了解七選五命題特點(diǎn)，基礎(chǔ)差也可得滿分

毛名煜

高考英語閱讀七選五題型在整個(gè)閱讀理解部分分值最高（10分，另外幾篇為6分或8分），也最易丟分，但如果充分了解了該題型的命題特點(diǎn)和一些答題技巧，又最容易得滿分。

一、命題特點(diǎn)

2016年高考英語考試說明規(guī)定對閱讀理解的考查項(xiàng)目為：（1）理解主旨和要義；（2）理解文中具體信息；（3）根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義；（4）做出簡單判斷和推理；（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；（6）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。

自從2012年全國新課標(biāo)卷中出現(xiàn)了七選五這種題型后，以上第（5）點(diǎn)“理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)”就被賦予了新的含義。眾所周知，英語文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章開頭，簡要概括文章的中心思想，主題句可能在一段的開頭，也可能在中間或末尾，作用是交代該段的中心思想，再由全段展開或討論這個(gè)意思。各個(gè)段落通常由某些起連接作用的詞語連接，以使文章行文連貫。如果希望準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握住全篇的文脈，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。而七選五試題正是專門針對文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系進(jìn)行考查的。

二、七選五文章特點(diǎn)與答題要點(diǎn)

1.總分原則

七選五文章多為短小的說明文和議論文，詞數(shù)約200詞左右，其結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，層次分明。文章開篇多為整篇文章的主題段落（總），概括文章的主旨大意，以下則從幾個(gè)小的方面分別說明或闡釋（分）。有時(shí)在正文部分為了更具體地介紹某些方法、觀點(diǎn)時(shí)也會(huì)采取進(jìn)一步的總分法。如2016年全國I卷：

There are three main types of cryptography. 37（E） For example， the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”

38 You might represent each letter with a number， for example. Lets number the letters of the alphabet， in order， from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter， the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5”.

A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book...

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

【解析】第一句提到有三種密碼設(shè)置方法，37空提到了第一種方法，“A code uses symbols to...”這段提到了第三種方法是需要一本密碼書，因此38空應(yīng)該是介紹第一種方法之后的第二種，故38空的答案應(yīng)該選G。

2.問答原則

因?yàn)槠哌x五多為說明文或議論文，必將經(jīng)常對某些問題進(jìn)行設(shè)問，而后進(jìn)行解答。有問就有答，問什么就答什么。根據(jù)這一常識(shí)，做題時(shí)只要研究文章中問題的設(shè)問特點(diǎn)及方式，對其補(bǔ)充一個(gè)相應(yīng)的回答，或者根據(jù)回答的方式賦其一個(gè)合適的問題，選出答案就很簡單了。如2014年全國I卷：

The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

A. Encourage kids to cook with you.

B. And we cant forget science education.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

D. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that dont yet exist？

E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

F. We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

G. Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

【解析】空后的By doing sth 是表示方式的介詞短語，故可知此空應(yīng)該是一個(gè)以how開頭的疑問句，故選D項(xiàng)。

3.起承轉(zhuǎn)合原則

七選五試題主要考查文章的結(jié)構(gòu)及邏輯聯(lián)系，必將用到大量的表示起承轉(zhuǎn)合的銜接詞或過渡結(jié)構(gòu)。認(rèn)真研究這些詞語前后的內(nèi)容，如however， but， instead等后面的信息，though（然而，不過）前面的內(nèi)容，有助于更好地把握文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和大意。如2016年全國III卷：

Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 16 But it seems that many people dont cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year， but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.

A. Do not buy it.

B. The easiest is to steam it.

C. This is how you can do it.

D. It just requires a little knowledge.

E. The fish will go bad within hours.

F. When buying fish， you should first smell it.

G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.

【解析】根據(jù)空格后But后的信息“但似乎很多人不在家里烹飪魚。”和空格前的句意“每個(gè)人都知道魚對健康是有好處的。”可知16空應(yīng)該是表示魚對人們身體有益的方面的信息，選項(xiàng)中唯有G項(xiàng)符合這一含義。

三、七選五滿分攻略

1.依據(jù)主題，排除多余選項(xiàng)

正式答題前先瀏覽整篇文章，掌握文章的大概內(nèi)容，七個(gè)備選項(xiàng)中有的可能會(huì)與文章的主題不相符甚至相互排斥，則可將這些與主題無關(guān)的選項(xiàng)排除，常常可以排除1～2個(gè)，剩下六選五甚至五選五，在下一步選擇時(shí)便會(huì)容易很多。如2014年遼寧卷：

Eyesight plays a very important role in our daily life. Every waking moment， the eyes are working to see the world around us. Over forty percent of Americans worry about losing eyesight， but its easy to include steps into our daily life to ensure healthy eyes. Here are five suggestions for a lifetime of healthy eyesight：

A. Eat your greens.

B. Eye care should begin early in life.

C. They can properly protect your eyes.

D. Stay in good shape by taking more vitamins.

E. Parents usually dont care about their own eyesight.

F. Always follow the doctors advice for appropriate wear.

G. This frequent eye activity increases the risk for eye tiredness.

【解析】通過預(yù)讀可知此文講述了怎樣保護(hù)視力，作者在文中提出了五條建議。根據(jù)這一主題發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)D與主題完全無關(guān)，本文主要介紹的是關(guān)于愛護(hù)視力的建議；選項(xiàng)E與文章主題關(guān)系也不大，也可排除。通過排除這兩個(gè)多余選項(xiàng)，剩下的五個(gè)選項(xiàng)，使得解題容易了很多。

排除與主題無關(guān)的選項(xiàng)后，邊選邊排除，以縮小范圍，剩下的選項(xiàng)碰對的機(jī)會(huì)將會(huì)大大提高。

2.文章結(jié)構(gòu)中的“小秘密”

如果仔細(xì)分析七選五文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多“小秘密”，答題時(shí)利用好這些“小秘密”會(huì)起到事半功倍的效果。

（1）標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)

如果考查段落標(biāo)題，先看看其他標(biāo)題的語言形式。一般情況下同一文章中的幾個(gè)段落小標(biāo)題基本上是同一種結(jié)構(gòu)和語言表達(dá)形式。如果其他標(biāo)題是名詞短語，則所選答案也應(yīng)是名詞短語。如2016年全國II卷：

Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you， where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum（總和） of its parts？ 36 .

● 37

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants， flowers， patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）. 38 . However， there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.

●Recall（回憶）your childhood memories

A. Know why you garden

B. Find a good place for your own garden

C. Its our experience of the garden that matters

D. Its delightful to see so many beautiful flowers

E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants

F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden， too

G. For each of those gardens， writer down the strongest memory you have

【解析】第37題要求選擇小標(biāo)題。觀察下文的小標(biāo)題Recall（回憶）your childhood memories，可知這是一個(gè)祈使句，可判斷本標(biāo)題也應(yīng)用祈使句。七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有A、B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合要求，下文前兩句說做園藝有不同的原因，再根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二句“However， there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.”可知答案選A。

（2）句子結(jié)構(gòu)

如果正確選項(xiàng)只是某個(gè)句子的一個(gè)部分，就要看看空后這個(gè)部分是不是句子，如果是句子，看看是否有連詞，如果沒有連詞，要選的正確選項(xiàng)就應(yīng)是短語或是帶有連詞的從句。如2015年全國II卷：

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady， gradual increases in the length of the runs. 36 ， buy the best-fitting， best-built running shoes you can find.

A. After six days

B. For a good marathon runner

C. Before you begin your training

D. With each day， increase the distance by a half mile

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time

【解析】從句式結(jié)構(gòu)上看，逗號后是祈使句，沒有連詞，正確答案要么是帶有連詞的從句，要么是一個(gè)短語，選項(xiàng)中只有A、 B、 C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合，根據(jù)空前句中的preparation （準(zhǔn)備），和常識(shí)可知是“訓(xùn)練前”，故選C項(xiàng)。

（3）詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)

說話人在談?wù)撃硞€(gè)話題或主題時(shí)，與主題相關(guān)的詞語必定會(huì)以原詞、同義詞或近義詞等形式在上下文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，這種現(xiàn)象叫詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)。同一個(gè)詞的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)叫原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)；以同義詞的形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，叫同義復(fù)現(xiàn)；以近義詞或近義表達(dá)（意思相近，表達(dá)方式不同）的形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，叫近義復(fù)現(xiàn)；以詞義相同而詞性不同的形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，叫同根復(fù)現(xiàn)。另外還有上義詞與下義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)（如：traffic是car， road的上義詞，而car， road則是adult的下義詞）。

詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)是語篇銜接的一個(gè)重要手段，而七選五的特點(diǎn)就是考查文章結(jié)構(gòu)和語篇銜接。因此，利用詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)對解答七選五試題十分管用。在近五年的9套全國新課標(biāo)卷共45道題中有16道題利用這一招可直接選出答案，利用此法可將選項(xiàng)縮小到2個(gè)選項(xiàng)的還有5道，也就是說，平均幾乎有一半的題僅用這一招就可解決。如 2016年全國I卷：

People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags（落后） far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language， some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes， people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

【解析】本小題要求選擇承接句。下文“Code breaking never lags（落后） far behind code making.”中，出現(xiàn)了code breaking，七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中包含有break的有A、D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)“Code breaking never lags（落后） far behind code making.”的句意，可知答案選D。

值得注意的是，并非凡與上句或下句有復(fù)現(xiàn)詞的選項(xiàng)就一定是正確選項(xiàng)，只是正確的可能性更大，在解題過程中需重點(diǎn)考慮或優(yōu)選考慮而已。是否為正確答案，還應(yīng)將含復(fù)現(xiàn)詞的選項(xiàng)代入原文，看該選項(xiàng)與上下文是否真的銜接，只有上下文銜接緊密的選項(xiàng)才是正確的。

（4）詞語同現(xiàn)

所謂詞語同現(xiàn)，就是有相互關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語在上下文中有同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的可能性。如school， teacher， student， headmaster， class， test， fall， pass， maths， learn等這些詞就有可能在同一篇文章中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。如2016年全國III卷：

There are many common methods used to cook fish. 20 First， clean it and season it with your choice of spices（調(diào)料）. Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. （A larger one will take more time.） Then， its ready to serve.

A. Do not buy it.

B. The easiest is to steam it.

C. This is how you can do it.

D. It just requires a little knowledge.

E. The fish will go bad within hours.

F. When buying fish， you should first smell it.

G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.

【解析】空格前后出現(xiàn)了cook，clean，spices（調(diào)料），plate，steam，pot等與廚房烹飪有關(guān)的詞語，只有B項(xiàng)才有與之相對應(yīng)的同現(xiàn)詞匯。

（5）代詞邏輯不可忽視。

七選五試題重在考查上下文之間的銜接，而代詞是語篇銜接的重要手段之一。解題中善于利用代詞有時(shí)也能收到良好效果。如2016年全國卷II卷：

Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you， where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum（總和） of its parts？ 36 . But it doesnt happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.

A. Know why you garden

B. Find a good place for your own garden

C. Its our experience of the garden that matters

D. Its delightful to see so many beautiful flowers

E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants

F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden， too

G. For each of those gardens， write down the strongest memory you have

【解析】空格前提出：你是否參觀過那些讓你感覺非常好的花園？空格后的兩個(gè)句子連續(xù)用到兩個(gè)代詞it，這兩個(gè)it應(yīng)該指代的是怎樣弄一個(gè)這樣好的花園，因此根據(jù)上下文可知空格處應(yīng)該選擇F項(xiàng)，且F項(xiàng)中的“that kind of magical quality in your own garden”也指的是把花園弄好。