米磊 劉懷勤 高宇
[摘 要] 目的:運用肌電圖儀評價錯牙合畸形患者正頜手術(shù)后咀嚼肌功能變化,了解患者術(shù)后咀嚼肌功能的變化規(guī)律。方法:選取我院2013年8月—2015年8月收治的31例接受正頜手術(shù)的錯牙合畸形患者納入觀察組,并選取同期30名正常牙合者納入對照組。運用肌電圖儀檢測靜息放松時、左右側(cè)方最大運動各咀嚼肌肌電位,以及正中緊咬時、最大開口、正中前伸、咀嚼運動時咀嚼肌肌電位及不對稱指數(shù),并分析觀察組患者術(shù)后咀嚼肌功能變化。結(jié)果:除靜息放松外,觀察組術(shù)前咀嚼肌肌電位低于對照組,且以緊咬、咀嚼時差異最為明顯(P<0.05);術(shù)后3個月時,觀察組患者部分咀嚼肌功能有所恢復(fù),但緊咬、咀嚼時肌電位仍顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后6個月時,患者咀嚼肌功能較術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個月改善明顯差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:錯牙合畸形患者正頜手術(shù)后咬合及肌肉功能均逐漸增強,但功能未達正常水平。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肌電圖儀;錯牙合畸形;正頜手術(shù);咀嚼肌功能
中圖分類號:R 783.5 文獻標(biāo)識碼:B 文章編號:2095-5200(2016)04-019-04
DOI:10.11876/mimt201604008
Application of electromyogram in evaluation of change of masticatory muscle function in malocclusal patients after orthognathic surgery MI Lei,LIU Huaiqin,GAO Yu. (Department of stomatology,The First Hospital of Yulin,Yulin 719000,China)
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the use of electromyogram in evaluation of change of masticatory muscle function in malocclusal patients after orthognathic surgery, for understanding of changes of postoperative masticatory muscle function. Methods: 31 patients with malocclusion undergoing orthognathic surgery in our hospital from August 2013 to August 2015 were included in the observation group, and 30 healthy people with normal occlusion were included in the control group. The electromyogram data was detected during rest position, centric clenching, mouth opening, protrusive movement, laterotrusive movement, potentials of the masticatory muscles when chewing and the asymmetric index of masticatory muscle, were used to analyze the masticatory muscle function in malocclusal patients after orthognathic surgery. Results: Except resting relaxation, potentials of masticatory muscles of observation group surgery is lower than that of the control group, and differences were statistically significant when clenching and chewing (P<0.05); 3 months after surgery, some masticatory muscle functions of patients in the observation group have been restored, but potentials of masticatory muscles were still significantly lower than those of the control group when clenching and chewing, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); at 6 months, masticatory muscle function of patients improved significantly compared with those of pre-operation and post-operative 3 months, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Occlusion and muscle function of malocclusal patients after orthognathic surgery were gradually increased, but the function is less than the normal level.
[Key words] electromyogram;malocclusion;orthognathic surgery;masticatory muscle function
目前臨床常見的錯牙合畸形以骨性Ⅲ類畸形為主 [1]。正頜手術(shù)改善上下頜骨關(guān)系,恢復(fù)正常咬合關(guān)系[2]。通過肌電圖測定咀嚼肌功能是評價正頜手術(shù)治療效果的常用方案,但咀嚼肌功能變化是否會對咬合功能產(chǎn)生影響、會產(chǎn)生何種影響,目前臨床尚無定論[3]。為分析咀嚼肌功能變化,本文選取31例錯牙合畸形患者及30名正常牙合者進行了前瞻性對照研究,現(xiàn)將研究方法與結(jié)果總結(jié)如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取我院2013年8月—2015年8月收治的31例接受正頜手術(shù)的錯牙合畸形患者納入觀察組,31例患者均為骨性Ⅲ類錯牙合畸形,其中28例已接受術(shù)前正畸治療,3例直接行正頜手術(shù)治療。并選取同期30名正常牙合者,納入對照組,30名正常者面部對稱度良好,均未見畸形,開口度、開口型正常,顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)無疼痛或彈響,牙列完整且排列整齊,排除近1年內(nèi)有拔牙史、牙體病史、牙周炎史、口腔黏膜病史、正畸治療史、面部肌病、神經(jīng)病史者[4]。兩組性別、年齡等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本臨床研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),受試者均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 檢測方法
檢測設(shè)備為M153635-Medelec Synergy二通道肌電圖誘發(fā)電位儀(英國Oxford公司),檢測方法:以75%乙醇消毒皮膚,囑受試者取息止頜位,即頭頸部放松端坐,自然分開上下牙,休息3~5 min后咬緊雙側(cè)后牙,安置電極,定位解剖標(biāo)志,將電極膏涂于電極盤表面,使用膠布固定,記錄靜息放松、正中緊咬、最大開口、正中前伸、左右側(cè)方最大運動、咀嚼運動時肌電數(shù)據(jù)(對照組于入組時測定,觀察組于正頜手術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個月、術(shù)后6個月各測定1次)[5]。
1.3 評價指標(biāo)及統(tǒng)計
肌電圖儀評價指標(biāo)包括靜息放松時、左右側(cè)方最大運動各咀嚼肌肌電位,以及正中緊咬時、最大開口、正中前伸、咀嚼運動時咀嚼肌肌電位及不對稱指數(shù),不對稱指數(shù)=(左側(cè)肌電位-右側(cè)肌電位)/(左側(cè)肌電位+右側(cè)肌電位)×100%,取絕對值[6-7]。對本臨床研究的所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS18.0進行分析,以P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 咀嚼肌肌電位
正頜手術(shù)前:靜息放松、前伸運動時,觀察組各咀嚼肌肌電位與對照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);正中緊咬、咀嚼運動時,其咀嚼肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);開口運動時,其兩側(cè)顳肌前束、右側(cè)咬肌、左側(cè)二腹肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);側(cè)方運動時,其兩側(cè)肌電位均顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
術(shù)后3個月:正中緊咬時,觀察組咀嚼肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,且肌不對稱指數(shù)顯著高于后者,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);開口運動時,觀察組僅右側(cè)顳肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);前伸運動時,其左側(cè)二腹肌肌電位仍顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);側(cè)方運動時,觀察組咀嚼肌肌電位與正頜手術(shù)前比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);咀嚼運動時,觀察組顳肌、咬肌肌電位顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
術(shù)后6個月:正中緊咬時,觀察組咀嚼肌肌電位顯著高于正頜手術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個月,但仍低于對照組水平,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);開口運動、前伸運動時,多數(shù)咀嚼肌肌電位有所恢復(fù),且與對照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);咀嚼運動時,咀嚼肌肌電位明顯改善,除右側(cè)二腹肌外,其他咀嚼肌肌電位與對照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)見表1、表2、表3。
3 討論
正頜手術(shù)是恢復(fù)錯牙合畸形患者口頜系統(tǒng)形態(tài)與功能協(xié)調(diào)的首選方案,但由于正頜手術(shù)使顱面骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)、肌肉附著關(guān)系發(fā)生突然改變,此時患者口頜系統(tǒng)咀嚼肌往往無法迅速適應(yīng)該變化,功能重建過程可能受到一定影響[9]。自上世紀(jì)40年代起即有學(xué)者將肌電圖儀用于口腔醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域,作為一種客觀、定量反映肌肉神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)技能狀態(tài)的設(shè)備,肌電圖儀為口頜系統(tǒng)形態(tài)與功能關(guān)系的研究、治療效果評價提供了便利、準(zhǔn)確的手段[10]。 本研究結(jié)果顯示觀察組患者術(shù)前咀嚼肌肌電圖表現(xiàn)與對照組差異明顯,主要表現(xiàn)在下頜運動的正中緊咬、開口及咀嚼運動時,與過往研究一致[11-12],其原因考慮為:1)錯牙合畸形患者下頜體往往較長,這一解剖構(gòu)造可導(dǎo)致下頜運動時咀嚼肌阻力臂增長,機械效能受到影響[13];
2)該類患者上下牙列協(xié)調(diào)性有限、咬合關(guān)系不理想,牙合接觸面積處于異常狀態(tài),故緊咬、咀嚼運動時承受牙合力的牙位數(shù)偏少,受力牙周組織無法承受負(fù)荷時即可導(dǎo)致咀嚼肌收縮力反射性降低[14];3)多數(shù)患者后牙處于反牙合狀態(tài)且伴有尖窩關(guān)系異常,左側(cè)、右側(cè)運動時牙合受到明顯干擾,下頜運動受限;4)部分患者接受正畸治療,該治療方案對患者咀嚼肌功能亦存在一定影響,故患者咀嚼肌功能不及正常牙合者。
Ko等[15]認(rèn)為咀嚼肌在頜骨的生長發(fā)育中扮演著重要角色。正頜手術(shù)后咀嚼肌在各類下頜運動中機械效率、協(xié)調(diào)性均有所提升[16],本研究患者術(shù)后3個月咀嚼肌肌電位較術(shù)前狀態(tài)有了一定程度的改善,但其咀嚼肌肌電位尚未恢復(fù)正常水平,主要由于術(shù)后短期內(nèi)疼痛、麻木等感覺異常誘發(fā)肌肉收縮力量反射性減弱。此外,Takeshita等[17]指出,咀嚼肌對新牙合位置尚不適應(yīng)、牙尖窩關(guān)系尚不精確亦可能是導(dǎo)致緊咬、咀嚼運動時咀嚼肌肌電位不理想的原因之一。
本研究觀察組術(shù)后6個月咀嚼肌肌電位得到了進一步改善,但仍未達到正常水平,因此,在強調(diào)正頜手術(shù)的同時,應(yīng)注重術(shù)后功能鍛煉,促進口頜系統(tǒng)功能的整體恢復(fù)與完善。
參 考 文 獻
[1] Kumar S, Tripathi T, Sidhu M S, et al. Skeletal Class II correction and neuromuscular adaptation with twin-block: A cephalometric and electromyography study in adults[J]. J Indian Orthod Soc, 2016, 50(2): 94.
[2] Sandhu S S, Utreja A, Prabhakar S, et al. A Study of Electromyographic Activity of Masseter and Temporalis Muscles and Maximum Bite Force in Patients with Various Malocclusions[J]. J Indian Orthod Soc, 2013, 47(2): 53.
[3] 何媛, 張琪, 李天舒, 等. 不同牙合型人群咀嚼肌肌電活動的研究[J]. 口腔醫(yī)學(xué)研究, 2015, 31(11): 1143-1147.
[4] Ciavarella D, Monsurrò A, Padricelli G, et al. Unilateral posterior crossbite in adolescents: surface electromyographic evaluation[J]. Eur J Paediatr Dent, 2012, 13(1): 25.
[5] 曹盟. 穩(wěn)定性咬合板治療顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)紊亂病的咀嚼肌肌電圖研究[D]. 濟南:山東大學(xué), 2008.
[6] 謝賢聚, 白玉興, 幸丹, 等. 骨性 Ⅲ 類錯牙合畸形患者正頜術(shù)后咀嚼肌功能及牙合力的研究[J]. 北京口腔醫(yī)學(xué), 2014, 22(3): 147-150.
[7] Nakamura A, Zeredo J L, Utsumi D, et al. Influence of malocclusion on the development of masticatory function and mandibular growth[J]. Angle Orthod, 2013, 83(5): 749-757.
[8] Satygo E A, Silin A V, Ramirez-Ya?ez G O. Electromyographic Muscular Activity Improvement in Class II Patients Treated with the Pre-Orthodontic Trainer[J]. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2014, 38(4): 380-384.
[9] 蔡鳴, 沈國芳, 房兵, 等. Moebius 綜合征患者牙頜面特征及正頜正畸治療遠期療效評價[J]. 中國口腔頜面外科雜志, 2012, 10(1): 29-37.
[10] Uysal T, Yagci A, Kara S, et al. Influence of Pre-Orthodontic Trainer treatment on the perioral and masticatory muscles in patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion[J]. Eur J Orthod, 2012, 34(1): 96-101.
[11] Ikenaga N, Yamaguchi K, Daimon S. Effect of mouth breathing on masticatory muscle activity during chewing food[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2013, 40(6): 429-435.
[12] Petrovi? ?, Vujkov S, Petronijevi? B, et al. Examination of the bioelectrical activity of the masticatory muscles during Angles Class II division 2 therapy with an activator[J]. Vojnosanit Pregl, 2014, 71(12): 1116-1122.
[13] Saccomanno S, Antonini G, DAlatri L, et al. Causal relationship between malocclusion and oral muscles dysfunction: a model of approach[J]. Eur J Paediatr Dent, 2012, 13(4): 321-323.
[14] Raman P. Physiologic neuromuscular dental paradigm for the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders[J]. J Calif Dent Assoc, 2014, 42(8): 563-571.
[15] Ko E W C, Huang C S, Lo L J, et al. Alteration of masticatory electromyographic activity and stability of orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2013, 71(7): 1249-1260.
[16] Monaco A, Sgolastra F, Petrucci A, et al. Prevalence of vision problems in a hospital-based pediatric population with malocclusion[J]. Pediatr Dent, 2013, 35(3): 272-274.
[17] Takeshita N, Ishida M, Watanabe H, et al. Improvement of asymmetric stomatognathic functions, unilateral crossbite, and facial esthetics in a patient with skeletal Class III malocclusion and mandibular asymmetry, treated with orthognathic surgery[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofac, 2013, 144(3): 441-454.