before and after the 2010 Asian Games.

關(guān) 鍵 詞 ：ozone; meteorological variables; quantile regression; multiple linear regression; dominance analysis

來(lái)源出版物：Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 144: 182-193

Integrated studies of a regional ozone pollution synthetically affected by subtropical high and typhoon system in the Yangtze River Delta region, China

Shu, L; Xie, M; Wang, T; et al.

Abstract:Severe high ozone (O3) episodes usually have close relations to synoptic systems. A regional continuous O3pollution episode is detected over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China during August 7-12, 2013, in which the O3concentrations in more than half of the cities exceeding the national air quality standard. The maximum hourly concentration of O3reaches 167.1 ppb. By means of the observational analysis and the WRF/CMAQ numerical simulation, the characteristics and the essential impact factors of the typical regional O3pollution is integratedly investigated. The observational analysis shows that the atmospheric subsidence dominated by Western Pacific subtropical high plays a crucial role in the formation of high-level O3. The favorable weather conditions, such as extremely high temperature, low relative humidity and weak wind speed, caused by the abnormal strong subtropical high are responsible for the trapping and the chemical production of O3in the boundarylayer. In addition, when the YRD cities at the front of Typhoon Utor, the periphery circulation of typhoon system can enhance the downward airflows and cause worse air pollution. But when the typhoon system weakens the subtropical high, the prevailing southeasterly surface wind leads to the mitigation of the O3pollution. The Integrated Process Rate (IPR) analysis incorporated in CMAQ is applied to further illustrate the combined influence of subtropical high and typhoon system in this O3episode. The results show that the vertical diffusion (VDIF) and the gas-phase chemistry (CHEM) are two major contributors to O3formation. During the episode, the contributions of VDIF and CHEM to O3maintain the high values over 10 ppb/h in Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Nanjing. On August 10-11, the cities close to the sea are apparently affected by the typhoon system, with the contribution of VDIF increasing to 28.45 ppb/h in Shanghai and 19.76 ppb/h in Hangzhou. When the YRD region is under the control of the typhoon system, the contribution values of all individual processes decrease to a low level in all cities. These results provide an insight for the O3pollution synthetically impacted by the Western Pacific subtropical high and the tropical cyclone system.

來(lái)源出版物：Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(24): 15801-15819

The impacts of surface ozone pollution on winter wheat productivity in China: An econometric approach

Yi, Fujin; Jiang, Fei; Zhong, Funing; et al.

Abstract:The impact of surface ozone pollution on winter wheat yield is empirically estimated by considering socio-economic and weather determinants. This research is the first to use an economic framework to estimate the ozone impact, and a unique county-level panel is employed to examine the impact of the increasing surface ozone concentration on the productivity of winter wheat in China. In general, the increment of surface ozone concentration during the ozone-sensitive period of winter wheat is determined to be harmful to its yield, and a conservative reduction of ozone pollution could significantly increase China’s wheat supply.

關(guān)鍵詞：surface ozone; winter wheat; yield; food security; dose-response function

來(lái)源出版物：Environmental Pollution, 2016, 208: 326-335

The climate benefits of high-sugar grassland may be compromised by ozone pollution

Hewitt, DKL; Mills, G; Hayes, F; et al.

Abstract:High sugar ryegrasses (HSG) have been developed to improve the uptake, digestion and nitrogen (N)-utilisation of grazing stock, with the potential to increase production yields and benefit climate by reducing methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from livestock farming. In this study, the effects of tropospheric ozone pollution on the seasonal growth dynamics of HSG pasture mesocosms containing Lolium perenne cv. AberMagic and Trifolium repens cv. Crusader were investigated. Species-specific ozone (O3) dose-response relationships (seasonal means: 35, 41, 47, 51, 59 & 67 ppb) based on the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (PODy) were constructed for above and below ground biomass, injury, N-fixation and forage quality. The dynamics of effects of ozone exposure on HSG pasture changed over the course of a season, with the strongest responses occurring in the first 48 weeks. Overall, strong negative responses to ozone flux were found for root biomass, root nodule mass and N-fixation rates, and ozone adversely impacted a range of forage quality parameters including total sugar content and relative and consumable food values. These results indicate that increasing ozone pollution could decrease the N-use efficiency and reduce the sugar content of managed pasture, and thereby partially detract from some of the suggested benefits of HSG.

關(guān)鍵詞：climate-smart grass; ozone; nodulation; clover; forage quality

來(lái)源出版物：Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 565: 95-104

On the summertime air quality and related photochemical processes in the megacity Shanghai, China

Chan, Ka Lok; Wang, Shanshan; Liu, Cheng; et al.

Abstract:Summertime surface ozone (O3) and related secondary formation of fine particles are the major air quality concerns in the megacity of Shanghai. We performed mobile Cavity Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CE-DOAS) measurements to investigate the spatial distribution of on-road nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations along the Inner Ring Elevated Road (IRER) in Shanghai. The observations showa ratio of 4 between CE-DOAS averaged on -road NO2and the in-situ ambient measurements, illustrating the strong impact of vehicle emissions over the urban area. The air mass transport analysis suggests that the observed episodic ozone events arise from both the abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) precursors in the sampled plume and the regional transport of ozone-rich air masses. Analysis of the sources of PM2.5shows that the secondary heterogeneous gas-to-particle conversion of sulfate and nitrate from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) is the largest source of PM25contributing 44.8 ± 9.2% of the total PM2.5. Ozone-related photochemical formation of fine particles is estimated to contribute about (22.5 ± 11.9)% of the total PM2.5which is strongly facilitated by solar radiation in summer. According to our results, nitrous acid (HONO) is the major precursor of hydroxyl radicals (OH) accounting for 40% to 80% of the total OH production during daytime. A significant correlation is found between the HONO levels in the early morning and the daily O3and PM2.5levels. The summertime measurements indicate that the photolytic reaction of HONO after sunrise increased the abundance of daytime OH and oxidative capacity, resulting in an enhancement of ground level ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. This study provides quantitative information to better understand photochemical formation of ozone and fine particles in Shanghai during summertime, which is useful for designing collaborative strategies to mitigate emissions of precursor pollutants.

關(guān)鍵詞：HONO; PM2.5; O3; Photochemistry; DOAS

來(lái)源出版物：Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 580: 974-983

責(zé)任編輯：衛(wèi)夏雯

Who is more affected by ozone pollution? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bell, ML; Zanobetti, A; Dominici, F

Ozone is associated with adverse health; however, less is known about vulnerable/sensitive populations, which we refer to as sensitive populations. We systematically reviewed epidemiologic evidence (1988-2013) regarding sensitivity to mortality or hospital admission from short-term ozone exposure. We performed meta-analysis for overall associations by age and sex; assessed publication bias; and qualitatively assessed sensitivity to socioeconomic indicators, race/ethnicity, and air conditioning. The search identified 2091 unique papers, with 167 meeting inclusion criteria (73 on mortality and 96 on hospitalizations and emergency department visits, including 2 examining both mortality and hospitalizations). The strongest evidence for ozone sensitivity was for age. Per 10-parts per billion increase in daily 8-hour ozone concentration, mortality risk for younger persons, at 0.60% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40, 0.80), was statistically lower than that for older persons, at 1.27% (95% CI: 0.76, 1.78). Findings adjusted for publication bias were similar. Limited/suggestive evidence was found for higher associations among women; mortality risks were 0.39% (95% CI: -0.22, 1.00) higher than those for men. We identified strong evidence for higher associations with unemployment or lower occupational status and weak evidence of sensitivity for racial/ethnic minorities and persons with low education, inpoverty, or without central air conditioning. Findings show that some populations, especially the elderly, are particularly sensitive to short-term ozone exposure.