帶我認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)的一本書(shū)

帶我認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)的一本書(shū)

The Book that Brought China Closer to Me

書(shū)籍是人類(lèi)思想的寶庫(kù)，書(shū)籍是屹立在時(shí)間長(zhǎng)河中的燈塔，對(duì)于年輕的國(guó)際朋友們來(lái)說(shuō)，究竟是哪一本書(shū)，帶領(lǐng)他們真正認(rèn)識(shí)了中國(guó)？一千個(gè)人眼中有一千個(gè)哈姆雷特，第8期“國(guó)際朋友說(shuō)”，5個(gè)來(lái)自不同國(guó)家的朋友各自帶了一本書(shū)來(lái)到《國(guó)際人才交流》編輯部，分享這本讓他們與中國(guó)結(jié)緣、揭開(kāi)中國(guó)神秘面紗的書(shū)。

People say, books are the source of wisdom. They are like soaring lighthouses in the mighty ocean of time. Speaking about our foreign friends, which book led them to a better understanding of China? There are one thousand different Hamlets in the eyes of one thousand different people. We gathered with five foreign friends from different countries at the editor's department of "International Talent" magazine to talk about how this particular book brought China closer to them, lifted the veil on mysterious China.

主持人(Hosts)：吳星鐸（Wu Xingduo）、 蘇莉（Anastasia Sukhoretskaya）

嘉賓(Guests)：以色列的安天佑（Amit Elazar，Israel）、埃及的沙可云（Reem Saqr，Egypt)、哈薩克斯坦的米沙（Mikhail Chursin，Kazakhstan）、阿富汗的羅明（Mohammad Ramin，Afghanistan)、保加利亞的狄特（Dimitar Vladimirov Yosifov，Bulgaria)

安天佑

安天佑：充滿大智慧的《莊子》

《莊子》是一本充滿大智慧的書(shū)。第一次接觸到這本書(shū)是在本科的一門(mén)課程中，那門(mén)課專(zhuān)門(mén)討論莊子的哲學(xué)思想。

當(dāng)代漢語(yǔ)中有很多成語(yǔ)就來(lái)自《莊子》。比如“游刃有余”來(lái)自《莊子》 “庖丁解?！钡墓适?。庖丁是個(gè)高明的廚師，他在宰牛的時(shí)候，不用眼睛看牛，不去與大骨頭硬碰硬，而是用心去領(lǐng)會(huì)。這是因?yàn)樗麑?duì)牛的脈絡(luò)了然于胸，他懂得順著牛骨節(jié)的空隙去宰牛。用古代漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)就是“以神遇而不以目視，官知止而神欲行”，莊子哲學(xué)提倡順應(yīng)“道”，在中國(guó)當(dāng)代社會(huì)則是要求我們順應(yīng)社會(huì)，順勢(shì)而為，這是一種大智慧。

有一些成語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化成了另一種意義，比如“朝三暮四”、“相濡以沫”都來(lái)源于《莊子》，含義卻已發(fā)生了改變?！俺核摹痹凇肚f子》里是關(guān)于猴子的故事，養(yǎng)猴老人給猴子分食物，說(shuō)早上三顆，晚上四顆，猴子很不高興，但是換一種說(shuō)法，承諾早上四顆，晚上三顆，猴子們特別開(kāi)心，意思是實(shí)質(zhì)不變，用改換眉目的方法使人接受?，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)成語(yǔ)多用于形容辦事反復(fù)無(wú)常，經(jīng)常變卦。

莊子的智慧有點(diǎn)像我們猶太文化中的一位拉比（智者）——納赫曼，和《莊子》里的故事類(lèi)似，納赫曼拉比的寓言也用表面上簡(jiǎn)單的故事來(lái)表達(dá)深邃的含義。例如“莊周夢(mèng)蝶”的故事很像“火雞王子”?！盎痣u王子”講述了一位自認(rèn)為是火雞的王子與一位前來(lái)治療的智者的故事，智者也假裝是一只火雞，并且說(shuō)“為什么火雞不能穿衣服？不可以坐在凳子上？不可以吃人吃的東西？”最后王子被完全治愈了。我覺(jué)得這個(gè)故事和“莊周夢(mèng)蝶”有異曲同工之處，就像電影《盜夢(mèng)空間》和《黑客帝國(guó)》，他們都將虛幻和現(xiàn)實(shí)聯(lián)系在一起。

《莊子》中我最難忘的一句話是“言者所以在意，得意而忘言。吾安得夫忘言之人而與之言哉?！边@句話的意思是，“言詞是表達(dá)意思的，既然已經(jīng)知道了意思，就不再需要語(yǔ)言。我在哪里可以找到忘記語(yǔ)言的人，我要和他交流。”你看，莊子這么早就提出了跨語(yǔ)言、跨文化的交流了。

Amit: Zhuangzi, a book of wisdom

Zhuangzi is a book full of wisdom. The fi rst time I came across this book was at the class of philosophy of Zhuangzi in college . The modern Chinese language is fi lled with idioms taken from the Zhuangzi book. For example, “handle a butcher’s cleaver skillfully” was borrowed from the story “Butcher Ding Dismembering Ox” in Zhuangzi. Butcher Ding was a shrewd chef, when dismembering the ox, he never looked at it with his eyes, but treated it by heart. That was because he was familiar with the cow’s structure and dismembered it through the spare space between its joints. In the ancient Chinese they say “see with the heart and not with eyes, feel with soul and not senses”. Zhuangzi promoted “Tao” philosophy, in modern China people act as the society tells and take advantage of things. That is a big wisdom.

Some of the idioms changed their initial meanings. For example, “change one’s mind frequently”, “mutual help and relief in time of poverty” were also taken from Zhuangzi, only that their meanings altered. The idiom “change one’s mind frequently”originated from the Zhuangzi book’s story about a monkey. When its owner was feeding the monkey, he said to bring three acorns in the morning and four in the evening. The monkey was not happy hearing his words. Then, the man promised to bring four in the morning and three in the evening instead, and the monkey became satisfi ed with this. Actually, the man didn’t change the amount of food for the monkey, only how he said it, and therefore tricked the monkey. Nowadays the idiom means to change one’s mind often, don’t keep one’s word.

The philosophy of Zhuangzi resembles the one of Rabbi Nachman in our Jewish culture. Rabbi Nachman also used allegorical and simple language to convey the profound meaning of his stories. For example, the story “Zhuangzhou Dreamt of Butterfl y” is quite similar to “Turkey Prince”. “Turkey Prince”story is about a prince who considered himself to be a turkey and a wise man who came to treat his illness . The wise man pretended he was a turkey too and questioned the prince: “Why can’t the turkey wear people’s clothes? Why can’t the turkey sit on the bench? Why can’t the turkey eat people’s food?” At last, the man fully recovered. I think it has many similarities with “Zhuangzhou Dreamt of Butterfl y” and also with the movies “Inception” and “Matrix” where the fantasy and reality are mixed together.

My favorite quote from Zhuangzi is that “the words are to express the meaning, but the one who already knows the meaning, doesn’t need the words to pronounce it. If I fi nd a man who forgot his language, I will still be able to talk with him”. As you see, long ago Zhuangzi already promoted cross-cultural communication and trans-language.

沙可云

沙可云：豪邁又浪漫的《毛主席詩(shī)詞》

我是一個(gè)富有詩(shī)意的人，今天要說(shuō)的是《毛主席詩(shī)詞》。第一次接觸到這本書(shū)是在高中畢業(yè)時(shí)。我的父親是一位大學(xué)文學(xué)系教授，他建議我在讀大學(xué)之前先廣泛涉獵各類(lèi)文學(xué)書(shū)籍，他送了一本阿拉伯語(yǔ)版的《毛主席詩(shī)詞》給了熱愛(ài)詩(shī)歌的我。

毛主席不僅是一個(gè)很棒的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，也是一個(gè)非常優(yōu)秀的文學(xué)家和詩(shī)人。閱讀《毛主席詩(shī)詞》培養(yǎng)了我對(duì)中文詩(shī)歌的興趣，我開(kāi)始參加一些詩(shī)歌比賽。我覺(jué)得，不能說(shuō)《毛主席詩(shī)詞》影響了我對(duì)中國(guó)的看法，但是它為我注入一股新鮮血液，為我開(kāi)啟了一扇通往中國(guó)詩(shī)歌的大門(mén)。

我想起了海子的一句話：詩(shī)人是一切時(shí)代的智慧之標(biāo)志。毛主席在詩(shī)歌中表達(dá)了他最偉大的靈魂和內(nèi)心。毛主席在詩(shī)中有一種對(duì)天下大勢(shì)盡在掌握的豪情?！氨眹?guó)風(fēng)光，千里冰封，萬(wàn)里雪飄。望長(zhǎng)城內(nèi)外，惟余莽莽；大河上下，頓失滔滔。山舞銀蛇，原馳蠟象，欲與天公試比高?！眮?lái)中國(guó)之后，我更是對(duì)毛主席多了一份敬仰之情。

Reem Saqr: Heroic and yet romantic Chairman Mao’s Poetry

I am so fond of poetry, so today I will introduce Chairman Mao’s Poetry book. The first time I held this book was when I graduated from the middle school. My father is a professor at the department of literature, he suggested me before starting my university studies, looked through different sorts of books; so he presented me an Arabic version of the book Chairman Mao’s Poetry. Chairman Mao was not just an outstanding leader but also a prominent litterateur and poet. His poems are mysterious powerful, heroic and very romantic. Chairman Mao’s Poetry aroused my interest in the Chinese poetry and I started to take part in various poetry contests. Chairman Mao’s Poetry was some sort of fresh blood, which opened a door to the world of the Chinese poetry for me.

Haizi,a Chinese poet, said that the poets were the symbols of the epoch. Chairman Mao expressed his great soul and heart in his poems. He also expressed his confi dence in historic trends through his words.

“North country scene, A hundred leagues locked in ice, A thousand leagues of whirling snow.

Both sides of the Great Wall, One single white immensity; The Yellow river’s swift current, Is stilled from end to end.

The mountains dance like silver snakes, And the highlands charge like wax-hued elephants, Vying with heaven in stature.”

After I came to China, I admired Chairman Mao even more.

If asked what poet had written poems in a somewhat similar style in Arabic language, I would name Mahmoud Darwish, he was the most infl uential Palestinian and Arabic poet. His writing style is also very confident and brave. His poems reveal determination and strength. His poems about homesickness are especially touching, they are about his mother and motherland. I also admire the image of bird in his works. “Having reached the last frontier, where should we be heading to? Having reached the last layer of the sky, where should the bird be flying to?” His Langauge is very simple, but to express the most profound feelings.

“The strong pass of the enemy is like the wall of iron, yet, with fi rm strides, we are conquering its summits”is my favorite quote from Chairman Mao’s Poetry.

在阿拉伯語(yǔ)詩(shī)人里如果找一位風(fēng)格可以類(lèi)比的詩(shī)人，那我會(huì)說(shuō)我非常喜歡一位詩(shī)人，叫穆罕默德·達(dá)維希，他被稱(chēng)作是巴勒斯坦乃至是阿拉伯世界最有影響力、最偉大的詩(shī)人。他的風(fēng)格也是非常自信和豪邁。他的詩(shī)歌透露著一種決心，一種力量。他的表達(dá)鄉(xiāng)愁的詩(shī)歌特別動(dòng)人，這類(lèi)詩(shī)充滿了對(duì)母親，對(duì)家鄉(xiāng)的思念。我很欣賞他的詩(shī)中“鳥(niǎo)”的意象?！霸谧詈蟮膰?guó)境之后，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)去往哪里？在最后的天空之后，鳥(niǎo)兒應(yīng)當(dāng)飛向何方？”他的語(yǔ)言非常簡(jiǎn)單，但是卻總能表達(dá)出最深刻的感情。

“雄關(guān)漫道真如鐵，而今邁步從頭越”是《毛主席詩(shī)詞》中我最難忘的一句詩(shī)。

米沙

米沙：充滿瑰麗想象的《中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)神話》

在我七八歲的時(shí)候，爸爸媽媽送給我一本俄語(yǔ)版的《全世界傳說(shuō)與神話》，里面有古希臘和埃及的故事，也介紹中國(guó)文明。我對(duì)中國(guó)文明的部分愛(ài)不釋手。從那時(shí)就開(kāi)始對(duì)中國(guó)神話和中國(guó)哲學(xué)感興趣。后來(lái)我開(kāi)始去找像《道德經(jīng)》或者儒家四書(shū)之類(lèi)的，可以讓我了解中國(guó)的書(shū)籍。直到有一天我在書(shū)店里找到了《中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)神話》，這本充滿瑰麗想象的書(shū)。

《中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)神話》最精彩的部分在于各種各樣的神話故事，比如盤(pán)古開(kāi)天地、女?huà)z造人、后羿射日、夸父逐日、嫦娥奔月等等。在我讀這本書(shū)之前，我從來(lái)沒(méi)有想過(guò)月亮上可以有一個(gè)美女和一只兔子，直到我后來(lái)讀到嫦娥奔月的故事。所以小時(shí)候當(dāng)我凝視著圓圓的月亮，我仿佛就能看到嫦娥抱著兔子在對(duì)我微笑。應(yīng)用到生活上，我就知道為什么中國(guó)首顆繞月人造衛(wèi)星叫“嫦娥一號(hào)”了。還有盤(pán)古開(kāi)天辟地的故事也對(duì)我很有啟發(fā)性。就像道家所說(shuō)，道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬(wàn)物。他們都從不同的角度闡釋了世界的起源。

在《中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)神話》的前言里有一句話，讓我最難忘。那句話是“不要用傳統(tǒng)的想法去了解其他的國(guó)家”。確實(shí)，我從這本書(shū)中了解到了一個(gè)不一樣的中國(guó)，一個(gè)神秘而古老的國(guó)度。

羅明：《毛澤東與近代中國(guó)》，帶我認(rèn)識(shí)現(xiàn)在的中國(guó)

《毛澤東與近代中國(guó)》讓我對(duì)中國(guó)有了一種全新的認(rèn)識(shí)，這是2009年來(lái)中國(guó)學(xué)中文的時(shí)候，我接觸到的書(shū)。

Mikhail: Charming fantasy of Legends of China

At the age of seven, my parents gave me a Russian version of myths and Legends of the World. This book contained legends of Ancient Greece and Egypt, and also the stories about the Chinese civilization. I was so fond of this book. From then on I grew interest in China’s legends and philosophy. I started looking for books like Tao Te Ching or the Four books in Confucianism, something where I can learn about China. And once I found out Legends of China, a book full of charming fantasy. The core part of the book was its various legends and takes, for example. “Pan Gu Created Heaven and Earth”, “Nv Wa Created Men”, “The Archer and the Suns”, “Kua Fu Runs After the Sun”, “The Goddess Chang’s Fly to the Moon” etc. Before the book, I never thought that it was possible to see the image of a beautiful woman and a rabbit on the moon, until I came across the story about Goddess Chang. That’s why when I was little I liked staring at the round moon and look for a woman and a rabbit on it. I actually could observe Goddess Chang holding a rabbit and smiling at me. Applying it to life, now I know why the fi rst lunar satellite of China was named “ Chang’e-1 “. The legend of how Pan Gu created the Earth is also very meaningful. It is like Taoism: “The Dao is the underlying principle behind the creation of the myriad things. The order of the process giving rise to the myriad things began with the Dao producing a kind of generative force”. They all describe from different angles how the world emerged.

There is a quote from the book that I like most: “Don’t applythe traditional way of thinking to understand other countries”. Actually, from that book, I learnt a different China, a mysterious and ancient country.

羅明

雖然中國(guó)與阿富汗相鄰，地理距離近，但由于文化的隔閡，我以前總覺(jué)得中國(guó)很遙遠(yuǎn)。小時(shí)候?qū)χ袊?guó)的印象來(lái)自課本，后來(lái)對(duì)中國(guó)的印象來(lái)自電影，比如李小龍、成龍的電影等，導(dǎo)致我以為所有中國(guó)人都會(huì)功夫。所以我們阿富汗學(xué)生在和中國(guó)學(xué)生踢足球的時(shí)候，就會(huì)非常注意不要和中國(guó)學(xué)生產(chǎn)生矛盾。好像我對(duì)中國(guó)的印象一直停留在比較刻板的階段，直到我看了《毛澤東與近代中國(guó)》這本書(shū)后，我才對(duì)中國(guó)的近代、當(dāng)代有了清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。

通過(guò)閱讀《毛澤東與近代中國(guó)》這本書(shū)，我認(rèn)識(shí)到，毛主席在中國(guó)是一個(gè)舉足輕重的人物，我在閱讀這本書(shū)的過(guò)程中，慢慢地了解毛澤東，了解馬克思主義，了解馬克思主義的中國(guó)化，才明白原來(lái)現(xiàn)代中國(guó)是這樣一步一步走過(guò)來(lái)的。

在阿富汗也有非常杰出的政治家，比如1919年國(guó)王阿曼努拉汗帶領(lǐng)阿富汗取得獨(dú)立，我們稱(chēng)他為國(guó)父。還有一位年輕人更熟悉的人物是馬蘇德。他是阿富汗抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng)軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，被譽(yù)為“潘杰希爾雄獅”。但是很不幸的是，他在49歲時(shí)被暗殺。即使到現(xiàn)在，我們?nèi)匀汇懹浿@位英雄。

《毛澤東和近代中國(guó)》這本書(shū)中，我印象最深的話是書(shū)的引論中，何炳棣先生所說(shuō)：“雖然五四運(yùn)動(dòng)以后，由于幾億中國(guó)人民的覺(jué)醒和要求，中國(guó)向進(jìn)步的方向演變是必然的趨勢(shì)，但是中國(guó)如果沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生毛澤東，我們很懷疑中國(guó)的革命和建國(guó)會(huì)如此迅速、全面、成功?！?/p>

Mohammad:Mao Zedong and Modern China helped me with understanding modern China

The book Mao Zedong and Modern China let me have a fresh look on China. The fi rst time I came across it was in 2009 when I was studying Chinese here.

Even though Afghanistan and China’s territories are quite close, I think, they are still far away from each other in culture . In my childhood I learnt about China from books, then from the movies with Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan. At that time I thought all Chinese people were skillful at martial arts. That’s why when students from Afghanistan were playing football with the Chinese students, we tried not to get into trouble with the Chinese. It seemed like my perception of Chinese was just stereotypes, until I found out the book Mao Zedong and Modern China which gave me the correct vision of modern China.

Through this book, I learnt that Mao Zedong was an essential fi gure in Chinese modern history. I also learnt step by step about Mao Zedong, Marxism and its development in China. Only then I understood how contemporary China was built up gradually.

In Afghanistan we also have some outstanding politicians. In 1919 the Afghanistan governor Amamullah Khan led the country get independence, so we call him Father of the Nation. Another historical figure, more familiar to young people, is Ahmad Shah Massoud. He was the leader of the military resistance movement, and we call him the Great Lion of Panjshir. But unfortunately, he was assassinated at the age of 49. And up to now he lives in the memory of people.

The part I remember most was in the comments to Mao Zedong and Modern China, from Mr. He Bingdi: “Although after the May Fourth Movement, people of China woke up, and the China’s modernization tendency became a fi rm trend, however, if China had never had Mao Zedong, we would not have been able to conduct the revolution and build the republic at the same fast speed, at such a scale and with such great success.”

Dimitar: Insights into Chinese culture showed me a splendid China

The book Insights into Chinese culture was published

狄特

狄特：《中國(guó)文化讀本》，展示燦爛的中國(guó)

這本《中國(guó)文化讀本》是為了北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)專(zhuān)門(mén)編纂的書(shū)。我與這本書(shū)的緣分源于我的中文啟蒙老師——張老師。2008年，我在保加利亞念高中，而她正好在我就讀的高中做志愿者。她在離開(kāi)之前把英文版的《中國(guó)文化讀本》送給了我，因?yàn)閺埨蠋?，因?yàn)檫@本書(shū)，我才堅(jiān)定了來(lái)中國(guó)的決心。2016年，我在北京大學(xué)校園里一個(gè)書(shū)攤上與這本書(shū)的中文版又不期而遇。

《中國(guó)文化讀本》里包含了中國(guó)文化的精髓，讓我對(duì)中國(guó)有了豐富飽滿的印象。比如雖然瓷器在中國(guó)歷史上占有很重要的地位，但是我通過(guò)這本書(shū)認(rèn)識(shí)到了青銅器。這本書(shū)還向讀者介紹孔子的思想，老子的哲學(xué)，孫子的兵法等。還有景泰藍(lán)、年畫(huà)、剪紙、中醫(yī)和禪宗，都是我通過(guò)這本書(shū)才初步知曉并深入了解的。

我認(rèn)為禪宗是這本書(shū)最精彩的部分。書(shū)里有一句話是“如人飲水，冷暖自知”，這是我最難忘的一句話。我覺(jué)得它闡釋的道理和禪宗有很大的關(guān)系。它的意思是一定要自己體驗(yàn)，才知道事物的正確與否。正如禪宗反對(duì)想得太多，注重個(gè)人體驗(yàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)通過(guò)體驗(yàn)去頓悟。舉個(gè)例子，一個(gè)人想知道蘋(píng)果是什么味道，那么他去采摘蘋(píng)果，品嘗蘋(píng)果是一種體驗(yàn)。發(fā)現(xiàn)味道和想象不一樣，是一種頓悟，因?yàn)橹挥袊L試了，才能知道味道鮮美與否。據(jù)我所知，唐朝的大詩(shī)人王維就是一位受禪宗影響很大的詩(shī)人，他被稱(chēng)為“詩(shī)佛”。

通過(guò)《中國(guó)文化讀本》，我了解到中國(guó)多姿多彩的燦爛文化，要說(shuō)最喜歡書(shū)中的一句話，當(dāng)然還是那句：“如人飲水，冷暖自知?！?/p>

（中文整理：吳星鐸、周京錦，英文整理：蘇莉）

specially for the Beijing Olympics. I had a chance to have this book thanks to my lovely teacher of Chinese, Madam Zhang. In 2008 I was studying in the middle school in Bulgaria, and luckily she was a volunteer in our school at that time. Before leaving, she gave me a book named Insights into Chinese culture, the English version of it. And because of that book and my teacher, I made decision to come to China. In 2016 by chance, I discovered the Chinese version of the book in Peking University, where I am studying teaching Chinese as a foreign language major.

The book Insights into Chinese culture has the quintessence of Chinese culture, widening my knowledge about China. For example, I knew that porcelain production had always taken an important place in the Chinese history, but through the book I also learnt about bronze ware. This book also introduces the study of Confucius, the philosophy of Laozi, Master Sun’s art of war as well as cloisonné, Spring Festival paintings, traditional paper-cut and Chinese medicine; all of these I gradually learnt from the book.

I believe the part about Zen is the best one in the book. There is a saying “By drinking water, people learn hot and cold” which I like most. I think its interpretation is tightly related to Zen. It means we always need to experience something ourselves, only then we can tell its nature. The study of Zen doesn’t approve of doing too much thinking, and it focuses on personal experience and insight. For example, someone wants to know the taste of apple. He gets the experience when he picks and tries the apple. Discovering the taste is different from what we imagined is the sudden enlightment, because only through trying it out one gets to know if the taste is good. As far as I know, the great poet of Tang Dynasty Wang Wei was greatly infl uenced by Zen philosophy, so he was named poet buddhist.

Through the book Insights into Chinese culture I discovered many sides of splendid Chinese cultural heritage. If you ask me to choose a saying from the book that I like most, then it would be “By drinking water, people learn hot and cold”.

(Chinese version: Wu Xingduo, Zhou Jingjin; English version: Anastasia Sukhoretskaya)