項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的影響

解燕平， 何清華

(同濟(jì)大學(xué) 經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院，上海 200092)

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項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的影響

解燕平， 何清華

(同濟(jì)大學(xué) 經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院，上海 200092)

構(gòu)建以項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為為自變量、項(xiàng)目績(jī)效為因變量、團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾為中介變量和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性為調(diào)節(jié)變量的一個(gè)被調(diào)節(jié)的中介模型，探討項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的作用機(jī)理.通過(guò)對(duì)64個(gè)工程項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的316份有效調(diào)查樣本進(jìn)行研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效都具有正向的影響；團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的關(guān)系中發(fā)揮完全中介效應(yīng)；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性調(diào)節(jié)了團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效關(guān)系中的中介作用.

項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理； 服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)； 項(xiàng)目績(jī)效； 團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾； 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性

面對(duì)日益復(fù)雜和充滿(mǎn)不確定性的內(nèi)外部環(huán)境，以團(tuán)隊(duì)的形式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)已成為組織獲取持續(xù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的主要手段.團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作不僅成為制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)和銀行業(yè)等行業(yè)主流的問(wèn)題解決及任務(wù)完成方式，也受到工程建設(shè)行業(yè)的推崇[1].項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理作為工程項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，其能否進(jìn)行有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的產(chǎn)出會(huì)產(chǎn)生重要影響.項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的素質(zhì)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力會(huì)對(duì)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的行為和態(tài)度產(chǎn)生影響，這不僅關(guān)系到個(gè)人績(jī)效工作的改進(jìn)和提高，也會(huì)影響到團(tuán)隊(duì)及項(xiàng)目既定目標(biāo)的達(dá)成.許多建設(shè)工程企業(yè)在招聘項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的過(guò)程中關(guān)注更多的是管理者自身的管理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能而非專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)技能[2].鑒于項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式對(duì)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員行為和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效產(chǎn)出的重要意義，對(duì)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式的研究逐漸獲得了建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目管理領(lǐng)域?qū)W者和實(shí)踐者的關(guān)注.

20世紀(jì)70年代，美國(guó)電話(huà)電報(bào)公司前執(zhí)行官Greenleaf提出的服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)概念，受到了廣泛的關(guān)注[3].服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是指將員工的需求、愿望和利益的滿(mǎn)足置于首位，并以此為手段去領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下屬的一種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式.服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能夠協(xié)調(diào)團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)部員工不同的性格特點(diǎn)，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的心理承諾、認(rèn)知，并在團(tuán)隊(duì)中形成信任、公平的工作氛圍,重視員工個(gè)人發(fā)展及共享決策，最終使團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效得到提升[4].雖然國(guó)內(nèi)外不少學(xué)者對(duì)服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為進(jìn)行了研究，但鮮見(jiàn)有關(guān)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的研究成果.本文針對(duì)工程項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)，引入團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾作為項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效之間的中介變量，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性作為項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為和團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾之間的調(diào)節(jié)變量，以期進(jìn)一步分析項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效之間的邊界條件，探討項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效產(chǎn)生影響的內(nèi)在機(jī)理，既可以豐富相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的理論，又可以為工程項(xiàng)目管理者提供一定的管理決策建議.

1 理論基礎(chǔ)與研究假設(shè)

1.1 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的關(guān)系

服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和其他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式的不同之處在于其關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)由整個(gè)組織的良好運(yùn)行轉(zhuǎn)向?yàn)檎嬲\(chéng)地為下屬服務(wù)[5].服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者首先是一名服務(wù)者，他們視領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位為服務(wù)他人的機(jī)會(huì)，最終目標(biāo)是幫助下屬也成長(zhǎng)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，從而使整個(gè)組織受益[4].許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式是項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的關(guān)鍵影響因素，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式的好壞決定了項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的高低[6].服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的特征包括目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向、處理團(tuán)隊(duì)中人際關(guān)系、提高團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的凝聚力；服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)關(guān)心下屬，積極為下屬更好地發(fā)揮作用提供條件，注重下屬個(gè)人的發(fā)展，有利于激發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員為團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)承擔(dān)義務(wù)和職責(zé)，更能得到團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的認(rèn)同和支持，為團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)的達(dá)成和團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)良好的氛圍[5].同樣，在工程項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)中，當(dāng)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員感受到來(lái)自項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理對(duì)自己工作的支持和肯定時(shí)，他們就會(huì)具有較高水平的工作滿(mǎn)意度，并從本能激發(fā)出自身的工作熱情和動(dòng)力，把項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的目標(biāo)當(dāng)作自己努力的目標(biāo)，并促進(jìn)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的提高.

據(jù)此，本研究提出假設(shè) 1：項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效具有正向的影響.

1.2 團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾的中介作用

情感承諾是指組織成員在情感上認(rèn)同組織，并參與該組織社會(huì)交往的程度[7].情感承諾是員工對(duì)組織目標(biāo)和價(jià)值觀的心理認(rèn)同、信仰和支持的程度，具體表現(xiàn)為員工主動(dòng)維護(hù)組織形象和聲譽(yù),愿意為組織的發(fā)展付出努力[8].Meyer等[9]的研究表明：“當(dāng)組織中成員的某種需求在組織中得到了滿(mǎn)足后，或者他們的工作經(jīng)歷與其價(jià)值觀相匹配，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生情感承諾，這種工作經(jīng)歷包括組織中的成員得到某種滿(mǎn)足的經(jīng)歷，比如得到了組織的支持，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)給予了關(guān)懷等”.在工程項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)中，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的行為同樣會(huì)影響項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的態(tài)度，而成員的態(tài)度會(huì)影響其自身的行為.服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的重要特征之一就是對(duì)成員進(jìn)行精神上的鼓舞和支持，根據(jù)社會(huì)交換理論，當(dāng)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的需求得到滿(mǎn)足，對(duì)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的情感承諾處于高水平時(shí)，其工作能力也得到了一定的發(fā)揮，基于互惠原則，成員傾向于在項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)中表現(xiàn)出積極的行為，包括為自發(fā)的利他行為和有利于團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)達(dá)成的行為就會(huì)增多，就會(huì)以更好的績(jī)效來(lái)回報(bào)團(tuán)隊(duì)，并最終提升項(xiàng)目績(jī)效.

據(jù)此，本研究提出假設(shè) 2：項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾具有正向影響.

假設(shè)3：團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的關(guān)系中起中介作用.

1.3 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性的調(diào)節(jié)作用

Hogg于2001年提出了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力社會(huì)認(rèn)同理論，認(rèn)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者是群體中的一員，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與下屬基于共同的群體身份而相互影響，并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)代表性概念，即領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者具有去個(gè)人化的團(tuán)隊(duì)共同屬性.Knippenberg等[10]又進(jìn)一步提出了團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性的概念，認(rèn)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)以團(tuán)隊(duì)的信念和價(jià)值觀作為自我身份的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，成為團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)范的標(biāo)志.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和成員共同認(rèn)可的社會(huì)共享身份是團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)代表性對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力效能作用的基礎(chǔ).領(lǐng)導(dǎo)本身也是團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員，與下屬共享特定的團(tuán)隊(duì)身份和成員資格，此時(shí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的有效性主要取決于其是否具有去個(gè)人化的團(tuán)隊(duì)共享特征[11].社會(huì)認(rèn)同理論認(rèn)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性能夠提高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力效能[12].團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性高的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者比團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性低的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者更能影響團(tuán)隊(duì)成員，高代表性的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)下屬的個(gè)性化關(guān)懷將被團(tuán)隊(duì)成員看作是來(lái)自團(tuán)隊(duì)的支持，能夠激勵(lì)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員積極努力去追求團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)和利益的實(shí)現(xiàn)[13].行動(dòng)理論認(rèn)為，角色期待是行動(dòng)者之間對(duì)于行為和態(tài)度相互期待的核心.服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)通過(guò)關(guān)心下屬，積極為下屬更好地發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造條件來(lái)激發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員為團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)承擔(dān)義務(wù)，而這一作用發(fā)揮的前提是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的價(jià)值觀、行為與團(tuán)隊(duì)是相一致的.如果團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是以自身利益為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，那么團(tuán)隊(duì)成員認(rèn)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)并不可信，降低團(tuán)隊(duì)成員對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的承諾，從而弱化服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾的關(guān)系.

據(jù)此，本研究提出假設(shè)4：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為和團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾的關(guān)系中起調(diào)節(jié)作用，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性越高，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾的影響越大.

假設(shè)5：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性調(diào)節(jié)了團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的中介作用，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性越高，團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾對(duì)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的中介作用越強(qiáng).

2 樣本與變量

2.1 樣本與數(shù)據(jù)搜集

本研究來(lái)自北京、上海、江蘇、浙江、陜西、河南 6 省市的64個(gè)工程項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)，每個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)調(diào)查5～10人，共計(jì)發(fā)出400份問(wèn)卷，問(wèn)卷回收357份，剔除無(wú)效問(wèn)卷41份，有效問(wèn)卷為316份.樣本描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，團(tuán)隊(duì)成員中，男性成員占74%，年齡以34～44歲居多(占65%)，學(xué)歷以大學(xué)本科居多(54%)，團(tuán)隊(duì)年齡以1～3年居多(占68%)，平均規(guī)模18人.

2.2 變量測(cè)量

本研究采取了以下步驟來(lái)保證測(cè)量工具的質(zhì)量：首先，本研究中4個(gè)變量均采用國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)中成熟的量表；其次，采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的翻譯和回譯程序來(lái)確保問(wèn)卷翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性；最后，根據(jù)研究目的對(duì)問(wèn)卷的措辭進(jìn)行適當(dāng)修改以使問(wèn)卷的中文表達(dá)符合我國(guó)建設(shè)工程行業(yè)的實(shí)際情況.問(wèn)卷題項(xiàng)計(jì)分方式為L(zhǎng)ikert 5點(diǎn)計(jì)分，從“非常不同意”到“非常同意”分別給予1分到5分.

(1)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為：項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為采用Liden等[14]開(kāi)發(fā)的量表，該量表共有7個(gè)維度28個(gè)題項(xiàng)，如“項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理給予我充分自由，讓我以自己認(rèn)為最佳的方式來(lái)解決困難”.本研究中該量表的α系數(shù)為0.94.

(2)團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾：團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾采用Bennet等開(kāi)發(fā)的量表[15]，包括7個(gè)題項(xiàng)，如“該項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)我個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)很有意義”.本研究中該量表的α系數(shù)為0.98.

(3)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效：項(xiàng)目績(jī)效采用Müller等[16]的研究成果，從項(xiàng)目總體績(jī)效、業(yè)主要求滿(mǎn)足及項(xiàng)目預(yù)定用途等方面來(lái)衡量，共包括10個(gè)測(cè)量題項(xiàng)，如“項(xiàng)目達(dá)到其總體績(jī)效(功能、預(yù)算和工期等)”等.本研究中該量表的α系數(shù)為0.89.

(4)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性根據(jù)Knippenberg[17]開(kāi)發(fā)的量表進(jìn)行改編，包括4個(gè)題項(xiàng).如“項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理是項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員很好的榜樣”.本研究中該量表的α系數(shù)為0.89.

3 數(shù)據(jù)分析與結(jié)果

3.1 區(qū)分效度的驗(yàn)證性因素分析

本研究運(yùn)用Amos17.0軟件通過(guò)驗(yàn)證性因子分析法對(duì)4個(gè)變量項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為、團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾、項(xiàng)目績(jī)效和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性之間的區(qū)分效度以及各個(gè)測(cè)量量表的相關(guān)參數(shù)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn).結(jié)果如表1所示，四因素模型的擬合效果最好，指標(biāo)達(dá)到了通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(χ2/df<3，RMSEA<0.08,CFI>0.9,NNFI>0.9，其中χ2是擬合優(yōu)度指標(biāo)，df為自由度，χ2/df用來(lái)表明模型正確性的概率，越接近1表示模型擬合程度越好；RMSEA是近似誤差均方根，越接近0表示擬合越好；CFI是比較擬合指數(shù)，越接近1表示擬合越好；NNFI是非賦范擬合指數(shù)，越接近1表示擬合越好)，說(shuō)明本研究所用量表具有較好的區(qū)分效度.

表1 變量區(qū)分效度的驗(yàn)證性因素分析結(jié)果

注：PSL為項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為；TAC為團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾；LGP 為團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)代表性；PP 為項(xiàng)目績(jī)效.

3.2 聚合分析

由于變量項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為、團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾、項(xiàng)目績(jī)效、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性均由團(tuán)隊(duì)中的成員進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，因而需要將從團(tuán)隊(duì)成員層面獲取的數(shù)據(jù)聚合到團(tuán)隊(duì)整體層面，使之成為團(tuán)隊(duì)層面的變量數(shù)據(jù).本文運(yùn)用James等[18]開(kāi)發(fā)的組內(nèi)一致性(Rwg)指標(biāo)和Bliese[19]開(kāi)發(fā)的組內(nèi)相關(guān)(ICC)指標(biāo)對(duì)樣本數(shù)據(jù)的可聚合性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn).檢驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)如表2所示.各變量Rwg中值和均值高于 0.7 的建議值，ICC(1)和ICC(2) 也均分別大于0.12和0.7的臨界值.因此，各變量均符合指標(biāo)的檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，本文可將個(gè)體層面數(shù)據(jù)加總平均聚合到團(tuán)隊(duì)層面.

表2 各變量的Rwg和ICC計(jì)算結(jié)果

3.3 各變量之間相關(guān)性分析

表3列出了各研究變量的均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、相關(guān)系數(shù)和信度系數(shù).從表3中可以得知，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾、項(xiàng)目績(jī)效和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性這4個(gè)變量均呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系.團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效與項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系.

表3 各變量的均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差及相關(guān)系數(shù)

注：*,**分別表示在置信度( 雙側(cè) )為0.05，0.01水平下顯著.

3.4 假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)

本研究通過(guò)多元回歸分析方法來(lái)分析項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為、團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾、團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)代表性與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效之間的關(guān)系，分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表4.

首先，本文將團(tuán)隊(duì)大小、團(tuán)隊(duì)性別構(gòu)成、年齡、教育程度及與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)共事時(shí)間作為控制變量與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾和項(xiàng)目績(jī)效進(jìn)行回歸分析，從表4中模型1、模型4可以得知，結(jié)果并不顯著.

其次，分別做自變量項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與中介變量團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾、自變量項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與因變量項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的回歸分析.從模型5可以看出，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的回歸系數(shù)為0.33，表明項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效具有正向的影響，假設(shè)1得到驗(yàn)證.從模型2中可以看出，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾的回歸系數(shù)為0.36，表明項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾影響顯著，假設(shè)2得到驗(yàn)證.然后，同時(shí)分析自變量項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為和中介變量團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾對(duì)因變量項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的影響，如模型6所示，團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾回歸系數(shù)為0.31，結(jié)果顯著，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效回歸系數(shù)為-0.048，變得不顯著，表明團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的關(guān)系中起完全中介作用，假設(shè)3 得到驗(yàn)證.

再次，本文采用回歸線(xiàn)性模型檢驗(yàn)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性的調(diào)節(jié)作用.表4中模型3的結(jié)果顯示，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性的叉項(xiàng)對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾的回歸系數(shù)為0.26，結(jié)果顯著，表明領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為和團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾之間起到了顯著的正向調(diào)節(jié)作用.為了更直觀地反映領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾關(guān)系中的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)，本研究繪制交互作用圖來(lái)顯示二者間的交互效應(yīng).圖1中繪出了在不同領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性的水平下項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾的關(guān)系.可以看出，對(duì)于高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員而言，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾之間的關(guān)系強(qiáng)于低領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員，假設(shè)5得到驗(yàn)證.

表4 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效影響作用的層級(jí)回歸結(jié)果

注：**，***分別表示在置信度( 雙側(cè) )為0.05，0.01,0.001水平下顯著.

圖1 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性對(duì)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的調(diào)節(jié)作用

Fig.1 Moderating effect of leadership team repr-esentative on relationship between project manager servant leadership behaviors and project performance

最后，本文參考Preacher等[20]的條件間接效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)程序來(lái)對(duì)假設(shè)6進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn).Bias-Corrected 方法置信區(qū)間不包含0，則對(duì)應(yīng)的間接、直接或總效應(yīng)存在，或Z值>1.96也說(shuō)明所對(duì)應(yīng)的效應(yīng)存在.結(jié)果如表5所示.可以看到，當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性取向高時(shí)，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為經(jīng)由團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的間接關(guān)系顯著(95% 置信水平下Bias-Corrected 方法置信區(qū)間不包含0)；但是當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性取向水平低時(shí)，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為經(jīng)由團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾與項(xiàng)目績(jī)效之間的間接關(guān)系不顯著(95% 置信水平下Bias-Corrected 方法置信區(qū)間包含0).假設(shè)6得到證明.

表5 不同調(diào)節(jié)變量水平上項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的間接效應(yīng)

Tab.5 Indirect effect of project manager servant leadership behaviors on project performance through team emotional commitment in different moderator variable levels

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性項(xiàng)目績(jī)效間接效應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤Z值95%置信水平下置信區(qū)間低領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性(均值減標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差)0.070.091.13[-0.15,0.31]中領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性0.210.112.12[0.05,0.53]高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性(均值加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差)0.390.102.97[0.12,0.49]

4 結(jié)論

(1) 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效具有正向的影響.在工程項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)日常工作中，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的行為會(huì)影響項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的態(tài)度和行為.項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平越高，項(xiàng)目績(jī)效越高.因此，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)當(dāng)主動(dòng)關(guān)心下屬，對(duì)成員進(jìn)行精神上的鼓舞和支持，積極為下屬更好地發(fā)揮作用創(chuàng)造條件，這樣易于提高團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的工作滿(mǎn)意度，激發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員為團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)承擔(dān)義務(wù)和職責(zé)，為項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的達(dá)成和團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)良好的氛圍，最終提升項(xiàng)目績(jī)效.

(2) 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的影響是以團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾為中介而產(chǎn)生作用的.團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾的中介效應(yīng)表明，一方面，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)真誠(chéng)地為下屬提供服務(wù)和幫助，提高服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平，為提高項(xiàng)目績(jī)效創(chuàng)造前提條件；另一方面項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理還需通過(guò)與下屬建立一種高品質(zhì)的關(guān)系來(lái)激勵(lì)、鼓舞和指導(dǎo)下屬，使團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的需求得到滿(mǎn)足，提高團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的情感承諾水平，推動(dòng)成員在團(tuán)隊(duì)中表現(xiàn)出積極的、有利于團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)達(dá)成的行為，以提高項(xiàng)目績(jī)效.

(3) 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表性在“項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理服務(wù)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為-團(tuán)隊(duì)情感承諾-項(xiàng)目績(jī)效”的作用過(guò)程中起到了調(diào)節(jié)作用.項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理通過(guò)關(guān)心下屬，積極為下屬更好地創(chuàng)造條件來(lái)激發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員為團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)承擔(dān)義務(wù)，而這一作用發(fā)揮的前提是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的價(jià)值觀、行為與團(tuán)隊(duì)是相一致的.這給項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理帶來(lái)的啟示是：其在日常工作中應(yīng)當(dāng)注重塑造組織或團(tuán)隊(duì)至上的價(jià)值觀，行為規(guī)范中要展現(xiàn)出與組織或團(tuán)隊(duì)相一致的特質(zhì)或行為，強(qiáng)化其自身的項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)代理人身份，來(lái)激發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員對(duì)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的情感承諾.

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Impact of Project Manager Servant Leadership on Project Performance

XIE Yanping, HE Qinghua

(School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092， China)

A moderated mediation model was constructed, consisting of independent variable of project manager servant leadership, dependent variable of project performance, mediating variable of team affective commitment, and moderating variable of leadership team representative, to study the mechanism of project manager servant leadership on project performance. The study of 316 valid survey samples of 64 project teams indicates that project manager servant leadership has a positive impact on team affective commitment and project performance, Besides, team affective commitment has a full mediating effect on the relationship between project manager servant leadership and project performance. In addition, leadership team representative moderates the mediating role of team affective commitment on the relationship of project manager servant leadership and project performance.

project manager; servant leadership; project performance; team affective commitment; leadership team representative

2016-04-16

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(71390523)

解燕平(1985—)，男，博士生，主要研究方向?yàn)楣こ坦芾?E-mail:xieyanping2008@126.com

C913.2

A