磚的烏托邦，巴塞羅那，西班牙

建筑設計：巴塞羅那Map13建筑事務所

磚的烏托邦，巴塞羅那，西班牙

建筑設計：巴塞羅那Map13建筑事務所

1　外景/Exterior view

位于巴塞羅那圣安德魯區(qū)的法布拉依制衣工廠有著跌宕的歷史。建于19世紀，這里生產(chǎn)的紡織品曾銷至整個歐洲。工廠的運營早已停止，如今這個場地已被用作文化中心，并且是2013年Eme3國際建筑節(jié)的承辦場地之一。

令“磚的烏托邦”與眾不同的不僅僅是它的尺度，還有在建造中所使用的形式探索方法。在確定戶外開放空間的長、寬、高后，利用三維設計軟件RhinoVAULT將其幾何形體精確計算生成。由于其幾何形體僅受壓力而不受拉力，結構的細長比可以靠攏到允許范圍的最極限。圓頂薄殼的厚度范圍在65～118mm之間變動。

建造過程本身是分步驟進行的。首先，一個完全重現(xiàn)RhinoVAULT生成形式的硬紙板模具被制造出來。緊接著依照模具的輪廓曲線，建立起一個鐵質網(wǎng)格框架，而后建筑師與學生共同將手工制造的薄磚塊沿著結構體鋪砌2～3層。最后，在激昂的鼓聲和工程師們迫切注視的目光中，格架被移除。結構安穩(wěn)屹立。建造費用僅有3000歐元，這本身已是值得喝彩的成就。

“在‘磚的烏托邦’項目中我們成功整合了傳統(tǒng)與創(chuàng)新”，設計師洛佩茲說，“一方面我們使用了一種從2000年前至今一直被人類應用于建造的材料，并且采取了千百年來加泰羅尼亞地區(qū)廣泛使用的建造技法；另一方面我們也利用了最新的可以使用的軟件和幾何算法?！?/p>

選擇正確的磚塊類型在這種建造中至關重要，尤其是砌筑的第一層。這第一層使用輕質磚塊“懸空”建造起來，有時甚至僅依靠側面速凝灰漿的承載而處于懸挑狀態(tài)。這里采用了約15mm厚的傳統(tǒng)薄磚，也可以使用同樣很輕質卻有更大側表面積的40mm空心磚，使得建造過程中的黏著更為牢固。在該項目中用于第一層建造的是尺寸為280mm×140mm×15 mm的傳統(tǒng)手工磚。這些磚的重量不一定相同，但每塊約為1kg。這種薄磚砌塊所具有的由色彩差異性及表面加工所帶來的空間溫暖感和審美價值，是難以用工業(yè)磚實現(xiàn)的。

第二層則使用工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、尺寸為280mm×140mm×40mm的空心磚，這種磚塊也保持輕質（每塊1.5kg）以避免對第一層造成額外的重壓。價格也是選擇這種磚的影響因素之一，由于預算緊張、提供磚塊的贊助商無法提供涵蓋所有建造層的磚塊。

第三層也就是最后一層，并未覆蓋整體結構，而是僅存在于最大的拱形之。因此建筑的其他部分僅有兩層磚覆蓋（總共65mm厚）。這里應用的是尺寸為280mm×140mm×43mm、每塊重 3kg、有手工紋理的實心磚。第三層的重量并非負面因素，反而有助于抵抗破壞性局部荷載、實現(xiàn)良好的穩(wěn)定性。

第一、二層大概各使用了4100塊磚，而第三層使用了大約1400塊。

2013年秋，僅僅4個月后，這個臨時展亭被拆除。而留下的是有雄心的、創(chuàng)造性的、精心記錄過的研究，以及關于一座拱的記憶，這座拱從過去展開跨越到未來。（陳茜 譯）

2　磚穹丘/Brick dome

The factory Fabrai Coats in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona has an eventful past. Built in the 19th century， it once produced textiles for all of Europe. The operation was shut down long ago. Nowadays the site is used as a cultural centre， and among other things hosted the Eme3 International Architecture Festival in 2013.

What made Brick-topia unusual was not merely the size， but also the form-finding methods used to build it. After defining the length， width and height of the open air space， the exact geometry was computed using the three-dimensional design software Rhino VAULT. Becausethe geometry was subject exclusively to compressive and not to tensile stresses， the slenderness of the construction could be teased out to the very limits of the possible. The dome shell thickness varied from 65 to 118 millimeters – a record.

The construction itself progressed in steps. First， a mould was built of cardboard， recreating the form computed by Rhino VAULT. An iron lattice was then erected， following the mould's contours and curves， after which the architects and students layered the two to three tiers of the thin，handcrafted bricks up along the structure. Finally，with a drum roll and under the anxious eyes of the engineers， the lattice was removed. The structure held. The construction costs came to 3000 euros –an accomplishment itself worthy of applause.

"In Brick-topia we have succeeded in unifying tradition and innovation"， says López. "On the one hand we fell back on a building material that humans have been using for 2000 years， and furthermore on a construction technique that has been traditional in Catalonia for centuries； on the other we made use of the newest available software and geometrical algorithms."

Selecting the right bricks is crucial in this kind of construction， especially for the first layer. The first layer is built "in space" using light bricks， which will be cantilevering for some moments depending only on the fast-setting mortar capacity to hold it from its edges. Traditionally thin bricks approximately 15 mm thick are used， but also hollow bricks of 40mm are suitable， as they are also light and have more surface at the edge， improving the adherence during the construction process.The bricks used in the project for the first layer were traditional handmade bricks， 280×140×15mm. Their weights may vary，but it was approximately 1 kg per piece. The quality of these thin-tiles in terms of spatial warmth and aesthetics by color variety and finishing， is hardly achieved by industrialized bricks.

The second layer was made with hollow industrialized bricks， 280×140×40mm， still light（1.5 kg per piece） to prevent an excess of weight on the first layer. The price of these pieces was also a reason for its election as the budget was tight and the sponsorship of the companies offering bricks could not cover every layer.

The third and final layer was not applied to the whole construction. It was only built over the biggest vault， with the rest of the building only two layers thick （a thickness of 65mm in total）. Solid bricks were used， with dimensions 280×140×43mm，3kg weight each and a handmade texture. The weight of the third layer， instead of being a handicap， helps reaching the stability against possible destabilizing punctual loads.

Approximately 4100 bricks were used for each of the first two layers and 1400 for the third one.

In the autumn of 2013， after only four months of completion， the temporary pavilion was taken down again. What remains is the ambitious，innovative and meticulously documented research and the memory of a vault that spans the past and the future.

3　磚穹丘/Brick dome

4　縱剖面/Longitudinal section

5　夜景/Night view

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Eme3國際建筑節(jié)/Eme3 International Architecture Festival

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 國際建筑節(jié)臨時展館/ International Festival of Architecture， temporary pavilion

建筑面積/Usable Floor Area: 150m2

磚材類型/Brick Type: 手工薄磚，空心磚及實心磚/Thin handmade tiles， hollow and solid bricks

建造周期/Construction Period: 2013.05 – 2013.06

攝影/Photos: Manuel de Lózar y Paula López

評論

華黎：這個帶有實驗性的建造，其基本做法仍來自于加泰羅尼亞拱的傳統(tǒng)，加泰羅尼亞拱的基本特征是輕盈，不同于羅馬拱或中東拱的厚重，它基于多層編織的原理，使其更像一個殼體，而非只能承受壓力的傳統(tǒng)意義上的拱。其建造的過程也相對輕盈，即減少模板的用量及人工。這個項目的意義在于嘗試了加泰羅尼亞拱的傳統(tǒng)做法對于復雜形態(tài)的適應性。形體的復雜性以及跨度都不同于傳統(tǒng)常見的情形，從幾何形體的生成到模板的制作都運用了時下的數(shù)字技術。新手段賦予老方法以新的可能性，以及形式上更大的自由度。如何古為今用，這也是所有傳統(tǒng)建造手段在今天都需要面對的一個普遍話題。

Comments

HUA Li: This experimental structure was inspired by traditional Catalan vaults. These types of vaults are characterized by their lightweight nature， in contrast to the thickness of traditional Roman vaults and vaults found in the Middle East. This structure is modelled on the concept of a multi-layer， interwoven shell， instead of a conventional approach which can only bear loads. In addition， the construction process is relatively simple， eliminating excessive manpower requirements and the use of modules. Bricktopia intends to answer the question of whether the traditional Catalan vault is adaptable in a complex form. The complexity of its form and span differ from common conventions， and the creation of the geometric shape as well as the production of the template was all made possible through employing modern digital techniques. The innovative methods employed have created new possibilities to built upon the old method， increasing the flexibility of form. How can the past serve the present？ This is a common challenge that traditional construction methods must tackle these days.

青鋒：當混凝土的可塑性成為現(xiàn)代主義最有力的表現(xiàn)手段，磚構的可塑性在門德爾松與阿姆斯特丹學派之后卻被大多數(shù)人遺忘了。限制我們的，更多不是技術、效用的合理性，而是風格范式與正統(tǒng)理念。在這些限制中，危害最大的理念之一是“時代”，時間的自然流逝被線性歷史觀視為喜新厭舊的合法基礎?！按u的烏托邦”得以避免這種桎梏，我們看到拱頂這種偉大的元素還有更多有待開發(fā)的形態(tài)，而新的三維設計軟件與傳統(tǒng)的磚材之間可以實現(xiàn)完美的協(xié)作。這并不是懷舊，而是避免將可供利用的源泉不假思索地棄之不顧。一個烏托邦可以不隨時間而改變，這被很多人視為缺陷，但是如果它能借此擺脫“時代”的偏見，或許也是一個令人充滿遐想的優(yōu)勢。

QING Feng: While the malleability of concrete has become the most powerful expression for modernism， many people have forgotten about the same malleability of brickwork， dating from the school of thought of Erich Mendelssohn and Amsterdam. It is not the rational technique and effectiveness that is restraining，rather it is the form of style and faithfulness to orthodoxy. One of most dangerous ideas among the above restraints is "time"， because the passage of time has been regarded as a legitimate basis for abandoning the old in favor of the new in the linear view of history. The case of Brick-topia has thrown off such shackles， as we can observe the form of the vault， an important element， continuing to be developed，thanks to the perfect combination of 3D design software and conventional brick materials. This is not a nostalgic concept， but this avoids a waste of an exploitable resource. A utopia remains unaffected by the passage of time， therefore， many people would deem it as a defect. However， if the utopia can free itself from the prejudice of "time"， it could perhaps be advantageous.

Brick-topia， Barcelona， Spain， 2013

Architects: Map13 Barcelona

6　內景/Interior view