寶 俐,董金龍,李 汛,段增強(qiáng)*( 土壤與農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 (中國(guó)科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所),南京 20008;2 中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 00049)
CO2濃度升高和氮素供應(yīng)對(duì)黃瓜葉片光合色素的影響①
寶 俐1, 2,董金龍1, 2,李 汛1,段增強(qiáng)1*
(1 土壤與農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 (中國(guó)科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所),南京 210008;2 中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049)
本文通過(guò)N供應(yīng)濃度[2(低N),7(中N)和14(高N)mmol/L]和CO2濃度[400 (C1),625 (C2),1 200 (C4)μmol/mol] 處理的水培試驗(yàn)一,以及硝銨比[14/0(N1),13/1(N2),11/3(N3)和 8/6(N4)]和CO2濃度[400 (C1),800 (C3),1 200 (C4) μmol/mol]處理的水培試驗(yàn)二,共同研究黃瓜葉片光合色素對(duì)CO2升高、N供應(yīng)濃度和形態(tài)的響應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果表明:苗期時(shí),低、中和高N下,C4處理使得植物干物質(zhì)都明顯增加;而初果期干物質(zhì)提高程度下降,植株生長(zhǎng)速率降低。中等CO2濃度(C3)顯著增加植物在各硝銨比處理的干物質(zhì)量,但最高CO2濃度(C4)有提高N3處理的干物質(zhì)量的趨勢(shì)。苗期時(shí),在低N和中N供應(yīng)時(shí)C4處理顯著降低葉片葉綠素a、葉綠素b和胡蘿卜素含量;但高N時(shí),C3處理提高總色素含量,C4處理提高葉綠素b含量;初果期時(shí)CO2濃度處理對(duì)色素含量無(wú)顯著影響;N2硝銨比處理,中等CO2濃度(C3)下葉片的3種色素含量最高。因此當(dāng)苗期N素供應(yīng)濃度較低時(shí),CO2濃度升高會(huì)顯著降低葉片3種色素的含量,這主要可能與苗期植物生長(zhǎng)速率顯著提高產(chǎn)生的稀釋作用有關(guān)。當(dāng)N濃度為14 mmol/L時(shí),CO2濃度適當(dāng)提高顯著促進(jìn)色素合成,其合成速率大于植物生長(zhǎng)速率,導(dǎo)致色素含量提高,提高光合能力;初果期時(shí),CO2濃度升高的促進(jìn)作用降低緩和了色素濃度的下降。適當(dāng)提高 NH4+-N供應(yīng)比例也能達(dá)到提高色素含量的效果,但 CO2濃度不宜過(guò)高。故而植物光合色素含量可能受到CO2濃度升高導(dǎo)致的植物干物質(zhì)增加速率和光合色素合成速率改變的雙重調(diào)節(jié)。中N和高N供應(yīng)時(shí),葉綠素a/b 在苗期隨著CO2濃度的升高而降低,在初果期僅在高N時(shí)有顯著降低。而在硝銨比試驗(yàn)中,植株種植稀疏時(shí),C4處理提高葉綠素a/b。因此,CO2濃度升高下的植物捕光能力的提高,可通過(guò)適當(dāng)降低葉片光照強(qiáng)度和提高N供應(yīng)濃度來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。從實(shí)際生產(chǎn)角度出發(fā),使用中等濃度CO2施肥,提高N肥供應(yīng)濃度和NH4+-N比例,結(jié)合植株的適當(dāng)密植更有利于光合色素含量提高,優(yōu)化其組成,從而有利于黃瓜生物量的提高。
CO2施肥;硝銨比;生長(zhǎng)速率;色素合成速率;密植
植物葉片中的光合色素是一類含 N化合物,葉片色素含量較低時(shí),通常表現(xiàn)為葉片的黃化,這也是缺N的重要標(biāo)志之一[1]。近年來(lái),CO2濃度的升高對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)的影響廣受關(guān)注, 其中大量研究表明 CO2濃度的升高會(huì)導(dǎo)致植物N含量的下降[2-3]。由于N濃度與色素含量高度相關(guān),較多研究證實(shí) CO2濃度升高會(huì)導(dǎo)致色素含量的下降[4-7];但也有研究表明 CO2濃度升高并不影響葉片色素含量[8-10]。由于CO2濃度升高對(duì)光合色素合成過(guò)程的研究較少,加之色素合成過(guò)程受到光照強(qiáng)度、植物種類等因素的影響[11-12],CO2濃度升高對(duì)光合色素含量及組成的影響程度的研究結(jié)果各有不同。另一方面,現(xiàn)有對(duì)色素含量變化原因的解釋還眾說(shuō)紛紜:對(duì)于并不肥沃的森林土壤,研究學(xué)者多認(rèn)為 CO2濃度升高在提高植物生產(chǎn)率的同時(shí)造成土壤有效N含量下降,產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步N限制現(xiàn)象[13]。因此植物因?yàn)楣㎞不足而極易導(dǎo)致色素含量下降;也有研究認(rèn)為色素等物質(zhì)含量的下降是由于碳水化合物的過(guò)量積累產(chǎn)生的稀釋作用所導(dǎo)致的[14]。
雖然已經(jīng)基本明確 N含量的變化是導(dǎo)致光合色素含量變化的原因之一,而且適當(dāng)提高NH-N供應(yīng)也有助于提高葉片色素含量[15],但這方面的實(shí)際應(yīng)用研究并不多見(jiàn)。由于我國(guó)設(shè)施蔬菜種植面積的不斷擴(kuò)大,設(shè)施 CO2施肥研究也不斷深入[16-17],但 CO2施肥對(duì)設(shè)施生產(chǎn)中黃瓜的光合色素變化還較少有報(bào)道。同時(shí)我國(guó)設(shè)施栽培中大量施用 N肥,卻無(wú)法有效提高作物光合效率的現(xiàn)狀日益嚴(yán)峻[18]。如何通過(guò)合理的N肥用量和銨硝比控制,配合CO2施肥從而獲得更高的蔬菜產(chǎn)量成為研究熱點(diǎn)。本文旨在研究黃瓜葉片光合色素對(duì) CO2升高、N供應(yīng)濃度和形態(tài)的響應(yīng),探討光合色素含量變化的原因及如何進(jìn)行合理的N肥和CO2施肥以提高葉片光合色素含量并優(yōu)化其組成,從而提高黃瓜的光合生產(chǎn)效率和產(chǎn)量。
1.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)一:CO2設(shè)3個(gè)濃度水平,為400(對(duì)照,大氣CO2濃度,C1)、625(C2)、1 200 (C4) μmol/mol;NO-N濃度設(shè)3個(gè)水平,分別為2(低N)、7(中N)和14(高N)mmol/L。試驗(yàn)二:CO2設(shè)3個(gè)濃度水平,為400(C1),800(C3),1 200 (C4) μmol/mol;硝銨比設(shè)4個(gè)水平,分別為 14/0(N1)、13/1(N2)、11/3(N3) 和8/6(N4)。
試驗(yàn)在中國(guó)科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所溫室內(nèi) 3個(gè)開(kāi)頂式生長(zhǎng)箱(OTCs)進(jìn)行。CO2濃度的控制使用自主設(shè)計(jì)的 CO2自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng):系統(tǒng)將 99.99% 純度的CO2氣體通過(guò)與空氣混合配氣形成3 000 μmol/molCO2氣體通入開(kāi)頂式生長(zhǎng)箱,然后由一臺(tái)紅外 CO2檢測(cè)器檢測(cè)生長(zhǎng)箱內(nèi)氣體濃度,達(dá)到預(yù)設(shè)濃度即由電磁閥控制停止氣體通入,低于預(yù)設(shè)濃度時(shí)即再次通入氣體。CO2濃度控制精度可以保證在 90% 時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到 ±50 μmol/mol。試驗(yàn)皆為兩因素隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì);試驗(yàn)每個(gè)處理設(shè)有6個(gè)重復(fù)。
1.2 試驗(yàn)方法
將黃瓜種子(江蘇南京金豐種苗有限公司購(gòu)買)用 10% 的次氯酸鈉消毒 15 min,完全清洗后置于25℃ 恒溫培養(yǎng)室中催芽,種子露白播種于裝有培養(yǎng)基質(zhì)的育苗盤內(nèi)。黃瓜苗長(zhǎng)到兩葉一心時(shí),定植于容量為1 L的PVC栽培罐中。定植后第二天開(kāi)始進(jìn)行CO2施肥,從8:00開(kāi)始到18:00結(jié)束。栽培罐中裝有改良的山崎黃瓜營(yíng)養(yǎng)液,微量元素使用Arnon營(yíng)養(yǎng)液通用配方[19]。前兩周使用1/2營(yíng)養(yǎng)液,以后使用全營(yíng)養(yǎng)液栽培。為保證根系氧氣充足供應(yīng),栽培罐內(nèi)每日進(jìn)行通氣處理,6:00—18:00,每小時(shí)通氣30 min;18:00至次日6:00,每?jī)尚r(shí)通氣30 min。每日下午17:00左右,營(yíng)養(yǎng)液消耗大于100 ml時(shí),用配制的各處理營(yíng)養(yǎng)液補(bǔ)足,每周更換一次營(yíng)養(yǎng)液。期間每天使用0.1 mmol/L的NaOH和0.05 mmol/L 的 H2SO4調(diào)節(jié)pH至6.50。全生長(zhǎng)期由溫濕度自動(dòng)記錄儀(L95-82,杭州路格科技有限公司)每30 min記錄一次溫濕度數(shù)據(jù);光照記錄儀(L99-LX,杭州路格科技有限公司)每10 min自動(dòng)記錄一次光照數(shù)據(jù)。
試驗(yàn)一在2013年4—6月進(jìn)行。每個(gè)栽培罐定植兩株幼苗。營(yíng)養(yǎng)液大量元素組成見(jiàn)表1。黃瓜定植后16天和50天分別采收一次植株。3個(gè)OTCs生長(zhǎng)箱內(nèi)的溫度分別為 (23.6±5.0)℃、(24.1±5.0)℃ 和(24.1±5.2) ℃;濕度分別為71.4%±20.1%、73.4%± 18.5% 和 74.1%±18.4%。全生長(zhǎng)期光照強(qiáng)度皆為(4 010±6 590) lx(平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差)。
試驗(yàn)二在2014年2—4月進(jìn)行。每個(gè)栽培罐定植一株幼苗。營(yíng)養(yǎng)液大量元素組成見(jiàn)表2。黃瓜植株定植51天后采收全部植株。3個(gè)OTCs生長(zhǎng)箱內(nèi)的溫度分別為 (18.9±6.6)℃、(19.0±6.4) ℃和(18.9± 6.8) ℃;濕度為68.7%±21.5%、68.3%±21.0% 和67.5%±21.2%;光照強(qiáng)度皆為 (9 580±16 530) lx(平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差)。
表1 三種NO3--N處理的營(yíng)養(yǎng)液大量元素組成(mmol/L)Table1 Components of macro-elements of three nitrate nutrient solutions
表2 四種硝銨比處理的營(yíng)養(yǎng)液大量元素組成(mmol/L)Table2 Components of macro-elements of four N nutrient solutions
1.3 測(cè)定方法
收獲的植物樣品分成根、莖、葉和果實(shí),一部分在100℃殺青15 min,70℃ 烘干至恒重,稱其干重。另外取部分混合新鮮葉片冷凍干燥,研磨儲(chǔ)存?zhèn)溆?。植物葉片葉綠素a、葉綠素b和胡蘿卜素含量通過(guò)95%乙醇提取,使用微孔板分光光度計(jì)(Epoch, USA)測(cè)定[20]。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用Microsoft Excel 2007和IBM SPSS19統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,Tukey法進(jìn)行多重比較。
2.1 干物質(zhì)對(duì)CO2、N供應(yīng)的響應(yīng)
苗期時(shí),低、中和高N下植物在C4處理后干物質(zhì)分別增加了54.5%,63.6% 和77.2%(表3,圖1A)。而初果期后,僅低N和高N時(shí),C4處理對(duì)干物質(zhì)有顯著提高。C3處理使得植物干物質(zhì)在N1、N2、N3和N4硝銨比下顯著增加且干物質(zhì)量最高,且在N3硝銨比時(shí),C4處理的干物質(zhì)量較C3處理仍有增加但不顯著。
表3 試驗(yàn)各指標(biāo)方差分析結(jié)果Table3 Results of ANOVA of indexes in two experiments
圖1 黃瓜的全株干重Fig. 1 Dry weight of the entire cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
2.2 色素含量對(duì)CO2和N供應(yīng)濃度的響應(yīng)
苗期時(shí),在低N和中N供應(yīng)時(shí)C4處理顯著降低葉片葉綠素a、葉綠素b和胡蘿卜素含量(圖2)。但在高N時(shí),C4處理提高葉綠素b含量,C3處理提高總色素含量。初果期時(shí),提高 N供應(yīng)濃度有利于色素含量的提高,但 CO2濃度升高有降低色素含量的趨勢(shì)(并不顯著,圖3)。
2.3 色素含量對(duì)CO2和硝銨比變化的響應(yīng)
對(duì)比3個(gè)CO2濃度水平,C3處理使得葉片在N2硝銨比下具有最高的3種色素含量(圖4,表3);在N3硝銨比下,C4處理有提高葉綠素a和胡蘿卜素含量的趨勢(shì)。N4時(shí),色素含量受CO2濃度影響并不顯著。C1處理時(shí),N4硝銨比處理的葉片較其他3個(gè)N處理具有更高的色素含量。
2.4 色素組成對(duì)CO2、N供應(yīng)的響應(yīng)
中N和高N供應(yīng)時(shí),葉綠素a/b 在苗期隨著CO2濃度的升高而降低;在初果期其僅在高 N時(shí)有顯著降低(圖5,表3)。而在硝銨比試驗(yàn)中,C4處理提高葉綠素a/b,僅在N3時(shí)表現(xiàn)得并不顯著。
CO2是光合作用的底物,其濃度的升高促進(jìn)植物的光合作用,提高作物的生產(chǎn)效率和產(chǎn)量[3],這種響應(yīng)受到 N素供應(yīng)的正調(diào)控[21],本研究中黃瓜的干物質(zhì)積累結(jié)果與此相符。CO2濃度升高增加干物質(zhì)量的原因在于在單位時(shí)間內(nèi),CO2濃度升高促進(jìn)了植物生長(zhǎng)速率的提高。作為一種氣肥CO2的生長(zhǎng)刺激作用與化學(xué)肥料類似,在促進(jìn)植物快速生長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)會(huì)稀釋植物體內(nèi)礦質(zhì)元素等物質(zhì)的含量[22-23]。這種現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)是:植物在環(huán)境有益刺激下光合碳同化效率大于該物質(zhì)吸收或者合成的效率?,F(xiàn)有研究廣泛重視的植物體內(nèi)礦質(zhì)元素含量下降即是例證。雖然元素含量下降與元素種類、元素吸收和元素功能都有聯(lián)系,但光合產(chǎn)物大量合成產(chǎn)生的“稀釋效應(yīng)”仍然是重要的原因之一[14,24]。
圖2 苗期不同CO2和NO-N供應(yīng)濃度下黃瓜葉片的葉綠素a、葉綠素b、胡蘿卜素和總色素含量Fig. 2 Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and total pigments in leaves of cucumber grown under various CO2concentrations and nitrate supplyrates at seedling stage
圖3 初果期不同CO2和NO-N供應(yīng)濃度下黃瓜葉片的葉綠素a、葉綠素b、胡蘿卜素和總色素含量Fig. 3 Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and total pigments of leaves of cucumber grown under various CO2concentrations and nitrate supply rates at initial fruit stage
圖4 初果期不同CO2和硝銨比供應(yīng)下黃瓜葉片的葉綠素a、葉綠素b、胡蘿卜素和總色素含量Fig. 4 Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and total pigments of leaves of cucumber grown under various CO2concentrations and nitrate/ammomium ratios at initial fruit stage
本研究中葉片光合色素含量的下降與“稀釋效應(yīng)”密切相關(guān)。光合色素的合成強(qiáng)烈依賴N素供應(yīng)[1,12],N的吸收成為色素合成的決定因素(本文葉片N含量與總色素含量呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),且變化趨勢(shì)一致,未給出數(shù)據(jù))。當(dāng)植物N素供應(yīng)較低時(shí),CO2濃度升高在加劇 N含量下降的同時(shí)降低色素合成。由于植物處在苗期,營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)旺盛,植物 N含量的下降往往不能同等程度地限制CO2的固定效率[7]。因此低 N供應(yīng)的苗期,光合碳固定對(duì)色素含量的“稀釋效應(yīng)”最顯著(圖2)。當(dāng)植物處于生殖生長(zhǎng)期時(shí),CO2作用時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),CO2刺激效應(yīng)下降,植物生長(zhǎng)速率下降,相應(yīng)的“稀釋效應(yīng)”也下降(圖3)。另一方面在最高的NH-N供應(yīng)處理下,植物產(chǎn)生了銨毒害,從而抑制黃瓜干物質(zhì)的增加,降低黃瓜生長(zhǎng)速率,“稀釋效應(yīng)”下降劇烈,從而也并不降低色素含量(圖4)。
光合色素含量下降除了受到“稀釋效應(yīng)”的影響,植物N代謝及色素合成下降也可能是原因之一。當(dāng)N素供應(yīng)充足時(shí),色素含量并不下降,CO2濃度升高反而顯著促進(jìn)葉綠素b的合成(圖2)。CO2濃度升高能夠提高植物葉面積,增加葉片重疊度而不利于光照接收,可能反饋刺激葉綠素b的合成[25-26]。NHN的提高也能夠促進(jìn)CO2濃度升高下的植物N代謝,從而有利于色素的合成[27-28]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),正常 CO2濃度下植株正常生長(zhǎng)時(shí),NHN供應(yīng)提高有降低色素含量的趨勢(shì),但在高 CO2濃度時(shí),NHN供應(yīng)能夠提高色素含量(圖4),提高CO2濃度與提高NHN比例配合更有利于色素含量提高;另外,適當(dāng)提高CO2濃度至800 μmol/mol最有利于N素和光合色素合成(圖4)。由于CO2濃度升高產(chǎn)生的光合適應(yīng)現(xiàn)象,最高的CO2濃度(1 200 μmol/mol)不利于植物生長(zhǎng)和養(yǎng)分代謝[29-30]。在高 CO2作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的初果期,植物 N限制極為強(qiáng)烈[13,31],光合色素合成會(huì)下降,若非光合碳固定下降,此時(shí)色素濃度可能會(huì)顯著降低(圖3)。再者本研究試驗(yàn)二每個(gè)栽培罐僅有一棵植株,相對(duì)試驗(yàn)一減少,因此供 N強(qiáng)度相對(duì)更大,光合色素合成能力更強(qiáng)烈。但此時(shí)處于生殖生長(zhǎng)期的植株生長(zhǎng)速率也相對(duì)較低,綜合導(dǎo)致了葉綠素a、葉綠素b和胡蘿卜素合成量與植物生物量變化相近。在 N供應(yīng)強(qiáng)度高時(shí),雖然光合產(chǎn)物的“稀釋效應(yīng)”仍然降低色素含量,但 CO2濃度升高對(duì)光合色素合成的促進(jìn)作用可能成為主導(dǎo)因素。
本研究中,光合色素的組成也有顯著的變化(圖5),其中葉綠素a/b是重要的捕光能力衡量指標(biāo),其變化受到光照和N有效性兩個(gè)因素的影響[32-33]。CO2濃度升高一方面促進(jìn)植物葉面積增加,降低葉片可獲得光照,相對(duì)促進(jìn)葉綠素 b合成,進(jìn)而降低葉綠素a/b[34];另一方面CO2濃度升高也降低N濃度,增加葉綠素a/b[12]。試驗(yàn)一中N素供應(yīng)相對(duì)較高時(shí),葉綠素a/b有明顯下降,表明在N素供應(yīng)較高時(shí),CO2升高對(duì)葉面積增加的促進(jìn)效果更為顯著,更顯著降低葉綠素a/b,提高植物捕光能力;而試驗(yàn)二中,由于僅有一株植物,葉片遮光程度影響較小,而 CO2濃度升高對(duì) N素濃度的下降程度影響顯著,因此提高葉綠素a/b的值。因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)植物間距小,植物葉片接受到的高光強(qiáng)與高CO2濃度協(xié)同作用,光合物質(zhì)合成更多,植物可能降低葉綠素b合成,降低捕光能力,進(jìn)行反饋調(diào)節(jié),從而減少過(guò)多光合物質(zhì)積累的危害[12,29]??傊瑥纳a(chǎn)角度考慮,CO2濃度升高后植物適當(dāng)密植,同時(shí)提高 N供應(yīng)濃度更有利于獲得更高的生產(chǎn)效率。
圖5 黃瓜葉片的葉綠素a/b的變化Fig. 5 Chlorophyll a/b of leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
植物光合色素含量可能受 CO2濃度升高導(dǎo)致的植物生長(zhǎng)速率和光合色素合成速率改變的雙重調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng) N素供應(yīng)濃度較低時(shí),CO2濃度升高會(huì)明顯降低葉片葉綠素a、葉綠素b和胡蘿卜素的含量。這主要是植物生長(zhǎng)速率顯著提高產(chǎn)生的稀釋作用導(dǎo)致。當(dāng)N
素供應(yīng)濃度較高時(shí),CO2濃度適當(dāng)提高同時(shí)會(huì)顯著促進(jìn)色素合成,且這一速率可能大于植物生長(zhǎng)速率,導(dǎo)致色素含量提高。CO2濃度升高下可以通過(guò)適當(dāng)降低作物間距,增加總N供應(yīng)濃度和NH4+-N比例,提高植物葉片含 N量和植物捕光能力,以期獲得更高的作物產(chǎn)量;同時(shí)需要控制 CO2濃度過(guò)高產(chǎn)生的反饋抑制現(xiàn)象。
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Effects of Elevated CO2, N Concentration and N Forms on Photosynthetic Pigments Concentration and Composition
BAO Li1,2, DONG Jinlong1,2, LI Xun1, DUAN Zengqiang1*
(1 State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture (Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Nanjing 210008, China; 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)
This study consisted of two experiments to study the leaf photosynthetic pigment concentrations of cucumber. The first one studied the effects of elevated CO2and nitrate concentration under three nitrate concentrations [2(low N),7(moderate N) and 14(high N) mmol/L] and three CO2concentrations [400 (C1), 625 (C2) and 1 200 (C4) μmol/mol]. The second one studied the effects of elevated CO2and N forms under three CO2concentrations [400 (C1), 800(C3) and 1200 (C4) μmol/mol]and four ratios of nitrate to ammonium concentrations [14/0(N1), 13/1(N2), 11/3 (N3) and 8/6(N4)]. The results showed that: at the seedling stage, C4 treatment enhanced the biomass of all the three N supplies and this effect decreased at the initial fruit stage. The biomass of C3 treatment increased and was the highest among the CO2treatments. At the seedling stage, the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids concentrations of the low and moderate N increased under C3 treatment, while high N increased the chlorophyll b and total pigment concentrations. Three pigment concentrations of N2 treatment were the highest under C3 treatment, while their concentrations in N3 treatment were the highest under C4 treatment among the CO2treatments. Thus, at the seedling stage,elevated CO2decreased three pigment concentrations of low N due to “dilution effect” caused by the high growth rate. But when N concentration was 14 mmol/L, elevated CO2increased the pigment synthesis and this rate was higher than the growth rate,which resulted in higher pigment concentrations. This effect also existed with high ammonium supply. The pigment concentration was generally controlled by the growth rate and pigments synthesis rate simultaneously. Under moderate and high N, chlorophyll a/b at the seedling stage increased under high CO2, but only that of the high N decreased at the initial fruit stage. Moreover, C4 treatment enhanced chlorophyll a/b, which may be enhanced by high light density and low N concentration. Practically, the cucumber cultivation under elevated CO2should combine with high N concentration, high ammonium supply rates and high plant density.
CO2fertilization; Nitrate to ammonium ratio; Growth rate; Pigment synthesis rate; High plant density
S627;Q945.18
10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2016.04.005
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41101272)和國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2014BAD14B04)資助。
(zqduan@issas.ac.cn)
寶俐(1992—),女,江蘇揚(yáng)州人,碩士研究生,主要從事植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與土壤生態(tài)研究。E-mail: baoli@issas.ac.cn