讀后續(xù)寫與寫作概要題型解讀與技巧點撥

郭玉章

一、考綱解讀

《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明（高考綜合改革試驗省份試用）（第一版）》（以下簡稱《考試說明》）中明確提出，考試招生制度改革將在內(nèi)容和形式上進一步進行深化推進。作為高考綜合改革試點省市，浙江和上海將啟動外語科目一年兩次考試，讀后續(xù)寫或概要寫作將于2016年10月首次用于高考試卷之中，之后將隨著高考綜合改革試點的推廣在全國范圍內(nèi)使用。

根據(jù)《考試說明》，今年10月份的高考英語學(xué)科試卷知識應(yīng)用部分將取消短文改錯試題，增加讀后續(xù)寫或概要寫作，“兩種形式在不同考次不定期交替使用”，分值25分，占試卷總分的六分之一，對英語成績的提高具有決定作用。

高考的任何變革都將極其深刻地影響甚至改變?nèi)f千學(xué)子的命運，但是作為第一次被使用于高考的新題型——讀后續(xù)寫或概要寫作，對于廣大學(xué)生乃至教師，卻披著神秘的面紗，猶如微笑著的蒙娜麗莎，神秘而充滿誘惑。

今天，就讓我們條分縷析，揭開讀后續(xù)寫和概要寫作的神秘面紗。

二、題型解讀

讀后續(xù)寫或概要寫作究竟是什么樣子呢？讓我們首先看看《考試說明》的樣題，根據(jù)樣題示例，尋找試題真容，發(fā)現(xiàn)試題規(guī)律，總結(jié)應(yīng)對策略，快速、高效地提高自己的英語綜合能力，決勝于高考戰(zhàn)場。

（一）讀后續(xù)寫樣例及規(guī)律總結(jié)

第二節(jié)：讀后續(xù)寫（滿分25分）

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)所給情節(jié)進行續(xù)寫，使之構(gòu)成一個完整的故事。

A funny thing happened to Arthur when he was on the way to work one day. As he walked along Park Avenue near the First National Bank， he heard the sound of someone trying to start a car. He tried again and again but couldnt get the car moving. Arthur turned and looked inside at the face of a young man who looked worried. Arthur stopped and asked，“It looks like youve got a problem，” Arthur said.

“Im afraid so. Im in a big hurry and I cant start my car.”

“Is there something I can do to help？” Arthur asked. The young man looked at the two suitcases in the back seat and then said， “Thanks. If youre sure it wouldnt be too much trouble， you could help me get these suitcases into a taxi.”

“No trouble at all. Id be glad to help.”

The young man got out and took one of the suitcases from the back seat. After placing it on the ground， he turned to get the other one. Just as Arthur picked up the first suitcase and started walking， he heard the long loud noise of an alarm.

It was from the bank. There had been a robbery （搶劫）！

Park Avenue had been quiet a moment before. Now the air was filled with the sound of the alarm and the shouts of people running from all directions. Cars stopped and the passengers joined the crowd in front of the bank. People asked each other， “What happened？” But everyone had a different answer.

Arthur， still carrying the suitcase， turned to look at the bank and walked right into the young woman in front of him.

She looked at the suitcase and then at him. Arthur was surprised. “Why is she looking at me like that？” He thought. “The suitcase！ She thinks Im the bank thief！”

Arthur looked around at the crowd of people. He became frightened， and without another thought， he started to run.

注意：

1. 所續(xù)寫短文的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；

2. 應(yīng)使用5個以上短文中標有下畫線的關(guān)鍵詞語；

3. 續(xù)寫部分分為兩段，每段的開頭語已為你寫好；

4. 續(xù)寫完成后，請用下畫線標出你所使用的關(guān)鍵詞語。

Paragraph 1：

As he was running， Arthur heard the young man shouting behind， “Stop， stop！”

________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2：

The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station and Arthur...

________________________________________________________________________

由以上樣題可以看出，讀后續(xù)寫試題將閱讀與寫作緊密結(jié)合，通過閱讀一篇字數(shù)約350詞的沒有結(jié)尾的文章，根據(jù)讀后的理解，為文章續(xù)寫一個合理的結(jié)尾。試題以考查學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力和想象能力為目的，主要特點如下：

1. 讀后續(xù)寫所選文章的文體與特點。讀后續(xù)寫屬于寫作部分的第二節(jié)部分，是有提示的寫作試題類型。根據(jù)王初明教授在《讀后續(xù)寫題型研究》中的結(jié)論，讀后續(xù)寫一般選用字數(shù)約為350詞的記敘文，故事無結(jié)尾，要求考生讀后補全故事，續(xù)寫長度為150詞左右。

2.讀后續(xù)寫屬于半限定的寫作試題。讀后續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容沒有確切的限制，考生可以根據(jù)自己對文章的理解，對故事的發(fā)展寫出合理的續(xù)寫，只要內(nèi)容和情節(jié)合乎情理和邏輯，就是有效續(xù)寫，具有自由想象的空間，有利于充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的寫作能力；但在形式上，試題設(shè)置了兩個方面的限制：一是詞語方面，短文中標有下畫線的關(guān)鍵詞語有10個，要求續(xù)寫部分中至少使用5個以上的關(guān)鍵詞語。這就從詞匯上對內(nèi)容和形式作了一定的限制；另一方面，續(xù)寫部分分為兩段，每段的開頭語已經(jīng)寫好，這也在語句上對內(nèi)容和形式進行了一定的限制。

根據(jù)王初明教授在《讀后續(xù)寫題型研究》中的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，讀后續(xù)寫可以提供段首語，也可以不提供段首語。但在《考試說明》的樣題示例中，從段落數(shù)量到段首語都給出了限定，這就使得文章的續(xù)寫內(nèi)容相對更加確切，試題的評分更加客觀準確。

3.讀后續(xù)寫考查學(xué)生的英語綜合語言應(yīng)用能力和思維能力。具體而言，讀后續(xù)寫要求考生在給定時間內(nèi)讀懂文章，并能把握文章的關(guān)鍵信息和語言特點。在續(xù)寫部分做到想象合理，上下銜接，內(nèi)容通順，邏輯合理。其次，讀后續(xù)寫考查考生語言應(yīng)用的豐富性和準確性，這就要求考生在讀懂前文的基礎(chǔ)上，在續(xù)寫部分不僅僅能做到語句通順，內(nèi)容準確恰當，而且要能根據(jù)內(nèi)容使用較多的高級詞匯和復(fù)雜句式。最后，讀后續(xù)寫考查考生的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)把控能力，考生所寫的續(xù)寫部分要和前文邏輯一致，上下連貫，語言通順，結(jié)構(gòu)完整，這就要求考生要有比較好的想象能力和篇章把控能力。整體而言，考生要想在有限的考試時間內(nèi)寫出一篇比較好的讀后續(xù)寫，除了要有較高的英語語言綜合能力，還要有良好的創(chuàng)造性想象思維能力。

（二）概要寫作樣例及規(guī)律總結(jié)

第二節(jié)：概要寫作（滿分25分）

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。

Getting rid of dirt， in the opinion of most people， is a good thing. However， there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century， people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease， as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538， the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV， King of France， was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath， the king ordered that， to avoid the attack of disease， the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the merit （好處） of dirt was long-lived， dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking， cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet， it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea： clothes need to be whiter than white， cloths ever softer， surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt， however， gone too far？

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt， which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary， Mary Ruebush， an American immunologist （免疫學(xué)家）， encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter （后者） position is gaining some ground.

由以上樣題可以看出，概要寫作試題也是將閱讀與寫作緊密結(jié)合，考查學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力和概括歸納能力，主要特點如下：

1.概要寫作試題的文體和特點。概要寫作試題和讀后續(xù)寫同屬于書面表達的第二節(jié)，屬于有提示的寫作試題類型。試題一般選用一篇350詞左右的文章，由考生對其內(nèi)容進行概括歸納之后，將之縮寫成一篇60詞左右的短文。概要寫作試題的文章選材沒有文體限制，但從試題的設(shè)題角度考慮，會優(yōu)先選擇結(jié)構(gòu)完整、脈絡(luò)清晰的文章?；诖丝紤]，概要寫作試題的文章選材會優(yōu)先選擇說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文。

2.概要寫作試題屬于完全限制的寫作試題。概要寫作的文章內(nèi)容完整、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，不存在自由想象空間，考生必須按照所給文章的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)進行概括歸納，自己添加或者人為舍棄要點都屬于跑題或者概括不全，直接影響到試題得分。

3.概要寫作試題主要考查考生的綜合語言應(yīng)用能力和概括歸納能力。概要寫作試題的給定文章內(nèi)容完整，只考查考生的綜合概括能力。一方面考生在讀懂原文的基礎(chǔ)上，需要應(yīng)用概括歸納能力將文章縮寫成60詞的概要文章；其次，在概要寫作中，考生不得抄襲原文原句。因此，考生一方面需要有很好的概括歸納能力，能用簡練的語言將原文中復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容準確表達出來；另一方面，考生還需要具有很好的語言轉(zhuǎn)換能力，將原文中的主旨大意用異于原文的語言表達出來，這就要求考生掌握豐富的語言知識和句式結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠做到一句多譯。

4.讀后續(xù)寫和概要寫作試題兩相比較，兩者都要求考生在閱讀理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上進行寫作，這就要求考生對原文不但在內(nèi)容上有充分的理解，還要對文體和寫作特色有很好的把握，寫作建立在閱讀的基礎(chǔ)之上，閱讀為寫作提供基礎(chǔ)，該型試題真正體現(xiàn)了學(xué)以致用，必將有力促進學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)水平和方法的提高，也能有效提高考生的創(chuàng)新想象能力或者概括歸納能力，有效改變當前英語的教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀。

從試題考查能力的角度考慮，讀后續(xù)寫試題所給文章內(nèi)容不完整，需要考生續(xù)寫完整結(jié)尾，考查了考生的創(chuàng)新想象能力。但概要寫作試題所給的文章是內(nèi)容完整、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰的文章，考生需要將文章高度概括，總結(jié)出文章主旨大意，并用與原文不一致的表達方式表現(xiàn)出來，這主要考查了考生的概括歸納能力；從語言表達能力的角度對比，讀后續(xù)寫試題要求考生必須使用5個以上的文中畫線詞語，考生可以借鑒前文中的詞匯、短語和句式。而概要寫作試題要求考生在概括原文內(nèi)容后用異于原文的表達形式表現(xiàn)出來，不準抄襲原文句子，試題更側(cè)重考查考生掌握的詞匯和句式的多少與多角度的表達能力。

三、解題思路

（一）讀后續(xù)寫

1. 讀懂前文，把握特色

讀后續(xù)寫試題是續(xù)寫給定文章的結(jié)尾，評分會從以下4個方面進行綜合考量：（1）與所給短文及段落開頭語的銜接程度；（2）內(nèi)容的豐富性和對所標出關(guān)鍵詞語的應(yīng)用情況；（3）應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的豐富性和準確性；（4）上下文的連貫性。在4項評分內(nèi)容中，內(nèi)容和形式（詞語、句式等）的上下連貫銜接占兩項，給定內(nèi)容的使用占一項，語言的綜合能力占一項。因此，讀后續(xù)寫的后文部分與給定前文應(yīng)該是和諧完整、渾然一體的一篇文章，從內(nèi)容到形式要力爭盡可能地保持一致，而且還要使用所給定的畫線詞語，這就要求考生仔細閱讀給定的前文，在充分理解文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，還要認真體會前文的文體、主旨句、詞語和句式特點。只有在充分理解和把握前文的內(nèi)容和特色之后，才能續(xù)寫出和前文高度一致的文章。

在《考試說明》所給的樣題中，給定的文章部分講述了Arthur在幫助一個年輕人時聽到有人搶劫了銀行，于是Arthur懷疑這個年輕人就是搶劫銀行的嫌疑犯。文章第一句話“A funny thing happened to Arthur when he was on the way to work one day.”就是具有主題句性質(zhì)的句子，說明下文所讀到的文章是Arthur在上班路上發(fā)生的一件“有趣的”事。funny一詞奠定了全文的感情基調(diào)，我們后面續(xù)寫的故事結(jié)尾就要圍繞“趣味性”續(xù)寫，從而使文章具有幽默特色。

讀懂了文章的主要內(nèi)容后，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，故事的發(fā)展因年輕人的身份不明而產(chǎn)生兩個不同的續(xù)寫思路：一是這個年輕人就是搶劫銀行的罪犯，Arthur幫助警察抓住了這個壞人；另一個思路是Arthur誤會了這個年輕人，他其實并不是搶劫銀行的罪犯?；谝陨纤悸?，我們可以續(xù)寫兩個不同的結(jié)尾。但是，這兩個結(jié)尾還是存在優(yōu)劣之分的。

讀后續(xù)寫試題最后還有續(xù)寫要求，尤其是續(xù)寫兩段給出了段首指導(dǎo)語，這也是文章續(xù)寫的重要提示，也是考生應(yīng)該仔細閱讀體會的地方。第一段中年輕人呼喊Arthur停下來，第二段中Arthur坐出租車到了警察局，這兩句話基本設(shè)定了故事發(fā)展的主線；文章主題句中的funny也表明了文章的基調(diào)：這個故事是一個幽默故事，如果以這個年輕人是搶劫犯最后被抓續(xù)寫下去，故事的幽默性就遠遜于第二個思路的續(xù)寫了。

至此，我們要續(xù)寫的文章部分從內(nèi)容到文章基調(diào)就已經(jīng)完全確定下來了。

2.挑詞選句，連篇成文

讀后續(xù)寫試題要求續(xù)寫部分使用至少5個所給的畫線詞語，續(xù)寫的段落數(shù)量也設(shè)定為兩段，而且每段的開頭語已經(jīng)寫好，這就要求在確定文章內(nèi)容后，注意選擇不同的句式，按照適當?shù)捻樞颍瑢⒁蟮脑~匯編排入自己的續(xù)寫內(nèi)容中。

所給樣題的文中共選定了以下10個詞或短語：Park Avenue，the young man， suitcases， in the back seat， loud noise of an alarm， robbery， bank， the shouts， people， the bank thief。這10個詞或短語又可以根據(jù)類別劃分為地點（3個）： Park Avenue，in the back seat， bank； 人物（3個）：the young man， people， the bank thief；事物（4個）： suitcases， loud noise of an alarm， robbery， the shouts。

聯(lián)系我們前面想定的思路：Arthur幫助警察抓住了那個年輕人，但發(fā)現(xiàn)他其實不是搶劫銀行的罪犯，是個誤會。續(xù)寫內(nèi)容共分為2個段落，根據(jù)第一段指導(dǎo)語（As he was running， Arthur heard the young man shouting behind， “Stop， stop！”）和第二段指導(dǎo)語（The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station and Arthur... ）我們可以大膽想象出：盡管那個年輕人在身后大喊“停下來！”，但Arthur還是成功地帶著箱子坐上出租車，來到警察局。正當Arthur和警察以為發(fā)現(xiàn)了搶劫銀行案件的線索時，年輕人進來了，證明是個誤會，箱子里裝的不是搶的錢而是那個年輕人的個人物品！在這個內(nèi)容中，我們就可以保證能用到bank， the young man， the bank thief， suitcases， robbery等詞匯。按照段落提示語，我們選用不同句式，將這些詞匯連接成段，就可以組織成下文：

As he was running， Arthur heard the young man shouting behind， “Stop， stop！” Considering the young man might be the bank thief， Arthur didnt stopped， instead， he ran faster and stopped a taxi. Once he got into the taxi， he told the driver the young man shouting behind was the bank thief and asked him to drive to the nearest police station. The driver followed what Arthur said and drove away quickly. （61 words）

The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station and Arthur thanked the driver and directly went in. Just as Arthur was reporting the robbery case of the bank happened on the Park Avenue and describing the young man to the police， he heard a voice outside， “Help！ Help！” To Arthurs surprise， it was the young man. He had followed Arthur in another taxi. It turned out that the young man was not involved in the case and inside the suitcases were just his personal possessions. Arthur felt embarrassed but quite relieved. （85 words）

3.前后呼應(yīng)，注重細節(jié)

讀后續(xù)寫考查考生的寫作和思維能力，試題新穎而且具有較大的難度，但考生如果注意以下技巧，就能在短時間內(nèi)寫出文字通順、上下銜接的好文章。

（1）注意分析文章的主題句

文章的主題句除了會告訴我們下文的主要人物、時間、地點、事由等常規(guī)內(nèi)容外，還能根據(jù)主題句的用詞、句式特點使我們明白文章的感情色彩和行文特點。

比如在《考試說明》中的樣題中，funny一詞就告訴我們：文章是幽默故事，全文感情色彩應(yīng)該是輕松愉悅的，不宜寫成一篇勇斗搶劫犯的好人好事型的文章。

（2）代詞的重要提示作用

在給定兩段的段首提示語中，都使用了一些名詞和代詞，注意這些詞語上下的指代和呼應(yīng)，對于文章上下的和諧一致非常重要。

第二段的首句提示語中直接要求用Arthur開頭續(xù)寫下文，這就嚴格限制了后面句子的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該以Arthur為主語進行寫作。類似地，第一段的首句也是以Arthur為主語的，后面續(xù)寫也應(yīng)以Arthur為主語，使用代詞he就能較好地連接上下文。

（3）使用連接詞和多變句式

續(xù)寫部分要求在給定的內(nèi)容和詞語中間進行寫作，實際是限制了寫作的內(nèi)容，考生要想取得較好的分數(shù)，就必須注意句式和連接詞的使用。如果平時善于積累句式，注重一句話的多種表達形式，在做讀后續(xù)寫題時就能游刃有余，左右逢源。

例如，在表達兩件事幾乎同時發(fā)生的意思時，就可以使用如下表達形式：

①否定副詞連接句式：not...until/ hardly ...when/ scarcely ...when/ no sooner...than；

②名詞短語：the moment/ the instant/ the minute；

③ 連接短語： shortly after/ soon after；

④ 連接詞： on。

又例如，在表達“喜歡玩足球”這個意思的時候，可以使用如下不同的表達形式：

He is fond of playing football.

He is crazy about playing football.

He is mad about playing football.

He is keen on/about football.

He has a passion for football.

He has a great enthusiasm for playing football.

（二）概要寫作

概要寫作不同于讀后續(xù)寫，概要寫作所給的材料是完整的文章，文體也不僅僅限制于記敘文，而可能會是記敘文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文中的任意一種文體。概要寫作重點在于考查考生的概括歸納能力和用最簡潔文字表達的能力。簡言之，概要寫作本質(zhì)上是對一篇給定文章進行結(jié)構(gòu)性要點寫作。所以，按照以下步驟進行寫作就非常必要。

1. 通讀全文，理清結(jié)構(gòu)

概要寫作的第一步就是通讀全文，在把握文章主要意思的基礎(chǔ)上，確定文章的主體結(jié)構(gòu)。閱讀文章時，注意尋找和歸納段落和文章的主題句。英語文章側(cè)重于重要的事情放在最前面，所以，主題段和主題句往往出現(xiàn)在文章和段落的開頭。例如：

Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this， human life on earth will not survive.

在這個段落里，第一句話開門見山，提出本段的主題句。對于本段大意的概要寫作，我們只需要對這個主題句略加改動就可：Environmental problem is becoming increasingly serious nowadays.

主題句有時也會出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或者結(jié)尾部分，有時候還需要我們自己歸納總結(jié)。例如：

Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand， nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So， it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.

在這個段落里，前面列舉了無辜者和罪犯的相反表現(xiàn)，最后得出結(jié)論：以貌取人是愚蠢的。最后一句話是這個段落的主題句，我們進行概要寫作的時候就可以歸納成：Judging by ones appearance usually leads to foolish conclusion。

通讀《考試說明》中的概要寫作樣題，我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章的第一段就是文章的主題段，全文是總分的結(jié)構(gòu)。其后三段的主題句大都出現(xiàn)在段落的開頭。這篇文章的概要就可以大致歸納成：

Getting rid of dirt， in the opinion of most people， is a good thing. However， there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century， people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease. Though the belief in the merit （好處） of dirt was long-lived， dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. （78 words）

2. 提煉要點，刪繁就簡

在歸納出文章主旨大意、整理出由主題句組成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)后，我們還要對要點進一步進行提煉，一方面使要點更具有概況性，能夠涵蓋本段的全部內(nèi)容；另一方面，概要寫作不允許抄襲原文，有必要對原文的主題句進行轉(zhuǎn)換。這就要求我們對找出的主題句再進行提煉，刪除不必要的細節(jié)和冗詞，換成最簡潔的句式。例如：

（1）從句向非謂語的轉(zhuǎn)化

The young man couldnt help crying when he heard the bad news.

轉(zhuǎn)化成：Hearing the bad news， the young man couldnt help crying.

While you are crossing the street，you should be careful.

轉(zhuǎn)化成：While crossing the street，you should be careful.

（2）使用省略句

He wanted to ride his new bicycle on the street very much but his mother didnt allow him to.

The man didnt say a word all day until spoken to.

（3） 使用并列或者比較結(jié)構(gòu)

Tom can swim across the river without sweats， so can Jack.

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

綜上所述，《考試說明》中的概要寫作樣題在歸納出主題結(jié)構(gòu)后，我們可以對語言進一步進行提煉和濃縮：

People hold different attitudes towards dirt. In the past， people， especially in France， thought dirt was a means to block out disease. Later， dirt gradually was considered to be a cause of diseases and people began to hate dirt. Nowadays people come to realize that dirt may help to build up ones immune system. （55 words）

3. 轉(zhuǎn)型換式，統(tǒng)一全文

在提煉了文章的主題句后，前面的概要寫作就會形成一個主題句樣式的篇章，但在詞匯和語句上都還存在不和諧與不一致的地方。 這就要求我們還要進一步對概要進行從形式到內(nèi)容的風(fēng)格統(tǒng)一。在保持風(fēng)格一致的基礎(chǔ)上，添加連接詞將上下文銜接起來，構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一整體。

例如，對第二部分的概要寫作進行語言和文字上的統(tǒng)一：

People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. For long in history， European people， especially French， believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However， after 18th century， People began to think that only by washing dirt off our body could we keep healthy.

But today， people once again realize that dirt may help strengthen our immune system. （59 words）

溫馨提示： 讀后續(xù)寫和概要寫作都是寫作部分的新試題，以考查讀后寫作能力為主，在按照試題規(guī)律寫完文章后，還要進行仔細檢查，文字錯誤和卷面都能在很大程度上影響到試題得分。

四、新題心練

新題型，新規(guī)律，新思路，新辦法。用心體會下列試題，仔細體會試題規(guī)律，相信該項試題會成為你成功道路上的一個得力助手！

（一）讀后續(xù)寫

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)所給情節(jié)進行續(xù)寫，使之構(gòu)成一個完整的故事。

When Luca first heard of the Island of Inventions， he was still very young. But its wonders sounded so incredible that they were forever burned in his memory. From that moment， he never stopped searching for clues which might lead him to the island. He read hundreds of adventure books， histories， volumes of physics and chemistry， even music. Yet no books can tell the exact position as well as the way to the Island of Inventions.

Over time， however， he pieced together his idea of what the Island of Inventions was like. It was a secret place， where all the great wise men of the world would meet to learn and invent together. Access to the island was totally restricted. To join， you had to have created some great invention for humanity. Only then could you receive the special invitation—which came with directions to the island in a letter—the dreamland of all the great inventors in this world， also the recognition of being an great inventor.

So Luca spent his youth studying and inventing. Every new idea he got， he made it into an invention， and if there were something he didnt understand， hed seek others to help him. Soon he met other young inventors and he told them about the Island of Inventions. They too dreamed of one day receiving an invitation letter. So they formed a group and gathered at Lucas house frequently to make inventions.

Year in and year out， they have made a lot of great inventions. Yet they havent received any invitation. Gradually the disappointment of not receiving their invitation made Luca and his friends work harder and co-operate more. They would meet in Lucas house， share their ideas and build new machines. Their inventions became known throughout the world， and improved the lives of millions.

But still， no invitation came.

They didnt lose heart. They continued learning and inventing every day， trying to come up with more and better ideas. Fresh young talent joined their group， as more inventors dreamed of getting to the island.

注意：

1. 所續(xù)寫短文的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；

2. 應(yīng)使用5個以上短文中標有下畫線的關(guān)鍵詞語；

3. 續(xù)寫部分分為兩段，每段的開頭語已為你寫好；

4. 續(xù)寫完成后，請用下畫線標出你所使用的關(guān)鍵詞語。

Paragraph 1：

One day many years later， Luca， already very old， was speaking with a brilliant young man...

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Paragraph 2：

It was only then that Luca realized that his dream had become true in his very own house.

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（二）概要寫作

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。

Many of us are used to hearing stories of people being pickpocketed in busy places. But most of us are aware of the dangers， so we are safe —at least， we think we are.

According to a BBC report， a growing number of thieves are trying to “hack （侵入） our minds weaknesses” to get their hands on our possessions.

“In fact， the key requirement for a successful pickpocket isnt having quick fingers，” said the report. By using psychology， some pickpockets are taking advantage of the loopholes （漏洞） in our brains.

Our lack of ability to multitask is one of the most important loopholes used by pickpockets， the report explains. While this can often be a good trait （特點）， allowing us to focus on the most important details in our surroundings， “a good trickster can use it against you， ” said neuroscientist Auzana Martinez-Conde.

“Its all about directing peoples attention toward something else，” said James Brown， who studies the tricks of pickpocketing. Confidence， the power of suggestion， and certain hand movements such as moving your hands in an arc （弧形） are all said to be things that fool us.

Groups of pickpockets use a common trick designed to create a scene and confuse victims.

The first gang member， a “blocker”， walks in front of the victim and suddenly bumps into them. A second member of the gang then bumps into both of them from behind and stages an argument with the “blocker”. In the confusion， both men steal what they can and pass it to a third thief who quickly runs off with the stolen goods.

But according to Brown， as long as we dont daydream in public， we shouldnt be worried.

“A street thief will avoid like the plague （瘟疫） people who are demonstrating （展現(xiàn)）a very open awareness of their environment，” he said.

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