Physical activity，aging，and health in China：Addressing public health needs in the presence of continued economic growth and urbanization

?

Physical activity，aging，and health in China：Addressing public health needs in the presence of continued economic growth and urbanization

The significant increase in the number of older adults in China，coupled with continuing industrialization and urbanization，has profound social and economic ramifications，including the evolution of major challenges to public health，elder care services，policy-making，and the nation’s healthcare system. While the unprecedented changes in political and economic structures have obviously increased China’s productivity and revenues，what is less well understood is how they have impacted physical activity and health among older Chinese adults，most of whom are underserved and among whom there is an increasing prevalence of non-communicable（chronic）diseases and a greater risk for premature death due to widening differences in socioeconomic status，disease conditions，and access to preventative services and health care.

Globally，there is overwhelming evidence that physical activity is an important determinant of health for older adults.1，2Although the number of epidemiological studies on physical activity in older adults in China is increasing，they are deficient in quantity and/or quality.Thus，research in the field of aging in China has yet to fully address the impact of economic reform on patterns and correlates of physical activity among geographically diverse populations of older Chinese adults.Therefore，from the perspectives of public health and health care of the elderly，there is an urgent need for research and surveillance to understand the forces at work so that relevant，culturally appropriate evidence can be applied effectively in the areas of policymaking，health promotion，and chronic disease prevention，detection，and treatment.

Responding to the imperative presented by this current dilemma，this Special issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science is intended to provide a unique international forum by presenting a wide range of articles specifically focused on relationships between physical activity and health in the aging Chinese population.Within this specific context，contributions were sought from scholars from the Mainland of China with preference given to young and emerging academic researchers. Contributions include scholarly reviews of current physical activity and aging research，health benefits of traditional Chinese physical activity，exercise interventions for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases，and physical activity patterns and correlates across various settings（urban，suburban，and rural communities）and at different levels（individual，neighborhoods，and broader communities）.

The issue begins with a commentary by Ding and colleagues3on the significance of this special issue for understanding aging and the benefits of physical activity for the aging Chinese population.To expand background and context，Li4presents an overview of demographics，public health challenges，current physical activity epidemiology，and future research needs related to aging and physical activity in China，while Guo and colleagues5offer an introduction to traditional Chinese physical activity and sports that have been practiced for centuries as means of promoting healthy aging and improving quality of life among older Chinese.Moving from traditional physical activity to contemporary research，the 2 articles that follow Guo et al.’s paper focus on the health benefits of physical activity and exercise interventions.The review by Zhu et al.6examines physical activity in urban and rural areas，while Lü and colleagues7provide an in-depth analysis of epidemiological research on exercise and cognitive function.Collectively，these papers not only fill a significant knowledge gap in physical activity and aging research in China but also provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on the topic.

The issue also includes 3 original articles，each covering a unique but significant issue in physical activity and aging research in China.The randomized controlled trial by Zhu et al.8assesses，for the first time，the effects of a specifically tailoredTai Ji Quan intervention on gait characteristics in older Chinese women with knee osteoarthritis.It is accompanied by a commentary by Li.9The second article involves a descriptive study，by Huang et al.，10that addresses the virtually unexplored but critically important topic of challenges in recruiting participants into clinical or community trials in China.Finally，adopting a social-ecological perspective，Yi et al.11examine various individual，social，and physical/built environment factors that are associated with habitual physical activity participation among older Chinese adults.

As guest editors of this special theme issue，we hope that this collection of articles provides an enlightening and stimulating introduction to the many ways that physical activity can andshould be used as primary prevention to tackle the public health challenges posed by an aging Chinese population.Both the research need and opportunities for public health in this area are tremendous and the timing could not be more perfect.Now is the time to act.

Competing interests

None of the authors declare competing financial interests.

1.American College of Sports Medicine.ACSM position stand.Exercise and physical activity for older adults.Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008；30：992-1008.

2.World Health Organization.Global recommendations on physical activity for health.Available at：http：//www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet _olderadults/en/；2010［accessed 01.06.2016］.

3.Ding D，F(xiàn)u H，Bauman AE.Step it up：advancing physical activity research to promote healthy aging in China.J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：255-7.

4.Li F.Physical activity and health in the presence of China’s economic growth：meeting the public health challenges of the aging population. J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：258-69.

5.Guo Y，Shi H，Yu D，Qiu P.Health benefits of traditional Chinese sports and physical activity for older adults in China：a systematic review of evidence.J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：270-80.

6.Zhu W，Chi A，Sun Y.Physical activity among older Chinese adults living in urban and rural areas：a review.J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：281-6.

7.Lü J，F(xiàn)u W，Liu Y.Physical activity and cognitive function among older adults in China：a systematic review.J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：287-96.

8.Zhu Q，Huang L，Wu X，Wang L，Zhang Y，F(xiàn)ang M，et al.Effects of Tai Ji Quan training on gait kinematics in older Chinese women with knee osteoarthritis：a randomized controlled trial.J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：297-303.

9.Li F.The public health benefits of Tai Ji Quan—addressing the unmet needs of aging populations in the 21st century.J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：304-7.

10.Huang L，Lü J，Chen N，Liu Y.Recruitment of older adults into randomized controlled trials：lessons learned from two community-based exercise interventions in Shanghai.J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：308-14.

11.Yi X，Pope Z，Gao Z，Wang S，Pan F，Yan J，et al.Associations between individual and environmental factors and habitual physical activity among older Chinese adults：a social-ecological perspective.J Sport Health Sci 2016；5：315-21.

Fuzhong Li，Guest Editor

Oregon Research Institute，Eugene，OR 97403，USA

E-mail address：fuzhongl@ori.org

Yu Liu，Guest Editor

Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry

of Education，Shanghai University of Sport，Shanghai

200438，China

E-mail address：yuliu@sus.edu.cn

Peter A.Harmer，Guest Editor

Department of Exercise Science，Willamette University，

Salem，OR 97301，USA

E-mail address：pharmer@willamette.edu

Accepted 14 June 2016

Available online 24 June 2016

Peer review under responsibility of Shanghai University of Sport.

http：//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.06.009

2095-2546/?2016 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license（http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.