定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞，你選擇對(duì)了嗎？

王永輝

定語(yǔ)從句作為高中英語(yǔ)人教版必修一的重要語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，是新進(jìn)高中學(xué)生所要面對(duì)的重要難題之一。尤其是定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的選擇方面，學(xué)生更是錯(cuò)誤百出。本文通過(guò)錯(cuò)題解析的方式分析定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞方面學(xué)生常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。

一、幾組關(guān)系詞的誤用比較

1.that和what

誤 We？蒺ll reach the sales targets in a month what we set at the beginning of the year.

解析 定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞中是沒(méi)有what的，what在名詞性從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可用that或which。比較下面兩個(gè)例子：

①He told me all that he knows.（that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞all）

② He told me what he knows.（what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句）

正 We？蒺ll reach the sales targets in a month（that）we set at the beginning of the year.

2. that和which

①誤 Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position.

解析 當(dāng)先行詞被不定代詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞等修飾且引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

正 Please send us all the information（that）you have about the candidate for the position.

②誤 Care of the soul is a gradual process in that even the small details of life should be considered.

解析 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以看到，a gradual process后為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，當(dāng)先行詞為物時(shí)，此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)詞只能是which。

正 Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.

③誤 China Today attracts a worldwide readership，that shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

解析 逗號(hào)之后的句子是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句且引導(dǎo)詞在該定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)該用which引導(dǎo)。

正 China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

3.that/which和who

誤 Happiness and success often come to those that are good at recognizing their own strengths.

解析 當(dāng)those代指人作先行詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用who。類(lèi)似的詞還有one（s），he，不能用that，更不能用which（指找物）。另外，如果在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，即使代指人時(shí)也不能用that。

正 Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.

4.who和whom

誤 We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of them came up to us，to who we gave some bells and glasses.

解析 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，第二個(gè)逗號(hào)后的部分應(yīng)為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為one of them（人）。當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)，在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞只能選擇whom。

正 We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of them came up to us，to whom we gave some bells and glasses.

5.as和which/that

① 誤 The number of smokers，which is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

解析 as和which均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，位置非常靈活，可位于主句前、主句后，也可位于主句中間。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)位于主句之后。且as意為“正如或正像……”，which無(wú)實(shí)際意義。故根據(jù)本句意及結(jié)構(gòu)，要用as引導(dǎo)中間的定語(yǔ)從句。

正 The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

②誤 He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with.

解析 分析本句句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，如果把該從句當(dāng)作狀語(yǔ)從句（such...that...結(jié)構(gòu)），從句缺少賓語(yǔ)；如果把該從句當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)詞錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)橄刃性~被such修飾時(shí)，要用as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

正 He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with him.

或He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.

二、關(guān)系代詞與人稱代詞的誤用

誤 He wrote many children？蒺s books，nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.

解析 逗號(hào)后無(wú)連詞，如果前后句是并列句應(yīng)該加并列連詞；如果前后句是主從復(fù)合句，根據(jù)句意及結(jié)構(gòu)可判斷應(yīng)該為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞代指children？蒺s books，位于介詞of之后故應(yīng)該用which。

正 He wrote many children？蒺s books，and nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.

或He wrote many children？蒺s books，and nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.

【技巧拓展】 選擇關(guān)系代詞還是人稱代詞，主要看前后句是并列句還是主從復(fù)合句，如果已有并列連詞，填人稱代詞；如果沒(méi)有，則判斷為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)亩ㄕZ(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞。

三、關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的誤用

①誤 Students should involve themselves in community activities which they can gain experience for growth.

解析 定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的判斷不能簡(jiǎn)單只看先行詞類(lèi)型，還要關(guān)注其在定語(yǔ)從句中所做的成分。該句中盡管先行詞為community activities（物），但從定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知，引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故要用where引導(dǎo)該定語(yǔ)從句。

正 Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.

②誤 That evening，when I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.

解析 此句中盡管先行詞為指時(shí)間的“That evening”，但我們不能用when引導(dǎo)后面的定語(yǔ)從句，原因是在這個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中缺的是介詞about的賓語(yǔ)。故應(yīng)該用which引導(dǎo)該非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

正 That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.

【技巧拓展】 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選擇有兩個(gè)原則：一是看先行詞是人還是物；二是看關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在從句中作什么成分。若關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，則選擇關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；若在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，則選擇關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

We？蒺ll remember those days that/which we spent together.（作賓語(yǔ)）

We？蒺ll remember those days when we played by the sea.（作狀語(yǔ)）

四、關(guān)系詞的漏用

誤 The student is standing there is our monitor.

解析 在定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

正 The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.

對(duì)于定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的選擇，大家在正確分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，要從三個(gè)方面考慮：一是正確判定先行詞類(lèi)別。人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因中的哪一種。二是要看關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所做的成分。三是要看定語(yǔ)從句類(lèi)型——限制性定語(yǔ)從句還是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。以上三方面全考慮到，大家才能夠正確選擇定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。

【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】

改錯(cuò)：

1.My mother was so proud of all what I had done that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.

2.I refuse to accept the blame for something which was someone else？蒺s fault.

3.The old temple which roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.

4.The newly built cafe，the walls of it are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，specially after hard work.

5.When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house which I would be staying.

6.We have launched another man-made satellite，that is announced in today？蒺s newspaper.

7.We live in an age that more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

8.Sales director is a position in that communication ability is just as important as sales.

參考答案：

1.what→ that或刪除what 2.which→that 3.which→whose 4.it→which 5.which→where 6.that→which 7.that→when 8.that→which？蕁