覽圣曲阜之『霸王墳』

文/李翠　圖/孔勇

覽圣曲阜之『霸王墳』

文/李翠圖/孔勇

○五泉莊古墓。Wu quanzhuang Aucient Tomb.

“四面楚歌霸業(yè)移，

烏江戰(zhàn)敗有誰知；

魯人尚自終臣節(jié)，

閉戶弦誦拒漢師?！?/p>

清代顏光猷的一首《贊霸王墳》詩，向我們講述了《史記·項(xiàng)羽本紀(jì)》里一段耐人尋味的故事。漢高祖五年（公元前202年），烏江亭，血染殘陽。西楚霸王“百二秦關(guān)終屬楚”之功業(yè)在其自刎的寒光中消亡。漢將爭奪項(xiàng)王尸骸，王翳得頭顱，呂馬童與楊喜、呂勝、楊武四將，各得一體，持向漢王前報(bào)功。而此時(shí)的魯國，雖兵臨城下，旌旗似火，魯人仍以禮樂習(xí)詠，弦歌鼓琴，拒不降漢，決心為魯公盡忠死節(jié)。劉邦遂命以長桿懸項(xiàng)王頭顱攻城，魯守將見頭顱長跪不起。魯降。魯守將自刎……因楚懷王初封項(xiàng)羽為魯公，故以魯公禮葬項(xiàng)王于穀城，而項(xiàng)王之頭顱便葬在了曲阜西周魯國故城東北角之五泉莊。

五泉莊因有五泉而得名，此泉是洙水的發(fā)源地，系魯城東防山、八寶山高阜蜿蜒延伸的末端，也是古人以地理學(xué)認(rèn)同的風(fēng)水寶地。乾隆版《曲阜縣志》記載：“在魯城東里許，俗稱為霸王冢?！薄蛾I里文獻(xiàn)考》記載：“曲阜城東北有古冢，俗名霸王頭，相傳為項(xiàng)羽首處云?！蔽迦f漢墓，俗稱霸王墳，據(jù)說便是項(xiàng)羽頭顱所埋之處，側(cè)立曲阜市政府所立的碑，上面寫著“五泉莊古墓”。原封土直徑約50至60米，現(xiàn)存封土直徑30多米，斜高20多米。

1958年，該墓被疑為東漢墓葬，“霸王墳”之說被疑為訛傳，而各地的“項(xiàng)羽墓”卻此起彼伏，自成其說：

河南省河陽縣有項(xiàng)羽墓，傳是項(xiàng)羽自刎的地方，即今日的烏江浦，在安徽省和縣東北，留有祠宇，號為西楚霸王廟。

濟(jì)南市平陰縣東阿鎮(zhèn)有項(xiàng)羽墓。引《水經(jīng)注》之云而證：“城西北三里，有項(xiàng)王羽之冢，半許毀壞，石碣尚存，題云項(xiàng)王之墓?！?/p>

泰安市肥城舊縣也有項(xiàng)羽墓。傳為項(xiàng)羽頭顱墓。谷城，即今舊縣鄉(xiāng)。原墓宏大，“文革”被毀，現(xiàn)余有殘碑一塊，碑文曰：“楚霸口口，一劍亡秦力拔山，重瞳千載孰能攀，秋風(fēng)蕉鹿行人憾，漢寢于今草跡斑……”

項(xiàng)羽墓之多，實(shí)在難辨虛實(shí)，也許項(xiàng)羽死后其身分別葬之，但其頭顱卻只有一個(gè)，言葬其首者多以“谷城”為據(jù)。文獻(xiàn)多以《史記》集解、正義以谷城為東阿，故東阿項(xiàng)羽墓逐為正說。

然則，考谷城為今東阿縣，卻與理不符。項(xiàng)羽與東阿縣沒有任何關(guān)系，非生地、非卒地、亦非楚地、亦非魯?shù)??？紪|阿為齊國之地，有大小谷城之分，《水經(jīng)注》濟(jì)水下注：“濟(jì)水側(cè)岸有尹卯壘，南去魚山四十余里，是谷城縣界。故春秋小谷城也。齊桓公以魯莊公二十三年城之，邑管仲焉。城內(nèi)有夷吾井?！段和恋赜洝吩唬嚎h有谷城山，山出文石，陽谷之地。春秋齊侯、宋公會于陽谷者也”。大小谷城均屬齊國之地，齊相管仲便被封邑于谷城。而項(xiàng)羽是楚國人，曾被義帝楚懷王熊心封為魯公，按古代喪葬的一般規(guī)律，要么葬在自己的郡望，要么葬在自己的封地，抑或葬在卒身之地，此三地均與東阿無關(guān)。而《史記·項(xiàng)羽本紀(jì)》中分明寫道“以魯公禮葬之于谷城”，為安撫魯?shù)厝嗣瘢瑒钍前呆敼Y儀安葬項(xiàng)羽的，怎么會把他葬到齊國的地界上呢？更何況項(xiàng)羽之首已確定無疑地運(yùn)到了魯都曲阜，豈有再以魯公遠(yuǎn)葬齊國之理？

魯國故城始建于西周初年，歷經(jīng)西周、春秋、戰(zhàn)國，到秦漢之際，已為古城，其西南方向?yàn)榭讖R所占，東北則一直稱“古城”，魯國故城內(nèi)的布局為左宗右市，魯國儒生習(xí)禮儀均在左上位，漢軍攻魯時(shí)所聞禮儀樂舞之聲定在魯國故城的東北方向，那么，漢軍以項(xiàng)羽首示魯也必定是在東北方向。魯人開城降漢，也應(yīng)該首先開的東北門。魯人為項(xiàng)羽生而守死節(jié)，為項(xiàng)羽死而開城降漢，也必定因主公亡而大悲泣之，劉邦因此被魯國人所感動，才下令以魯公之禮安葬項(xiàng)羽之首，并陪同魯人哭項(xiàng)羽，然后“泣之而去”。五泉莊漢墓的位置恰于此情此節(jié)相吻合。近墓之地有古城，此地所居之村落亦稱“古城”，并且直到現(xiàn)在仍叫作古城村。

1995年，五泉莊漢墓被盜墓賊開一洞口，文物保護(hù)部門及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，并將盜墓者抓獲歸案。經(jīng)文物保護(hù)人員初步勘查，盜墓者并未進(jìn)入墓室。由于這一偶然事件的發(fā)生，也揭開了五泉莊漢墓的許多秘密：五泉莊漢墓并非東漢墓葬，該墓葬雙重墓室，由大磚砌成，帶有回廊，屬于以磚代木的“黃腸題湊”墓室結(jié)構(gòu)，這種葬式在西漢以后極為少見，實(shí)屬西漢早期高規(guī)格的墓葬形制。而當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)現(xiàn)的東漢較高規(guī)格的墓葬，基本都是石砌墓室，有的還有漢畫像石刻。根據(jù)漢代禮制，“黃腸題湊”與玉衣、梓宮、便房、外藏槨同屬帝王陵墓的重要組成部分，是帝王身份的標(biāo)志。五泉莊漢墓盡管不是木制墓室，但它與“黃腸題湊”的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是完全一致的，由此證明了五泉莊漢墓是至少屬于西漢早期的公侯墓葬。秦至西漢，做過魯公、魯王的除張偃（高后呂雉外孫，因被封時(shí)年紀(jì)太小，未到封地，后因坐罪除國）外共有七人，其中包括項(xiàng)羽和西漢六王，而西漢魯王墓全部在曲阜城南九龍山及其附近早已確定無疑。因此，項(xiàng)羽便是五泉莊漢墓惟一可能的墓主了。

○霸王墳。Tomb of Xiang Yu， the Conqueror

“TOMB OF XIANG YU，THE CONQUEROR” IN QUFU

W uquanzhuang is named after Wuquan（spring）. This spring is the headstream of the Zhushui River， deep in the high mounds of Babaoshan and Fangshan in the east of the capital of Lu （Qufu）， as well as a treasured geomantic site geographically recognized by the ancients.

The Han Tomb in Wuquanzhuang is commonly known as the Tomb of Xiang Yu， the Conqueror. It is said that it is the place where Xiang Yu’s head was buried. Beside the tomb， there is a stone tablet set up by the Qufu government，which reads， “Ancient Tomb of Wuquanzhuang”. The diameter of the original grave mound is about 50-60m. The existing grave mound has a diameter of over 30m， with a slant height of over 20m. There is also a Tomb of Xiang Yu in Jiuxian Township， Feicheng， Tai’an City. It is also claimed that it is the tomb of Xiang Yu’s head.

With so many tombs of Xiang Yu， it is hard to distinguish between true and false. Perhaps， after the death of Xiang Yu， his body was separately buried. However， he only had one head. It is mostly believed that his head was buried in“Gucheng”. The interpretation in the Records of the Grand Historian is mostly followed. Gucheng is regarded as Dong'e. Thus， the Tomb of Xiang Yu in Dong’e is generally recognized. The people of Lu defended Xiang Yu no matter whether he was alive or not， and did not open the gate to surrender themselves to Han until seeing Xiang Yu’s head. Thus， they would surely mourn their master’s death. Moved by the people of Lu， Liu Bang ordered his man to bury Xiang Yu’s head with the funeral standard of Duke of Lu， and lamented for Xiang Yu together with the people of Lu. Then， Liu Bang “l(fā)eft after weeping”.