孫 偉,李建平,鄭小偉,朱松明,于 勇
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超高壓增大食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)
孫 偉,李建平※,鄭小偉,朱松明,于 勇
(浙江大學(xué)生物系統(tǒng)工程與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,杭州 310058)
食品物料在超高壓下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)是研究超高壓加工過程中傳熱與溫度變化的必要參數(shù),但有關(guān)超高壓下食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)和測(cè)量方法還十分缺乏。該文基于線熱源法設(shè)計(jì)了適用于超高壓力環(huán)境下食品物料導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的測(cè)量探針和聚甲醛樣品容器,利用1.5%瓊脂凝膠對(duì)熱探針在25℃不同壓力下(0.1~400 MPa)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明測(cè)量值與純水導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的參考值非常接近且呈良好的線性相關(guān)關(guān)系(2=0.9997),據(jù)此得到探針的標(biāo)定系數(shù)為0.9944。在25 ℃測(cè)量了蛋清、蛋黃、火腿腸和奶油在0.1~400 MPa壓力下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)值。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):在25 ℃條件下,超高壓下食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)較常壓下均有一定程度的增大(最大達(dá)到28%),且有隨壓力增大而增大的趨勢(shì);一定壓力條件下,食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)隨著含水量的增大而增大。建立了25 ℃條件食品物料在一定壓力范圍內(nèi)(0.1~400 MPa)導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,對(duì)研究的幾種食品物料擬合得到的方程回歸系數(shù)在0.91以上。
導(dǎo)熱系數(shù);食品加工;超高壓;探針法;線熱源
超高壓加工(Ultra high pressure processing,UHPP)是一項(xiàng)發(fā)展極為迅速的食品加工新技術(shù),指在常溫或低溫條件下利用100~1 000 MPa壓力處理食品物料,以達(dá)到殺菌[1-3]、鈍酶[4-5]和改善食品理化特性[6-7]的目的。在對(duì)食品物料進(jìn)行超高壓加工時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生壓縮升溫(compression heating)效應(yīng),壓縮升溫值在2.4~12.8 ℃/100 MPa(取決于食品成分、壓力以及初始溫度)[8-11]。在超高壓處理過程中,由于腔體、物料以及傳壓介質(zhì)具有不同的壓縮升溫特性,高壓容腔內(nèi)部的溫度差及其傳熱的變化不可避免。這一壓縮過程中建立起來的溫度梯度會(huì)引起超高壓作用的非均勻性(如對(duì)微生物、酶的鈍化)[12]。
數(shù)學(xué)模擬是研究復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的傳熱與溫度變化的一種有效手段,已有不少學(xué)者做過超高壓系統(tǒng)的傳熱模擬研究[13-16]。但由于缺乏物料在超高壓下的熱特性數(shù)據(jù),模擬研究受到很大的限制。物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)是研究傳熱與溫度變化的必要參數(shù),但是物料在超高壓下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)是隨著壓力的變化而變化的,有關(guān)超高壓下食品物料導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)還十分缺乏。目前國際上只有少數(shù)幾個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室能進(jìn)行這方面的測(cè)試研究,如比利時(shí)的Leuven大學(xué)[17]、美國的Ohio州立大學(xué)[18-19]、加拿大的McGill大學(xué)[20-21]。國內(nèi)還未見到這方面研究的報(bào)道,多為綜述[22-23],其原因是缺乏適用于超高壓條件下的測(cè)試技術(shù)[24]。
本文在經(jīng)過改造后加裝溫度檢測(cè)和通電裝置的超高壓設(shè)備的基礎(chǔ)上,利用自行設(shè)計(jì)的熱探針和聚甲醛傳壓容器對(duì)超高壓下食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)試,研究食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)隨壓力變化的規(guī)律。
1.1 探針法原理
探針法測(cè)量物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)是基于線熱源瞬態(tài)傳熱模型,通過對(duì)插入無限大均勻樣品中的探針輸入一恒定功率的熱量,測(cè)量一段時(shí)間內(nèi)探針的溫度變化。被測(cè)樣品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)可由下式求得[25-27]
式中為導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)值,W/(m·℃),為輸入熱量的功率,W/m,和0為分別為測(cè)量結(jié)束的時(shí)間和測(cè)量開始的時(shí)間,s,和0為分別為測(cè)量結(jié)束和測(cè)量開始時(shí)的探針溫度,℃,為檢測(cè)到的探針內(nèi)溫度對(duì)時(shí)間的自然對(duì)數(shù)的線性回歸系數(shù)。
1.2 熱探針和樣品容器的設(shè)計(jì)
熱探針和樣品容器的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。探針管使用不銹鋼毛細(xì)管(長(zhǎng)72 mm,外徑1.2 mm,壁厚0.1 mm)制作。探針的長(zhǎng)度與外徑比例較大(60∶1),使得其軸向傳熱很小,可以忽略不計(jì)[28]。加熱絲采用康銅絲(直徑0.076 mm,TFCC-003,美國Omega Stamford公司)制作,因?yàn)榭点~的電阻率較大(48.9Ω·cm,20 ℃)而電阻的溫度系數(shù)較?。?.1×10-4℃-1,0~100 ℃),可以保證試驗(yàn)過程中加熱絲的電阻恒定,從而保證加熱絲的功率恒定。加熱絲對(duì)折后裝入整個(gè)探針內(nèi),上端露出3~5 mm的引線用于外接導(dǎo)線,加熱絲表面涂有聚四氟乙烯絕緣層以防止短路。探針溫度通過K型熱電偶(美國Omega Stamford公司)測(cè)量,因?yàn)樵谠囼?yàn)所測(cè)溫度范圍內(nèi),超高壓力不會(huì)影響K型熱電偶的讀數(shù)[29-30],測(cè)溫點(diǎn)(即熱電偶探頭)布置在探針管內(nèi)表面的中間位置。探針的下端通過焊接密封,以避免在高壓下樣品進(jìn)入探針內(nèi),探針的上端無需密封,使得傳壓介質(zhì)水能進(jìn)入探針,可以防止探針在高壓下被壓縮變形[17]。
試驗(yàn)采用自制的聚甲醛(導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)較低,滿足試驗(yàn)對(duì)于保溫效果的要求,同時(shí)具有良好的機(jī)械性能,在高壓下不易變形)套筒(內(nèi)徑60 mm,外徑80 mm,高度200 mm)作為樣品容器。套筒頂端密封蓋與套筒通過螺紋連接,可以打開裝填樣品,密封蓋中間開有通孔便于熱探針的安裝。底部可滑動(dòng)活塞起到傳壓作用,活塞兩側(cè)面積相等,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)等壓傳遞,保證了在超高壓下,容器內(nèi)樣品所受壓力與高壓容腔的壓力相等。在試驗(yàn)過程中,每次超高壓處理前后都檢查活塞的位置,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)處理前后活塞的位置沒有發(fā)生變動(dòng),說明容器在超高壓下的密封效果良好。
1.3 超高壓試驗(yàn)裝置
試驗(yàn)采用的超高壓處理設(shè)備(HPP/600 MPa/5 L)由包頭科發(fā)高壓科技有限責(zé)任公司提供,并通過改造在高壓容腔中加裝溫度檢測(cè)單元和通電裝置。如圖2所示。設(shè)備的最大工作壓力為600 MPa,有效處理容積為5 L(內(nèi)徑120 mm),有效工作溫度為5~80 ℃,傳壓介質(zhì)為純凈水。該設(shè)備的增壓速率約為160 MPa/min,卸壓時(shí)間小于5 s。傳壓介質(zhì)容器(水箱)中安裝有溫度傳感器和電加熱棒,高壓容腔外的保溫夾層中安裝有溫度傳感器和電加熱帶,傳壓介質(zhì)水的溫度和高壓容腔的溫度控制可以通過儀器設(shè)置中的水箱溫度和容腔溫度設(shè)定來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
高壓容腔的下堵頭處開有小孔,熱電偶線和導(dǎo)線得以穿入容腔內(nèi)部,導(dǎo)線外部連接直流穩(wěn)壓電源(DC 36V-3A,臺(tái)灣LAOA公司)。試驗(yàn)過程中系統(tǒng)的壓力、探針內(nèi)熱電偶的溫度以及通過加熱絲的電流利用Agilent 34970A型數(shù)據(jù)采集儀(美國Agilent公司)在計(jì)算機(jī)上記錄(每秒1次)。
1.4 熱探針的標(biāo)定
用探針法測(cè)量物料在超高壓下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)必須考慮到實(shí)際模型與理論模型之間存在一定的差異。差異產(chǎn)生的主要原因有:探針具有一定的直徑和熱容量,實(shí)際上存在軸向?qū)?;探針與被測(cè)物質(zhì)之間存在接觸熱阻,當(dāng)然高壓可以使探針與被測(cè)試樣的間隙消除,在一定程度上減小了接觸熱阻;實(shí)際測(cè)試中無法保證被測(cè)試樣為無限大的邊界條件;高壓對(duì)導(dǎo)線以及加熱絲電阻的影響;以及當(dāng)試樣為流體時(shí),加熱時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生對(duì)流傳熱。實(shí)際測(cè)試中超高壓系統(tǒng)壓力的波動(dòng)也會(huì)對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定影響。因此,有必要用已知導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品對(duì)探針進(jìn)行標(biāo)定。
試驗(yàn)中選用1.5%(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù))瓊脂凝膠(瓊脂水溶液)作為標(biāo)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品,因?yàn)榈蜐舛拳傊z的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)與純水的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)(可通過NIST/ASME數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢[31])非常接近,而它的凝膠化結(jié)構(gòu)可以避免測(cè)試中對(duì)流傳熱的發(fā)生[17,20]。將瓊脂粉(國藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司)和蒸餾水按1.5%(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù))比例在燒杯中混合,在磁力攪拌器上使混合液在接近沸點(diǎn)的溫度下完全溶解,冷卻至70 ℃時(shí),倒入樣品容器中,將容器上端蓋子擰緊。隨后將其于4 ℃冰箱中放置一夜形成凝膠狀態(tài)。
在(25±1) ℃條件分別測(cè)量瓊脂凝膠在不同壓力下(0.1、50、100、150、200、250、300、350和400 MPa)的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)。高壓下樣品會(huì)因絕熱壓縮升溫產(chǎn)生溫度的變化,試驗(yàn)過程中先將樣品冷卻至一定溫度,利用高壓產(chǎn)生的絕熱壓縮升溫使得樣品達(dá)到所需初始溫度(25±1) ℃,穩(wěn)定一段時(shí)間后打開穩(wěn)壓電源的開關(guān),對(duì)探針進(jìn)行加熱,加熱時(shí)間>2 min。傳壓介質(zhì)和高壓容腔的溫度設(shè)置為25 ℃。
圖3是試驗(yàn)過程中的一個(gè)實(shí)例。圖3a為將瓊脂凝膠加壓至350 MPa時(shí)測(cè)量其導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)過程中的探針溫度和壓力曲線。瓊脂凝膠在加壓前的溫度為17.5 ℃,加壓階段,其溫度隨著壓力的增大而升高。當(dāng)壓力達(dá)到設(shè)定的350 MPa時(shí),溫度升高至24.8 ℃,保持30 s,發(fā)現(xiàn)壓力和溫度都沒有發(fā)生變化。30 s后開始打開穩(wěn)壓電源,加熱絲中通過恒定的直流電流(=0.188 A)時(shí),探針內(nèi)的溫度呈現(xiàn)對(duì)數(shù)曲線上升,2 min內(nèi)溫度升高了約4 ℃。作出加熱2 min時(shí)間內(nèi)探針溫度隨加熱時(shí)間的自然對(duì)數(shù)的變化曲線如圖3b所示,線性擬合良好(2=0.998)。
1.5 食品物料導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的測(cè)量
用于測(cè)試的食品物料蛋清、蛋黃、火腿腸和奶油購于當(dāng)?shù)匚譅柆敵?,它們的組成成分如表1所示。在(25±1) ℃條件分別測(cè)量樣品物料在不同壓力下(同標(biāo)定試驗(yàn))的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)。不同物料在超高壓下的絕熱壓縮升溫值不同,故物料在加壓前的溫度不同。測(cè)量方法同熱探針的標(biāo)定試驗(yàn)。
表1 食品物料的組成成分
測(cè)量過程中探針內(nèi)加熱絲的加熱功率是一個(gè)重要因素。如果加熱功率太大,測(cè)量過程中溫度的變化會(huì)波及物料的邊緣地帶,無法保證被測(cè)樣品為無限大的邊界條件;加熱功率太小,探針溫升較小,溫度測(cè)量的誤差會(huì)增大,測(cè)量結(jié)果誤差較大。經(jīng)過預(yù)試驗(yàn)確定加熱絲功率范圍在6.7~13.3 W/m是合適的,高壓對(duì)導(dǎo)線和加熱絲的電阻影響很小,可以忽略不計(jì)。
1.6 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)與分析
所有試驗(yàn)至少重復(fù)3次,以“平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”形式表示,試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2010和Origin 8.0 進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)與分析。
2.1 熱探針標(biāo)定結(jié)果
瓊脂凝膠在不同壓力的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)測(cè)量值如圖4a所示,測(cè)量值與NIST/ASME數(shù)據(jù)庫給出的參考值比較接近。熱探針在不同壓力下的標(biāo)定系數(shù)用公式(2)求得
f=k/(2)
式中為標(biāo)定系數(shù),k為瓊脂凝膠導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的測(cè)量值,W/(m·℃),為瓊脂凝膠導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的參考值,W/(m·℃)。探針標(biāo)定系數(shù)隨壓力的變化如圖4b示,從圖4b中可以看出,標(biāo)定系數(shù)隨壓力的變化總體上在1.0左右,壓力對(duì)標(biāo)定系數(shù)幾乎沒有影響。將標(biāo)定系數(shù)與壓力值作線性回歸分析,回歸分析的結(jié)果如下
1.018?1.3×10-4(2=0.162,=30) (3)
式中為壓力,MPa。2值較小,表明標(biāo)定系數(shù)與壓力的相關(guān)性較低。
瓊脂凝膠在25 ℃不同壓力(0.1~400 MPa)條件下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的測(cè)量值關(guān)于參考值的線性回歸分析結(jié)果如圖5所示。從圖5中可以看出測(cè)量值與參考值之間呈較好的線性相關(guān)(2=0.9997)。從線性回歸分析得到的標(biāo)定系數(shù)值為0.9944,此標(biāo)定系數(shù)將用于食品導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)試驗(yàn)測(cè)量結(jié)果的標(biāo)定。
2.2 食品物料在超高壓下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)
試驗(yàn)中不同壓力下食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)測(cè)量結(jié)果(標(biāo)定后)如圖6所示(其中水的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)為參考值)。從中可以看出食品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)隨著壓力的變化而變化,超高壓下所測(cè)食品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)較常壓下均有一定的增大,增大率最大達(dá)到28%(火腿腸,400 MPa)。常壓下關(guān)于食品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)已有不少研究,其值與食品物料的組分(主要是含水量)有關(guān)[32]。Sweat曾提出根據(jù)食品物料的組成成分來估算其導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的方法,公式如下[33]
=0.58m+0.155m+0.25m+0.16m+0.135m (4)
式中m、m、m、m、m分別為食品物料中水分、蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物、脂肪和灰分的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),%。由表1中食品的組成成分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得到試驗(yàn)中幾種食品物料在常壓下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)依次為:蛋清0.53 W/(m·℃),蛋黃0.40 W/(m·℃),火腿腸0.43 W/(m·℃),奶油0.41 W/(m·℃)。與本試驗(yàn)測(cè)量結(jié)果比較,蛋黃、火腿腸和奶油的測(cè)量值(依次為0.43,0.45和0.49 W/(m·℃))與估算值之間較為接近,而蛋清的測(cè)量值(達(dá)到0.65 W/(m·℃))顯著大于估算值,也大于常壓下純水的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)。根據(jù)Sweat的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,食品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)不會(huì)高于純水的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)。試驗(yàn)中測(cè)量的蛋清的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)卻高于純水的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù),這可能是因?yàn)榈扒宓牧鲃?dòng)性較大,試驗(yàn)過程中除了有熱傳導(dǎo),還存在一定的對(duì)流傳熱,加快了傳熱速率,表現(xiàn)出測(cè)量的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)值偏大。
隨著壓力的增加,食品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)總體上呈增大的趨勢(shì),這與Denys等[17],Zhu等[21]測(cè)試得到的趨勢(shì)一致。食品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的大小主要受其含水量的影響,水是大多數(shù)食品物料的最主要成分,目前在超高壓下水的物理屬性是已知的,其導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)隨著壓力的增大而增大[31],因而食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)也表現(xiàn)出類似的趨勢(shì)。壓力在300 MPa以下時(shí),蛋清的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)隨著壓力的增大而增大,但300 MPa以后,繼續(xù)增加壓力,其導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)反而顯著降低。這可能是由于300 MPa以上高壓處理蛋清時(shí)使得其中的蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生了一定程度的凝結(jié)[34]。楊昆等[35]經(jīng)過測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn)完全凝固后的蛋清導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)較凝固前平均上升了6.60%。發(fā)生凝結(jié)之后的蛋清的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)應(yīng)該增大,但應(yīng)該考慮到蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生凝結(jié)以后,蛋清就失去了流動(dòng)性,測(cè)量過程中因局部溫度升高導(dǎo)致的對(duì)流傳熱的影響大大降低,因此表現(xiàn)出蛋清導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的測(cè)量值下降。從公式(4)中可以看出,常壓下食品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)值隨著食品的含水量的增大而增大,而高壓下這樣的規(guī)律依然存在,導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)總體上滿足關(guān)系:蛋清>火腿腸>奶油>蛋黃。
食品在超高壓下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的測(cè)量過程較為復(fù)雜,加之目前中國超高壓設(shè)備的高壓處理倉在出產(chǎn)時(shí)并未安裝有溫度檢測(cè)設(shè)備,使得測(cè)量難度加大。建立合適的數(shù)學(xué)模型將有助于合理預(yù)測(cè)食品物料在不同壓力下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)。為了得到試驗(yàn)中幾種食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)關(guān)于壓力的函數(shù)關(guān)系,測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)用來擬合以下經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式
=(5)
對(duì)于蛋清、蛋黃、火腿腸和奶油在溫度為25 ℃,壓力在0.1~400 MPa范圍內(nèi),公式(5)被展開到四階形式
>=0+1+22+33+44(6)
擬合得到的參數(shù)結(jié)果如表2所示,回歸系數(shù)均在0.91以上,說明上述經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式能較好地?cái)M合這些物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)隨壓力(0.1~400 MPa,溫度為25 ℃)的變化情況。
表2 超高壓下食品物料導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式的參數(shù)
1)在現(xiàn)有超高壓設(shè)備上改造加裝了溫度檢測(cè)和通電裝置,將導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)測(cè)量探針接入超高壓腔體中用于食品物料在超高壓力條件下導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的測(cè)量,測(cè)量系統(tǒng)在超高壓力環(huán)境下能穩(wěn)定工作。
2)利用1.5%瓊脂凝膠對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)測(cè)量探針在不同壓力下進(jìn)行了標(biāo)定試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明測(cè)量值與參考值之間非常接近且呈高度線性相關(guān)關(guān)系,探針的標(biāo)定系數(shù)為0.9944。
3)測(cè)量了多種食品物料在不同壓力條件下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù),常壓下的測(cè)量值與估算值之間較為接近,高壓下食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)較常壓均有一定程度的增大。隨著壓力的增大,食品物料的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)總體上呈增大的趨勢(shì)。食品的含水量對(duì)其導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)影響較大,一般來說,含水量越高的食品導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)越大,高壓條件下也是如此。
4)建立了25 ℃條件食品物料在一定壓力范圍內(nèi)(0.1~400 MPa)導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,對(duì)研究的幾種食品物料擬合效果良好。
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Ultra high pressure increasing thermal conductivity of food materials
Sun Wei, Li Jianping※, Zheng Xiaowei, Zhu Songming, Yu Yong
(310058)
During high pressure processing, the adiabatic compression increase of food materials would cause non-uniform temperature distribution and heat transfer, which would also influence the inactivation of bacteria, spore, enzyme and the quality of foods. Thermal conductivity of food materials at high pressure is a very important parameter for understanding heat transfer and temperature variation during high pressure processing. Available data and measuring method of thermal conductivity of food materials under high pressure are still scarce. In this study, a thermal conductivity probe developed based on the line heat source theory was installed in a high pressure chamber to measure thermal conductivity of food materials under high pressure. The thermal conductivity probe was calibrated using 1.5% agar gel whose thermal conductivity was very close to that of pure water but the convective effect during the measurement was eliminated due to the gel network at pressure from 0.1 to 400 MPa with a pressure increment of 50 MPa. The results of calibration experiment indicated that thermal conductivity values of 1.5% agar gel measured under different pressures using the thermal conductivity probe were very close to that of reference data of pure water. Calibration factors defined as the ratio of measured and reference values of the thermal conductivity of 1.5% agar gel were found almost no effect by pressure. A general calibration coefficient value of 0.9944 (square was 0.9997, observation number was 30) was obtained by linear regression analysis (zero intercept) of measured thermal conductivity values of 1.5% agar gel against reference values of pure water. The coefficient value was used for the correction of all experimental results in the following. Thermal conductivities of egg white, egg yolk, ham sausages and cream were measured at pressure from 0.1 to 400 MPa with a pressure increment of 50 MPa. The results demonstrated that the thermal conductivities of these selected food materials at high pressure conditions were higher (up to 28%) than that of the sample at the atmospheric pressure conditions and had a tendency to increase with increasing pressure. Results at atmospheric pressure in this study were compared to estimate values using empirical equation based on water content. The measured thermal conductivities of egg yolk (0.43 W/(m·℃)), ham sausages (0.45 W/(m·℃)) and cream (0.49 W/(m·℃)) were very close to the estimated values (egg yolk 0.40 W/(m·℃), ham sausages 0.43 W/(m·℃), cream 0.41 W/(m·℃)) , while the measured value of egg white (0.65 W/(m·℃)) was significantly higher than that of the estimated value (0.53 W/(m·℃)) as well as that of pure water. The reason probably was that the flowability of egg white caused the generation of convective heat transfer. Measured thermal conductivities of egg white decreased at pressure higher than 300 MPa which was different from other three materials. The reason probably was that the pressure processing more than 300 MPa induced coagulation of egg white resulting in decrease of flowability as well as convective heat transfer. The water content of food materials had a significant effect on thermal conductivity. In general, the higher the water content, the higher the thermal conductivity. This rule was also confirmed at high pressure as the thermal conductivity from highest to lowest in order being egg white (83.1% water) > ham sausages (63.5%) > cream (57.5%) > egg yolk (50.7%). An empirical equation was established for prediction of the thermal conductivity of food materials at high pressure. The fourth-order polynomial was used to fit the thermal conductivity values of egg white, egg yolk, ham sausages and cream at pressure range from 0.1 to 400 MPa with temperature of 25 ℃. The regression coefficients of these equations were all above 0.91. This study could provide basic scientific datas for high pressure processing of food materials.
thermal conductivity; food processing; ultra high pressure; thermal conductivity probe; line heat source
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.039
TS201.1
A
1002-6819(2016)-24-0291-06
2016-07-04
2016-11-20
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(31171779)
孫 偉,男,安徽池州人,博士生,研究方向:農(nóng)產(chǎn)品超高壓加工技術(shù)與裝備。杭州 浙江大學(xué)生物系統(tǒng)工程與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,310058。Email:wsun@zju.edu.cn
李建平,男,浙江杭州人,教授,博士,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工技術(shù)與裝備,設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)裝備。杭州 浙江大學(xué)生物系統(tǒng)工程與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,310058。Email:jpli@zju.edu.cn