地理文脈中的景觀價(jià)值與保護(hù)

作者：馬勁武

翻譯：胡凱富

Text: MA Jin-wu

Translator: HU Kai-fu

地理文脈中的景觀價(jià)值與保護(hù)

作者：馬勁武

翻譯：胡凱富

Text: MA Jin-wu

Translator: HU Kai-fu

此文試圖針對(duì)自然與文化的高價(jià)值景觀進(jìn)行偏向于地理手段的分析。文章先列舉古代世界的六大文明發(fā)祥地，然后聚焦在中國的風(fēng)景名勝。文章通過不同需求尋找景觀價(jià)值的恰當(dāng)表達(dá)方式與方法，分析具有代表性景觀價(jià)值的不同分類。不同景觀之間的地理關(guān)聯(lián)強(qiáng)調(diào)了其地理空間上的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解，特別是對(duì)近現(xiàn)代景觀尤為如此。景觀保護(hù)亦先需要對(duì)嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)激因素進(jìn)行分析，如人口、工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、人類消費(fèi)需求等。因此景觀保護(hù)政策亦應(yīng)依據(jù)這些應(yīng)激因素而進(jìn)行有的放矢的調(diào)控。

文化景觀；景觀價(jià)值；景觀保護(hù)；地理文脈；地理信息系統(tǒng)

1　序言

整個(gè)世界在地理位置方面的聯(lián)系正日益緊密。然而在古代，世界各國之間的文明似乎沒有什么聯(lián)系。六大古文明便是這樣的例子，它們?cè)谑澜绨鎴D上都是分散的點(diǎn)。然后，在2 000多年前出現(xiàn)了不同地區(qū)間的交互，使得它們發(fā)生了變化。盡管它們的地域界限不是很明確，但人們至少知道它們的大概位置。

雖然名勝景觀的空間維度極小，但已有數(shù)百年發(fā)展的風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)卻有著相似的意義?？傊?，在文獻(xiàn)中名勝景觀通常以類似于古代文明的方式被描繪，有時(shí)甚至更糟的僅使用一個(gè)名稱和照片。在后一種情況下，人們對(duì)于此類場(chǎng)地通常僅在內(nèi)心存有一種圖像，但對(duì)于它的準(zhǔn)確位置一概不知。對(duì)于游客而言，不了解場(chǎng)地的位置是正常的，但對(duì)于專注于景觀保護(hù)的專業(yè)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師而言，這絕對(duì)是一個(gè)缺陷，因?yàn)閷?duì)地理的不敏感可能會(huì)無法成功保護(hù)這些名勝景觀。對(duì)于中國來說，由于其擁有大面積的國土以及多元的文化，因此對(duì)于景觀的保護(hù)而言，采用地緣敏感的方法是勢(shì)在必行的。

Translator:

HU Kai-fu, who was born in 1992 in Inner Mongolia, is a postgraduate student in Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. His research focuses on Landscape Planning and Theories(Beijing 100083)

2　當(dāng)前以地緣為導(dǎo)向的歸檔和表達(dá)方式

1 世界遺產(chǎn)名錄中中國的50個(gè)文化景觀地點(diǎn)China's 50 Cultural Landscape Sites Made into World Heritage List

2004年，總部位于美國的全球遺產(chǎn)基金，明確地標(biāo)出8個(gè)具有重要文化價(jià)值的中國文化遺產(chǎn)地區(qū)，并把它們展示在單色中國地圖上。聯(lián)合國教科文組織還對(duì)中國做了一個(gè)文化遺產(chǎn)的交互式地圖，并展示了50個(gè)具有重大文化意義的遺址地點(diǎn)（圖1）（世界遺產(chǎn)名錄，日期不詳）。

同樣，如瑞典等其他一些西方國家，也在大量地使用地圖來標(biāo)記他們國家的文化景觀遺產(chǎn)所在的位置（文化遺產(chǎn)與保護(hù)，1994年）。除了其文化意義，這些景觀也具有天然的美感。一個(gè)典型的例子是中國五大名山，黃山在地理位置上位于中心。即使有些景觀文化遺產(chǎn)的場(chǎng)地被摧毀，但它的精神美感依然延續(xù)，就像北京的圓明園。但是，一個(gè)理想的景觀名勝應(yīng)該兼具以上兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)，杭州西湖便是很好的例子，它在1 000多年前就已經(jīng)被視為珍寶。所有這些名勝景觀，無論是具有文化意義還是現(xiàn)實(shí)意義或者兩者兼具，都應(yīng)該在地理上具有可識(shí)別的空間位置，因?yàn)樗羞@些都存在著豐富的文化和自然方面的聯(lián)系，使其處于相應(yīng)的地理環(huán)境背景下才能更有效的維護(hù)它們。

3　地理信息系統(tǒng)在景觀保護(hù)中的作用

2 春秋時(shí)期的中國的平原（公元前5世紀(jì)）Chinese Plain in the Late Spring and Autumn Period (5th Century BC)

諾爾斯在她的著述“過去的時(shí)代，過去的地方—GIS對(duì)于歷史的意義”中認(rèn)為歷史和地理是融為一體的。她認(rèn)為地理是對(duì)于空間劃分的研究，而歷史是對(duì)于時(shí)間劃分的研究，因此，空間現(xiàn)象與其時(shí)間因素是密不可分的（諾爾斯，2002）。地理信息系統(tǒng)的強(qiáng)大之處在于，它可以立即提供關(guān)于當(dāng)前風(fēng)景名勝景點(diǎn)的重要信息。該信息包括地理信息，如位置、海拔等或者是其屬性信息，如歷史信息。在實(shí)際使用中，人們往往沒有明確區(qū)分這些信息，而是一起使用這些信息。將GIS應(yīng)用于景觀的價(jià)值評(píng)估和保護(hù)是一種很有效的方式，諾爾斯的許多案例都證明了這一觀點(diǎn)。有一個(gè)GIS的簡單實(shí)例是通過GIS以動(dòng)畫的形式展示在中國豐富歷史長河中的不同邊界。但如果僅采用口頭表述與靜態(tài)地圖的話，以上變化是很難被展現(xiàn)出來的（圖2）。

4　不同級(jí)別的信息處理

人們普遍認(rèn)為，數(shù)據(jù)→信息→知識(shí)→智慧的連續(xù)呈現(xiàn)是一種有效的方式，以理解人類思想是如何采用數(shù)字化的方式運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。因?yàn)椴煌A段所采用的適當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)/呈現(xiàn)的方式不同，并且后者所處的階段正是前者的一個(gè)進(jìn)步。

數(shù)據(jù)到智慧的連續(xù)過程也有不同的間隔。起初我們善于采用描述個(gè)體特征的純文本。然后便是擅長描述多個(gè)條目的屬性信息的表格和模型。圖像以一種直觀的方式給予人們圖像信息，特別是外在表現(xiàn)方面。區(qū)位標(biāo)簽?zāi)軌蛘故救藗兊墓δ芏ㄎ缓兔?。然而，最終的信息將通過地圖和地理敏感信息圖表來展示。這就是典型的GIS演示。它的數(shù)據(jù)是及其豐富的，并在地理環(huán)境中準(zhǔn)確地構(gòu)建一種特定功能。通過這種展示方式，用圖形化來解釋一切。

5　地理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的概念

把所用事物都融入到地理文脈中是一種地理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的概念，特別是針對(duì)具有文化和自然價(jià)值的風(fēng)景名勝。把特點(diǎn)標(biāo)記在地圖上，不僅是為了識(shí)別其地理特征，例如地名，更重要的是識(shí)別空間關(guān)系，伴隨著大量的地理感知的屬性信息，地理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施就是把特點(diǎn)標(biāo)記在地圖上。我們需要展示這些點(diǎn)，以及點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系。偉大的六大古文明，雖然通過3D展示是一種更好的方式，但也可以通過（圖3）這樣簡單的方式表達(dá)在世界地圖上。

3 六大古代世界文明Six Ancient World Civilizations

6　案例

一位不知名的作者開發(fā)了一款很好的手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序，它展示了中國48個(gè)具有價(jià)值的風(fēng)景名勝，并將其分為8大類。這是頁面的屏幕截圖（圖4）。

盡管該項(xiàng)目做得很好，但也存在一些問題。它有什么問題呢？除了名稱和圖片，人們并不知道它們?cè)谀睦?，它們之間有何聯(lián)系，甚至不了解相關(guān)地方的詳細(xì)信息。

如果想讓該項(xiàng)目得到提升，作者提出了被稱之為中國風(fēng)景名勝展示項(xiàng)目的方案（圖5）（CTLAD）。

中國的風(fēng)景名勝一覽無余，其所解決的幾個(gè)問題如下：

它們?cè)谀睦?？人們認(rèn)為/猜測(cè)它們?cè)谀睦铮?/p>

每個(gè)類型在空間上是如何分布的？它們是緊緊地靠在一起還是分散的？

為什么它們?cè)谶@里？

它們是自然美景還是文化瑰寶，或者兩者兼具？

可能受到什么人類影響？

我們?nèi)绾胃玫墓芾?保護(hù)它們？

用戶有兩種查詢功能：選擇表中一個(gè)單元或地圖中的一個(gè)點(diǎn)。無論哪種方式，都有對(duì)應(yīng)的信息、圖像和文本出現(xiàn)在右側(cè)。更為重要的是，在用戶查詢?cè)擃悇e（一列）或此類中對(duì)應(yīng)的獨(dú)特景觀（在列的單元格）時(shí)，地圖上的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)都會(huì)變亮（圖6）。

4 最美中國的手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序China the Beautiful Cell Phone App

5 中國風(fēng)景名勝展示項(xiàng)目China Treasured Landscape Attractions Dashboard

6 中國風(fēng)景名勝展示項(xiàng)目中個(gè)人查詢功能的兩種方式CTLAD Individual Feature Query in Two Ways

每個(gè)功能的表述都是中英雙語。中國風(fēng)景名勝展示項(xiàng)目依然能夠擴(kuò)展更多的內(nèi)容和功能，如連接到動(dòng)靜態(tài)的視頻和顯示實(shí)時(shí)氣候和文化信息等。當(dāng)然，由于這僅僅是一個(gè)原型，所以更多的擴(kuò)展選項(xiàng)還可以加入。該項(xiàng)目的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于，用戶可以使用最小的屏幕面積獲得最大的信息量，這些信息對(duì)為景觀保護(hù)而作出合理的決定是非常有效的。

7　三個(gè)標(biāo)志性的文化景區(qū)

中國南方三大名樓分別是黃鶴樓、岳陽樓和滕王閣。由于它們都是木結(jié)構(gòu)，并極易發(fā)生火災(zāi)，所以它們?cè)淮輾Р⑿迯?fù)和重建過多次。因此，我們迫切需要使其處于良好的狀態(tài)以避免它們?cè)谖磥碓俅卧獾酱輾Ш推茐摹?/p>

他們不僅有美麗的外觀，而且還擁有豐富的文化背景。一些著名的詩人曾經(jīng)這樣贊美他們：

故人西辭黃鶴樓，煙花三月下?lián)P州——黃鶴樓, 位于武漢市。

先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂——岳陽樓,位于岳陽市。

落霞與孤鶩齊飛，秋水共長天一色——滕王閣,位于南昌市 。

它們的共同的特征就是主體建筑依水而建。然而，通過GIS能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)近期水位的降低竟然超過了20% (Wikipedia)，這使得它們完美視覺效果在感官和人們的頭腦中大大降低。全球變暖是視覺價(jià)值降低的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?，并且像中國風(fēng)景名勝展示這樣的項(xiàng)目，如果水位下降的問題不能得到緩解，至少要把風(fēng)景保護(hù)專家及時(shí)的反饋意見運(yùn)用到對(duì)于這個(gè)問題的評(píng)估中，才能使得解決方案相應(yīng)地開展。

8　其他應(yīng)激因素的思考

還有一些應(yīng)激因素可以影響到對(duì)于風(fēng)景位置價(jià)值的評(píng)估。其中人口的壓力將會(huì)導(dǎo)致的過度消費(fèi)和更多的工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)?？刹僮餍砸彩且环N影響，并且一些人類的控制，可能也是阻止景觀退化的一種措施。

生態(tài)不僅是大多數(shù)風(fēng)景吸引人的基礎(chǔ)，而且也是其健康狀態(tài)與否的敏感性檢測(cè)儀。有效的生態(tài)規(guī)劃是景觀保存價(jià)值的可靠方法。

這里舉一個(gè)例子，三峽大壩的建設(shè)被認(rèn)為是直接導(dǎo)致鄱陽湖水位下降的原因 (Zhang Q, 2014)。間接原因是全球氣候變暖，這也是由于人類在全球范圍內(nèi)的破壞行為而引起的。隨著鄱陽湖水位的降低，一個(gè)更具威脅的因素就是我們?cè)撊绾文鼙Ｗo(hù) “落霞與孤鶩齊飛，秋水共長天一色”這種能夠識(shí)別該場(chǎng)景的珍貴景觀價(jià)值？我們需要客觀地對(duì)待地理信息系統(tǒng)對(duì)于影響評(píng)估的分析和類似于中國風(fēng)景名勝展示這類的項(xiàng)目，這或許是一個(gè)良好的開端。此外，隨著 ArcGIS Online 已被應(yīng)用于實(shí)時(shí)地圖，評(píng)估過程中更多的因素將會(huì)受到重視，正如實(shí)時(shí)地圖這個(gè)名字所表達(dá)的含義一樣，它的數(shù)據(jù)是不斷更新和升級(jí)的。

9　重新思考風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師的角色

我們以身為一名風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師而感到自豪。然而，我們是生活在一個(gè)象牙塔里嗎？我們是在做錦上添花的工作嗎？筆者認(rèn)為我們最好不要，因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谶@里不僅僅是為了讓我們的環(huán)境變得更美好，更多的是為了拯救地球。為此，生態(tài)規(guī)劃就是我們要走的路。聽起來是不是很熟悉？是的，我們需要重新審視伊恩·麥克哈格的貢獻(xiàn)，因?yàn)樗诖蠖鄶?shù)人們沒有意識(shí)到環(huán)境問題之前，就預(yù)測(cè)到了環(huán)境問題的嚴(yán)重性。他提倡我們要擁有創(chuàng)新思維并擴(kuò)展我們的“專業(yè)”，原因便是我們的工作不僅僅是為了改善環(huán)境，而且更多的是為了人類的生存。

10　結(jié)論

重視/保護(hù)景觀就是重視/保護(hù)我們的生命！對(duì)于我們的景觀價(jià)值評(píng)估和保護(hù)工作框架而言，地理應(yīng)是一種基礎(chǔ)條件。景觀保護(hù)需要明智和聰明的措施。我們需要在自我需要和大自然的需求之間取得平衡，并利用數(shù)字技術(shù)，特別是地理信息系統(tǒng)。這最終將會(huì)使我們的景觀保護(hù)工作更加高效。

1　Introduction

The world is increasingly inter-connected geographically. In ancient times, world civilizations seemed to have originated independently without much inter-connections among them.The great six ancient civilizations are such examples and they can be represented by scattered dots on a world map.Then about two thousand years ago came the interactions among different regions. Although their geographical boundaries are not clearly defined, people at least know where they are approximately centered.

Sites of great landscape values developed over hundreds or even thousands of years are of similar significance, although at a much smaller dimension in their spatial extents.However, the references of valuable landscape sites are still usually portrayed in the similar manner like those of ancient world civilizations, sometimes even worse, when only a name and pictures are used.In this latter case, people would typically have only a mental image about a scene, but would have no idea on where exactly it’s located. It is fine for regular tourists not knowing such a site’s geographical location, but for professional landscape architects who specialize in landscape preservations this is definitely a deficiency, because this geographical insensitivity could compromise efforts to protect these valuable landscape sites. For China, with its large expanse of geographical area and heterogeneous cultures, a geo-sensitive approach on landscape preservation is even more imperative.

2　Current Geo-Oriented Archiving and Presentation Method

In 2004, the US-based Global Heritage Fund identified eight sites in China of great cultural values (Fund, 2004), and showed them on a onecolor China map.UNESCO World Heritage List also maintains an interactive map for China, showing 50 sites of great cultural significance (Figure 1) (World Heritage List).

Similarly, some other western countries, such as Sweden, have also used large amount of geographical maps in mapping their cultural landscape treasures (Cultural Heritage and Preservation, 1994).Besides cultural significance, there may exist physical beauties in each of them. A typical example would be China’s five famous mountains, Mount Huang being the central one geographically. There are also perpetuated“mental beauties” even after a physical site has been destroyed, such as that of the well-known Yuanmingyuan in Beijing.An ideal landscape of values, however, should retain both, and a great example would be the West Lake in Hangzhou, which has been treasured since at least a thousand years ago.All of these highly treasured landscapes, be it cultural or physical or both, should have their spatial setting recognizable in geographical space, since all of them exist in rich cultural and physical inter-connections, and it is more effective to manage them in geographical context.

3　The Role of GIS in Landscape Preservation

In her well-known book “Past Time, Past Place - GIS for History”, Knowles argued that history and geography cannot be separated. Therefore, a spatial phenomenon cannot be separated with its temporal factors, as geography is the study of spatial differentiation, and history the study of temporal differentiation (Knowles, 2002).The power of GIS is that it can provide vital information about a feature, i.e. a valued landscape attractions, instantly. The information can be geographical, such as location, elevation etc. or attributes, such as historical information. When in real use, people often do not distinguish them clearly and use them together. Using a GIS for landscape value assessment and preservation proves to be an effective way, as were shown with various examples in the work of Knowles.A simple GIS use example for China is one that shows various boundaries throughout Chinese’s rich history in animation forms.It’d be quite difficult if only verbal and static mapping approach is employed (Figure 2).

4　Different Levels of Information Processing

It is widely recognized that Data→Information→Knowledge→Wisdom continuum presents an effective way to understand how human thoughts are processed by way of digital means.With each different stage comes with its most appropriate ways of expression/presentation, and each subsequent stage is an advancement of the previous one.

There are also different granularities in this data-wisdom continuum.We start with pure texts, which is good at describing individual feature verbally. Then comes tables or matrix, and they are good at enumerating multiple entries with more attribute information. Images are great in giving people graphical information in an intuitive way about an especially physical appearance.Locational labels can show people where a feature is locatedand what it is named. However, the ultimate information presentation is through maps or geo-sensitive infographics. This is a typical GIS presentation. It is data rich, and it frames a specific feature in an accurate geographical setting precisely. With this presentation method, what, how, why can all be graphically explained by showing where.

5　Concept of Geographical Infrastructure

Placing everything, especially landscapes of great cultural and physical values, into geographical context, is the idea of geographical infrastructure. Placing features on a map not only for its locational identification, such as place names, but also spatial relationship, along with a plethora of rich geographical-sensitive attribute information is what a geo-infrastructure is about. We need to show their dots, as well as connections among the dots. The great six ancient world civilizations can in this way be presented in a simple world map (Figure 3), although a better approach would be using a 3D globe.

6　An Example

An unnamed author created a nice cell phone app showing 48 Chinese landscape treasures in eight categories.Here is a screen shot showing a page (Figure 4).

The project is well-done but there are some issues.What problem does it have?Besides a name and a picture, people don’t know where they are and how they are related, not to mention further information about a place.

As an enhancement, the author proposed the following project, which is named as China Treasured Landscape Attractions Dashboard (Figure 5) (CTLAD).

This is China treasured landscapes at a glance, in which the following problems are addressed:

1. Where they are?Are they where I think/ guess they are?

2. How each category is distributed spatially?Are they close by or scattered around?

3. Why they’re located where they are?

4. Are they natural beauties, cultural treasures, or mixed?

5. What is possible human impact?

6. How can we better manage/protect them?

Users can query the features in two ways: select a cell in the table or select a dot on the map. Either way a corresponding information sheet, with a picture and texts, is updated on the right.What’s more, a user can query a category (a column), and a particular attractions in that category (a cell in the column) and the corresponding dot is highlighted in the map (Figure 6).

The description for each feature is bi-lingual in both English and Chinese.The CTLADP can still be extended to add more features and contents, such as linking to static or dynamic videos, showing live climate data and more cultural information etc. Since this is only a prototype, more enhancement options can be added, of course.The advantage of this dashboard project is to let users use a minimum screen real estate to obtain maximum information, on which to make sound decisions for landscape preservation effectively.

7　Three Iconic Cultural and Scenic Attractions

The three south-China famed ancient structures are well-known in China.They are Huanghe Lou, Yueyang Lou, and Tengwang Ge. Due to the fact that they were constructed in wood and prone to fire, they were destroyed many times and reconstructed many times as well. It is imperative to avoid any future destructions and preserve them in great conditions.

They are not only aesthetically pleasing in their physical appearance, but also boast rich cultural context.Some well-known poems about each of them are (without English translation):

故人西辭黃鶴樓，煙花三月下?lián)P州。-- 黃鶴樓, Wuhan

先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂。--岳陽樓, Yueyang

落霞與孤鶩齊飛，秋水共長天一色。--滕王閣, Nanchang

One common feature for each of them is that they are all built by a water body, either a river or a lake.However, due to recent lowering of water levels, some suffering a drop of more than 20% by GIS analysis (Wikipedia), their actual visual quality dropped precipitously from their perceived, perfect images.Global warming proved to be the main culprit for their visual value degradation, and project like CTLAD can be used, if not alleviate the problem, at least send preservation experts quick feedback to assess the issue, so that possible resolutions can be planned accordingly.

8　Other Stress Factors Consideration

There could be several stress factors that can impact a valued landscape site.Among them are pressures from population that leads to more consumption and more industry and agricultureactivities.Accessibility also can be an impact and some control of human access may be a measure to prevent landscape degradation.

Ecology is not only a foundation for lots of landscape attractions but also a sensitive indicator of an attraction’s healthiness.Sound ecological planning is thus a sure way for landscape value preservation.

Take Poyang Lake water level drop, for example, the direct cause is believed to be the construction of Three Gorges Dam (Zhang Q, 2014).The indirect cause is global warming, which is also due to human interferences at a global scale. With the decreasing water level of Poyang Lake, a more threatening factor, how can we preserve “落霞與孤鶩齊飛，秋水共長天一色”, a treasured landscape value that identifies with the scene?We need objective GIS analysis for impact assessment, and project like CTLADP could be a good start. Moreover, with ArcGIS Online that tabs into the Living Atlas, more factors can be weighed in for assessment purposes, and the Living Atlas, as its name suggests, is live in that the data are constantly added and updated.

9　Rethink Landscape Architects’ Roles

We are proud to be landscape architects. However, do we live in an Ivory tower?Are we the icing on the cake?I think we’d better not, as we’re here to rescue the earth, not just make it better. To heal the earth, ecological planning is the way to go. Sounds familiar?Yes, we need to re-examine Ian McHarg’s contributions, as he predicted our environmental issues years before most of us realizing it.He advocated us to think out-of-thebox, and our “profession”, because it’s not only about improvements, but more about survival.

10　Conclusion

To value/preserve a landscape is to value/ preserve our life!Geography ought to be the infrastructure for our landscape value assessment and preservation efforts’ framework. Preservation requires wise and smart conservation. We need to balance between our own needs and nature’s needs, and leveraging digital technology, especially GIS. This will eventually make our landscape preservation work more efficient.

致謝：

感謝esri的張金南的技術(shù)支持和對(duì)中國風(fēng)景名勝展示項(xiàng)目的幫助。

Acknowledgment:

The author thanks for the technical help of esri’sJinnan Zhang with his assistance for CTLADP.

（References）：

[1]L. W. et al. (1994). Cultural Heritage and Preservation. Stockholm, Sweden: SNA Publishing.

[2]Center, U. W. (n.d.). World Heritage List. Retrieved from UNESCO World Heritage Center: http://whc.unesco.org/en/ list/

[3]Fund, G. H. (2004). Saving Our Global Heritage. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Global Heritage Fund.

[4]Knowles, A. K. (2002). Past Time, Past Place. Redlands, USA: esri Press.

[5]Wikipedia. Poyang Lake.Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Poyang_Lake

[6]Zhang QX, Werner A, Li Y, Yao J, Li X, Xu C.Ye. (2014,May). Science Direct.Journal of Hydrology: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0022169414004156

Landscape Values and Preservation in Geographical Context

This paper attempts to present valued landscapes, both natural and cultural, on geographical backdrops starting with the six ancient civilizations and moving onto landscapes of great values in China.It analyzes different levels of representing valued landscapes, with a presentation on how to appropriately showcase any landscape of value based on various needs.Spatial recognition and perception are stressed in relating them geographically, especially with contemporary landscapes.Landscape preservation needs are analyzed with consideration of several stress factors such as population, industrial and agricultural activities, and human consumption needs. Landscape preservation policies should then be assessed based on these stress factors.

Cultural Landscape; Landscape Value; Landscape Preservation; Geographical Context; GIS

TU986

A

1673-1530（2016）08-0091-07

10.14085/j.fjyl.2016.08.0091.07

2016-04-26

2016-07-23

馬勁武/清華大學(xué)建筑系學(xué)學(xué)士/北京林業(yè)大學(xué)風(fēng)景園林學(xué)碩士/美國堪薩斯大學(xué)地理學(xué)碩士/現(xiàn)為美國環(huán)境系統(tǒng)研究院地理信息系統(tǒng)高級(jí)工程師/專長地理設(shè)計(jì)

Author:

MA Jin-wu, bachelor in architecture from Tsinghua University, master in landscape architecture from Beijing Forestry University, master in geography from University of Kansas, USA.Now he serves as a senior GIS product engineer at esri, USA, with expertise in geodesign.

胡凱富/1992年生/男/內(nèi)蒙古人/北京林業(yè)大學(xué)風(fēng)景園林學(xué)碩士研究生/研究方向：風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)與理論（北京 100083）