3D打印機

·編者按·

3D打印機

·編者按·

3D打?。?D Printing）是一種快速成形技術，它以數(shù)字化模型為基礎，運用粉末狀金屬或塑料等打印技術沉積材料，通過逐層打印的方式構造物體，所用設備即3D打印機（3D printer）。一般來說，通過3D打印獲得一件物品需要經(jīng)歷建模、分層、打印和后期處理4個主要階段，3D打印技術主要包括光固化成型法（SLA）、選擇性激光燒結技術（SLS）、熔積成型法（FDM）、分層實體制造法（LOM）等。

第一臺商用3D打印機出現(xiàn)在1986年，但3D打印技術的真正確立是以美國麻省理工大學的Scans和Cima等人于1991年申報的關于3D打印的專利為標志。3D打印機目前在建筑設計領域、磨具制造領域、醫(yī)學領域、航空航天領域、家電和食品領域等得到廣泛應用。截至2012年，生物科技公司和學界就一直在研究3D生物打印技術在組織工程中的應用，也就是說，用噴墨技術來生產(chǎn)身體組織和器官。2016年2月15日提前在線發(fā)表在《Nature Biotechnology》雜志上的一篇論文中，美國維克森林大學（Wake Forest University）再生醫(yī)學研究所的科學家報告了他們研發(fā)出的一款3D生物打印機。使用這種“集成型組織—器官打印機”（Integrated Tissue-Organ Printer），研究人員成功地打印出了大尺寸的“活”的組織，包括一個外耳形狀的軟骨、下顎骨、頭蓋骨以及肌肉組織。把這些組織移植到老鼠身上后，這些組織都能夠長時間地存活下來，并且逐漸“融入”到了周圍的組織里。這項新的突破使科學家距離3D打印出組織甚至器官，并將其用于臨床治療又近了一步。

本專題得到張李超副教授（華中科技大學）的大力支持。

·熱點數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2016年7月4日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）的數(shù)據(jù)報告顯示，以“3D打印機”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻分別為1178條與684條，本專題將相關數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機構發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進行排行，結果如下。

研究機構發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機構發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

（數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國知網(wǎng)、Web of Science，檢索時間：2016-07-04）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報告，以“3D打印機”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，以“3D打印機”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP 50文獻作為節(jié)點進行分析，得到本領域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻如下。

本領域經(jīng)典文獻

來源出版物：Rapid Prototyping Journal， 2002， 8（3）：180-189

3DP process for fine mesh structure printing

Lu， K； Reynolds， WT

Abstract： Three dimensional printing （3DP）is a unique technique for creating complex shapes. However， printing feature sizes at less than 500 pm with high integrity and intricate structures have not been possible. In this study，TiNiHf shape memory alloy （SMA）powder was printed into 3D mesh structures of 300 mu m wire width. Effects of printing layer thickness and binder saturation level on the integrity and dimensional accuracy of the 3D mesh structures were evaluated. 35 gin printing layer thickness and 170% binder saturation level offer the highest mesh structure integrity. Also， 35 pm printing layer thickness results in the smallest dimensional deviation from the designed 200 gin mesh width with the smallest standard deviation. Overall， 35 gm printing layer thickness and 170% binder saturation level are the most preferred printing condition for the designed 3D mesh structure.

3D printing； mesh structure； printing layer thickness； binder saturation level； integrity； dimensional accuracy

來源出版物：Powder Technology， 2008， 187（1）： 11-18

Advances in three dimensional printing - state of the art and future perspectives

Dimitrov， D； Schreve， K； de Beer， N

Abstract： Purpose： This paper surveys the current state and capabilities of three dimensional printing （3DP）. A comprehensive review of 3D Printing applications is presented. The scope of the applications includes design，manufacturing， the medical field and architecture.Design/methodology/approach：Alargevarietyof manufacturing applications such as rapid pattern making and rapid tooling using the 3DP process directly or as core technology， as well as further implications in design and engineering analysis， medicine， and architecture are presented and evaluated. Findings： Some research issues are also discussed. An attempt， based on the state of the art，to show weaknesses and opportunities， and to draw conclusions about the future of this important process rounds up this paper. Research limitations/implications-The scope of this research survey is limited to evaluation and comparison of processes that may be characterised as 3D printing technologies. Practical implications： The study is very useful as a basis for matching evaluated 3D printing machine and process capabilities to user requirements， and forms a framework on which future comparative studies can build. Originality/value： A comprehensive overview of the capabilities of 3DP processes is presented and evaluated. It shows the application of 3D printing beyond concept modelling. The paper is valuable for researchers as well as individuals， who require adequate and relevant comparative information during decision making.

關鍵詞：modelling； print media； rapid prototypes

來源出版物：Science， 2011， 333（6040）： 307-307

Printability of calcium phosphate powders for three-dimensional printing of tissue engineering scaffolds

Butscher， A； Bohner， M； Roth， C； et al.

Abstract： Three-dimensional printing （3DP）is a versatile method to produce scaffolds for tissue engineering. In 3DP the solid is created by the reaction of a liquid selectively sprayed onto a powder bed. Despite the importance of the powder properties， there has to date been a relatively poor understanding of the relation between the powder properties and the printing outcome. This article aims at improving this understanding by looking at the link between key powder parameters （particle size， flowability，roughness， wettability）and printing accuracy. These powder parameters are determined as key factors with a predictive value for the final 3DP outcome. Promising results can be expected for mean particle size in the range of 20-35 μm，compaction rate in the range of 1.3-1.4， flowability in the range of 5-7 and powder bed surface roughness of 10-25 μm. Finally， possible steps and strategies in pushing the physical limits concerning improved quality in 3DP are addressed and discussed.

關鍵詞：three-dimensional printing （3DP）； tissue engineering；calcium phosphates （CaP）； powder flowability； powder wettability

來源出版物：Acta Biomaterialia， 2012， 8（1）： 373-385

Integrated 3D-printed reactionware for chemical synthesis and analysis

Symes， MD； Kitson， PJ； Yan， J； et al.

Abstract： Three-dimensional （3D）printing has the potential to transform science and technology by creating bespoke， low-cost appliances that previously required dedicated facilities to make. An attractive， but unexplored，application is to use a 3D printer to initiate chemical reactions by printing the reagents directly into a 3D reactionware matrix， and so put reactionware design，construction and operation under digital control. Here，using a low-cost 3D printer and open-source design software we produced reactionware for organic and inorganic synthesis， which included printed-in catalysts and other architectures with printed-in components for electrochemical and spectroscopic analysis. This enabled reactions to be monitored in situ so that different reactionware architectures could be screened for their efficacy for a given process， with a digital feedback mechanism for device optimization. Furthermore， solely by modifying reactionware architecture， reaction outcomes can be altered. Taken together， this approach constitutes a relatively cheap， automated and reconfigurable chemical discovery platform that makes techniques from chemical engineering accessible to typical synthetic laboratories.

來源出版物：Nature Chemistry， 2012， 4（5）： 349-354

·推薦綜述·

3D打印機在各領域的發(fā)展前景

趙秋云，楚恩惠

13D打印機的原理

3D打印機（3D Printers）又稱三維打印機，是一位名為恩里科·迪尼（Enrico Dini）的發(fā)明家設計的一種神奇的打印機。它的神奇之處在于，可以根據(jù)需要，使用3D輔助設計軟件，打印出需要的構造復雜的小汽車或者是簡單的鞋子。3D打印機的原料多種多樣，如橡膠、塑料、蠟質(zhì)材料甚至是金屬，可以利用各種原料直接打印三維立體模型，也可以通過創(chuàng)新設計出符合人類需求的各種形狀的產(chǎn)品。3D打印機不同于傳統(tǒng)的去除材料加工技術，它是通過連續(xù)的物理層創(chuàng)建的，隸屬于添加劑制造技術的一種。與其他的添加劑制造技術相比較，3D打印機目前具有高運行速度，超低價格、易用性等明顯的優(yōu)點。具體的過程是，以通過計算機建模軟件建構的三維模型，根據(jù)工藝要求在第一構建體中，再按照一定的規(guī)律把有序序列的單位進行離散，它通常是在Z方向離散到一定厚度時，把原來的三維CAD模型變成一系列的層片，基于每個層所述，輸入處理參數(shù)，由系統(tǒng)的輪廓信息來生成數(shù)控代碼，最后將連接起打印出的一系列片層，并形成一個三維模型。首先通過建模軟件模型內(nèi)置，構建成一個立體的分區(qū)步驟模型進一步橫截面以引導逐一層面打印。

23D打印的意義

2.1制造工藝的深刻變革

3D打印的特點并不是利用去除多余的材料進行深加工，而是通過對逐層的聚集材料進行加工處理，因而這種制作工藝也就被稱作聚集制造或加工制造。這也改進了利用對原材料進行切削、組裝等進行生產(chǎn)的深加工模式，也節(jié)省了一些材料與加工時間，從而帶來了制造工藝的深刻革新。

2.2制造技術的重大飛躍

3D打印技術是近年來新起的一種高新科技技術，它綜合運用了CAD/CAM 技術、激光智能技術、電子化工以及材料科學等諸多方面的技能知識，3D打印技術的持續(xù)革新將會推進包含智能制造技術、新材料技術等新型技術的飛躍發(fā)展。

2.3制造模式的歷史革命

作為一種新型的加工工藝技術，3D打印將會扭轉第二次工業(yè)革命以來產(chǎn)生的，以裝配生產(chǎn)線為標志的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)方式的局面，使產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)向個性化、私人定制化轉變。3D打印機的推廣運用將能夠減少產(chǎn)品市場化所需的時間，既不需要大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)線，也不需要存儲大量的產(chǎn)品零部件，更不需要大量的生產(chǎn)工人。用戶們只需要簡單的下載設計圖案，便可在較短的時間內(nèi)通過3D打印將產(chǎn)品打印出來。

33D打印機的發(fā)展前景

由于迅速成型技術在目前市場上占據(jù)著一定的主導地位，3D打印機在生產(chǎn)應用方面也有著巨大的發(fā)展前景。3D新型打印技術在醫(yī)療方面、交通工具、食品、藝術和教育教學方面都能夠得到普遍的運用。

3.1醫(yī)學領域的發(fā)展前景

隨著科技的日漸成熟，3D打印已經(jīng)開始涉足醫(yī)學領域。3D打印能夠制造出適合人體的某些定制器官，目前，有些科研人員已經(jīng)用3D打印機打印出了簡單的活體組織器官，如皮膚、肌肉等。相關人員介紹，如腎臟、肝臟、甚至心臟等較大的身體器官也都有可能在不久的將來被打印出來。美國生物科技公司Organovo于2014年11 月18日對外宣布：其通過3D打印的肝臟exVive3D進入上市前的臨床試驗結果，并將向醫(yī)藥公司出售3D打印肝臟，打印出來的3D肝類似于六邊形，大小卻只有幾毫米，但能像真實人體肝臟一樣自行產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)，而且其活性期超過6周，這也給生物試驗帶來了巨大的空間。試想一下，在不久的將來的，3D新型打印技術不僅能夠運用于肝臟組織，還能制造出一系列完整的3D打印器官。從需要器官移植的人體取一部分組織，提取需要的成分，通過3D打印技術，打印出的器官再移植在自己的身體上，不僅能夠和機體很好地相融合在一起，而且如果生物打印機可以使用患者自身的干細胞打印器官，就能夠減少器官移植后機體產(chǎn)生排斥反應的可能性。另外，打印器官不像克隆技術，存在倫理道德問題，所以，在醫(yī)學領域利用好3D打印技術，極可能開啟器官移植的新時代。

3.2生活領域的發(fā)展前景

近幾年，3D打印在生活領域也已經(jīng)有了很大的進展。2014年9月，在美國芝加哥舉行的2014國際制造技術展覽會上Local Motors展示了一輛3D打印的汽車。這輛名為Strati的3D打印汽車的制造采用了直接數(shù)字化制造技術，通身都是用3D打印機打印出來的，包括機身以及零部件，完成歷史性的首駕駛。打造這款車采用了3D打印技術，以納米制造的方式在數(shù)字化制造環(huán)境中完成，在其前大燈，后視鏡和擋風玻璃電子零件增加碳纖維，以提高其強度。這輛零部件耗資約3500美元制作周期為44小時的3D打印汽車，可以達到80 km/h的最高速度。這種新的制造方式不僅顛覆現(xiàn)有的生產(chǎn)模式，而且也改變了消費者的使用體驗。3D打印的汽車僅僅是冰山一角，為未來尖端技術的汽車制造工藝奠定了基礎，這種新技術的引入是3D打印技術的未來發(fā)展，蘊含著巨大的能量，甚至對工業(yè)生產(chǎn)影響深遠。另外，各式各樣的美味食物也能被3D打印機打印出來。前段時間，在哈工大（威海）實驗室里誕生了一臺以液態(tài)巧克力為油墨的巧克力3D打印機，體驗用戶們只需要加入巧克力液或巧克力塊就可以打印出他們想要的任何造型，與國外的相關技術相比，這款巧克力3D打印機具有無限供料、低溫成型、成本較低等明顯優(yōu)勢。

3.3科技領域的發(fā)展前景

近日，澳大利亞某華裔研究員采用一種3D新型打印技術制造出了全球首個打印出來的飛機引擎。這一翻天覆地的變革有望能夠降低飛機的制造成本，從而使飛機更輕更省油。相關專家指出，研究表明，飛機的精密零件也能適用被3D打印技術制造，并且認為這是一項顛覆性的科技。這個項目的閃光點在于這里應用的是鈦、鎳、錫等金屬或輕金屬，在整個制作過程中，研究人員將一個破舊的飛機引擎進行有序的拆分掃描，進行激光切割打印，最后再重新組裝。有一位名Graham Sortino的美國工程師正在致力于改變發(fā)動機的制造方式。他一直在開發(fā)能夠完全開源的液體燃料火箭發(fā)動機，而且最為重要的是，這個發(fā)電機是完全可以被3D打印的。能夠隨時快速的進行修改設計發(fā)動機部件，并且能以比傳統(tǒng)制造更為便宜的方式制造出所需的部件，這是激發(fā)他使用3D打印發(fā)動機的主要原因。他采用金屬材料作為原料，這讓對開源部件的設計進行修改變得更加容易。

3.4藝術領域的發(fā)展前景

3D打印技術與藝術似乎總是如影隨形，設計師們將設計的各種形象利用3D打印的形式完美呈現(xiàn)出來。而在動漫領域，3D打印動畫也有著普遍的應用前景，如已經(jīng)上映的大型迪斯尼動畫《超能戰(zhàn)隊》，它的制作過程中就充分運用了3D打印以及3D掃描等技術。還有《通靈男孩諾曼》打破了使用黏土原料手工制作人物面部表情的傳統(tǒng)方式，而是采用3D打印技術來制作角色表情。通過計算機對已建好的面部表情的素材庫，利用不同的排序最終生成了大概150萬個不同的角色面部表情。

3.5教育領域的發(fā)展前景

3D打印對于教師教學和學生學習方面具有及其重要的價值，它能夠更加真實呈現(xiàn)出特定的事物，從而使學生獲得深入的感知領悟。在激發(fā)提升學生的創(chuàng)造力上，3D打印技術的演示教學正是一個合適的解決方案，3D打印技術在基礎教育中最引人注目的應用在于學生可以利用技術創(chuàng)造出完全屬于自己的東西，如在科學課、歷史課上，學生可以制作像化石、文物之類的易碎品，通過快速原型設計和生產(chǎn)工具，學習化學的學生可以打印出復雜的蛋白質(zhì)和其他分子模型，這與我們看到的3D分子設計模型庫中的展示十分類似，而設計專業(yè)的學生能夠通過3D打印更快速的實現(xiàn)并檢驗自己的設計作品。

4結語

憑借著這種數(shù)字化的制造，3D打印機將會取代傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)所采用的各種各樣的機械，對制造業(yè)的生產(chǎn)方式也將造成顛覆性的改變。更為重要的是，它不需要那種大規(guī)模的流水生產(chǎn)線，因為計算機和3D打印機的聯(lián)合，使得這種重復變得簡單而方便。隨著3D新型打印技術在尺寸與精度上的迅速發(fā)展，3D打印將會越來越多地運用到更廣泛的領域，加上新能源、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和其他一些新材料，就可以在各個領域研究開發(fā)人們需要的產(chǎn)品，造福于社會。?

【作者單位：河南師范大學】

（摘自《軟件導刊》2015年第5期）

·高被引論文摘要·

被引頻次：61

3D打印：一種新興的學習技術

李青，王青

3D打印是最近兩年開始流行的一種快速成形技術，它以數(shù)字模型文件為基礎，通過逐層打印的方式來構造物體。目前，已經(jīng)有學者嘗試將它應用于教學中，取得了一定成果。從文獻研究入手，介紹了3D打印機的原理和3D打印技術的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀；呈現(xiàn)了3D打印在各學科教學中的創(chuàng)造性應用，并列舉了三個典型案例加以剖析；進一步分析了其在學習環(huán)境中的角色、主要應用模式和創(chuàng)新性用法；最后討論了目前3D打印應用于教學的前景、優(yōu)勢和不足。

關鍵詞：3D打??；學習技術；教育創(chuàng)新；教學資源

來源出版物：遠程教育雜志， 2013， 4： 29-35

被引頻次：49

蓄勢待發(fā)的3D打印機及其發(fā)展

古麗萍

摘要：3D打印機作為3D領域的一種前瞻性產(chǎn)品，目前成為一種潮流正迅猛發(fā)展。3D打印機被稱之為改變未來世界新的創(chuàng)造性科技，不僅改變了許多工廠的生產(chǎn)方式，給制造業(yè)帶來一場革命，還將進入到我們的家庭，給工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和我們的生活帶來巨大的革命性改變。

關鍵詞：模型表面；三維地形；蓄勢；彩色打??；打印速度；血管網(wǎng)絡；三維立體；實體模型；輔助設計軟件；打印設備

來源出版物：數(shù)碼印刷， 2011 （10）： 64-67

被引頻次：28

3D打印技術及其發(fā)展趨勢

王月圓，楊萍

摘要：近年來，3D打印技術在工業(yè)產(chǎn)品設計，特別是數(shù)字產(chǎn)品模型制造領域的應用正在成為一種潮流和熱門話題。桌面級3D打印設備的逐漸成熟和應用開始推動全球3D打印市場的興起，全球工業(yè)分析公司（Global Industry Analysis Inc）的研究報告預測2018年全球3D打印市場將達到29.9億美元。

關鍵詞：3D打印技術；應用需求；發(fā)展趨勢

來源出版物：印刷雜志， 2013 （4）： 10-12

被引頻次：23

3D打印機及其工作原理

劉欣靈

摘要：3D打印是添加劑制造技術的一種形式，在添加劑制造技術中三維對象是通過連續(xù)的物理層創(chuàng)建出來的。3D打印機相對于其他的添加劑制造技術而言，具有速度快，價格便宜，高易用性等優(yōu)點。3D打印機就是可以“打印”出真實3D物體的一種設備，功能上與激光成型技術一樣，采用分層加工、迭加成形，即通過逐層增加材料來生成3D 實體，與傳統(tǒng)的去除材料加工技術完全不同。稱之為“打印機”是參照了其技術原理，因為分層加工的過程與噴墨打印十分相似。

關鍵詞：三維對象；制造技術；物理層；工作原理；打印速度；易用性；模型表面；彩色打??；原型制造；實體模型

來源出版物：網(wǎng)絡與信息， 2012， 26（2）： 30-30

被引頻次：22

3D打印技術與社會制造

郭振華，王清君，郭應煥

摘要：綜述3D打印技術的基本概念、發(fā)展簡史、打印過程原理、應用領域、廣泛影響以及面臨的問題等。以發(fā)展史為基礎，利用歷史的、分析與綜合的方法進行了論述。在3D打印技術得到廣泛應用的情況下，制造業(yè)也許不再運用工廠這種將人力、資金、設備等生產(chǎn)要素大規(guī)模集中化的生產(chǎn)方式，而是轉變?yōu)橐环N以3D打印機為基礎、更加靈活、所需投入更少的生產(chǎn)方式。《經(jīng)濟學人》將這種趨勢稱之為“社會制造”，并認為這種新型的生產(chǎn)方式，有望促成第三次工業(yè)革命。指出3D打印技術作為第三次工業(yè)革命的重要標志之一，已引發(fā)了世人對3D打印的強烈關注。3D打印技術必將改變?nèi)祟愇磥淼纳a(chǎn)與生活方式。3D打印技術必將創(chuàng)造一個嶄新的世界。

關鍵詞：3D打印技術；社會制造；協(xié)同制造；3D打印服務；第三次工業(yè)革命

來源出版物：寶雞文理學院學報：自然科學版， 2013，33（4）： 64-70

被引頻次：14

3D打印技術及其應用發(fā)展研究

張曼

摘要：通過分析3D打印機的原理，總結了幾種典型的3D打印技術，分析其市場應用和發(fā)展方向，得出3D打印技術的發(fā)展會引領第三次工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展。

關鍵詞：3D；打印機；3D打印技術

來源出版物：電子世界， 2013（13）： 7-8

被引頻次：7

數(shù)字化設計與3D打印技術在個性化醫(yī)療中的應用

秦勉，劉亞雄，賀健康，等

摘要：目的：總結將數(shù)字化設計與3D打印技術應用于個性化醫(yī)療中的研究進展。方法：回顧分析西安交通大學及其合作單位近年來將數(shù)字化設計與3D打印技術在個性化醫(yī)療中應用的相關研究資料和臨床文獻，并進行綜合整理分析。結果基于3D打印技術，根據(jù)患者具體病變設計并制造個性化內(nèi)植物，能滿足不同患者病變形狀與功能的需要，解決人體組織的個性化修復問題，降低對醫(yī)生經(jīng)驗水平的依賴，得到越來越多外科醫(yī)生認可。西安交通大學在國內(nèi)最早開發(fā)出商用3D打印機，對個性化醫(yī)用內(nèi)植物的設計及制造進行了深入研究，已形成了完整的工藝流程，制定了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標準，并成功應用于臨床試驗。結論：3D打印技術制造的個性化醫(yī)用內(nèi)植物能實現(xiàn)個性化匹配，滿足患者對功能和美學的要求，同時具有定位準確、連接穩(wěn)定、強度高等優(yōu)點。因此該技術在個性化內(nèi)植物制造與應用方面有廣泛應用前景。

關鍵詞：3D打印技術；個性化醫(yī)療；醫(yī)用內(nèi)植物；臨床應用

來源出版物：中國修復重建外科雜志， 2014， 3： 28-33

被引頻次：8

3D打印機與CT三維重建的結合應用

劉凱，張學燕

摘要：隨著3D技術的發(fā)展及3D打印機的普及，我們現(xiàn)在可以將螺旋CT三維重建的圖像“打印”出來，形成真正的三維實物。3D打印機與螺旋CT三維重建的結合應用的一大優(yōu)勢是不需要額外的建模過程。但是現(xiàn)在還面臨著軟件接口及打印成本等問題需要解決。

關鍵詞：三維重建；軟件接口；打印成本；圖像分辨率；文件格式；成像方式；DICOM；軟件開發(fā)；數(shù)字圖像；計算機工作站

來源出版物：實用醫(yī)技雜志， 2013， 20（6）： 666-666

被引頻次：5

3D打印技術及其應用綜述

李昕

摘要：隨著近年來信息技術和材料科學的迅猛發(fā)展，3D打印技術在航天、建筑、醫(yī)療、制造業(yè)等的應用日益普及，已逐步進入到人們的日常工作與生活中。本文對3D打印技術的起源、工作原理及應用現(xiàn)狀作一簡單介紹，并就其優(yōu)缺點及發(fā)展前景進行了較全面的論述。

關鍵詞：3D打??；3D打印機；快速成型

來源出版物：鑿巖機械氣動工具， 2014 （4）： 36-41

被引頻次：5

3D打印技術探究

牛一帆

摘要：3D打印技術是將三維數(shù)字模型分解成若干層平面切片，然后由3D打印機把粉末狀、液狀或絲狀可粘合材料按切片圖形逐層疊加，最終堆積成完整物體的技術。文章對3D打印的技術原理、步驟、常用材料、主要技術、發(fā)展及建議進行了深層次的探討。與傳統(tǒng)制造技術相比，3D打印技術有很多優(yōu)勢，目前已廣泛應用于建筑、工業(yè)設計等領域。該技術將會帶來全球制造業(yè)經(jīng)濟的重大變革。

關鍵詞：3D打??；三維數(shù)字模型；平面切片；疊加成型；模型制造

來源出版物：廣東印刷， 2014 （4）： 21-23

被引頻次：237

Scaffold development using 3D printing with a starch-based polymer

Lam， CXF； Mo， XM； Teoh， SH； et al.

Abstract： Rapid prototyping （RP）techniques have been utilised by tissue engineers to produce three-dimensional （3D）porous scaffolds. RP technologies allow the design and fabrication of complex scaffold geometries with a fully interconnected pore network. Three-dimensional printing （3DP）technique was used to fabricate scaffolds with a novel micro- and macro-architecture. In this study， a unique blend of starch-based polymer powders （cornstarch，dextran and gelatin）was developed for the 3DP Process. Cylindrical scaffolds of five different designs werefabricated and post-processed to enhance the mechanical and chemical properties. The scaffold properties were characterised by scanning electron microscopy （SEM），differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）， porosity analysis and compression tests.

關鍵詞：three-dimensional printing； rapid prototyping；starch-based scaffolds； tissue engineering

來源出版物：Materials Science and Engineering： C， 2002，20（1）： 49-56

被引頻次：209

Integration of surface modification and 3D fabrication techniques to prepare patterned poly（L-lactide）substrates allowing regionally selective cell adhesion

Park， A； Wu， B； Griffith， LG

Abstract： Regeneration of organizationally complex tissue requires regulation of spatial distributions of particular cell types in three dimensions. Ln this paper we demonstrate an integration of polymer processing and selective polymer surface modification using methods suitable for construction of three-dimensional polymer scaffolds which may aid such cell organization. Specifically， the surfaces of degradable polyesters were modified with poly（ethylene-oxide）（PEO）-poly（propylene-oxide）（PPO）copolymers using a process compatible with a solid free-form fabrication technique， the 3Dp（TM）printing process. We demonstrate inhibition of cell （hepatocyte and fibroblast）adhesion to regions of twodimensional poly（lactide）（PLA）substrates modified with PEO-PPO-PEO copolymers. We further show that PEOPPO-PEO-modified surfaces which are not adhesive for hepatocytes or fibroblasts can be made selectively adhesive for hepatocytes by covalent linkage of a carbohydrate ligand specific for the hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptor to the PEO chain ends. Our approach may be generally useful for creating regionally selective，microarchitectured scaffolds fabricated from biodegradable polymers， for spatial organization of diverse cell types.

關鍵詞：polyethylene oxide； hepatocytes； polylactic acid；tissue engineering

來源出版物：Journal of Biomaterials Science， Polymer Edition， 1998， 9（2）： 89-110

被引頻次：145

Molecular model of a lattice of signalling proteins involved in bacterial chemotaxis

Shimizu， TS； Le Novere， N； Levin， MD； et al.

Abstract： Coliform bacteria detect chemical attractants by means of a membrane-associated cluster of receptors and signalling molecules. We have used recently determined molecular structures， in conjunction with plastic models generated by three-dimensional printer technology， to predict how the proteins of the complex are arranged in relation to the plasma membrane. The proposed structure is a regular two-dimensional lattice in which the cytoplasmic ends of chemotactic-receptor dimers are inserted into a hexagonal array of CheA and CheW molecules. This structure creates separate compartments for adaptation and downstream signalling， and indicates a possible basis for the spread of activity within the cluster.

來源出版物：Nature Cell Biology， 2000， 2（11）： 792-796

被引頻次：135

Solid free-form fabrication of drug delivery devices

Wu， BM； Borland， SW； Giordano， RA； et al.

Abstract： Three-dimensional printing （3DP）is used to create resorbable devices with complex concentration profiles within the device. 3DP is an example of a solid free-form fabrication method where both the macro- and microstructure of the device can be controlled since objects are built by addition of very small amounts of matter. Application of this novel technology for fabrication of polymeric drug delivery systems is described in this article. The drug concentration profile is first specified in a computer model of the device which is then built using the 3DP process. Complex drug delivery regimes can be created in this way， such as the release of multiple drugs or multiphasic release of a single drug. This study demonstrates several simple examples of such devices and several construction methods that can be used to control the release of the drugs. Two dyes are used as model drugs in a matrix of biocompatible polymers. The dye release rate and release time are controlled by either specifying the position of the dye within the device or by controlling the local composition and microstructure with the 3DP process，The mechanism of resorption can also be controlled by manipulating the composition and microstructure of the device during construction. Polyethylene oxide and polycaprolactone were selected as matrix materials and methylene blue and alizarin yellow were used as drug models. Devices with erosion and diffusion controls are described in this report. Spectrophotometric analysis of dye release yielded reproducible results.

來源出版物：Journal of Controlled Release， 1996， 40（1）：77-87

被引頻次：106

Integrated 3D-printed reactionware for chemical synthesis and analysis

Symes， MD； Kitson， PJ； Yan， J； et al.

Abstract： Three-dimensional （3D）printing has the potential to transform science and technology by creating bespoke， low-cost appliances that previously required dedicated facilities to make. An attractive， but unexplored，application is to use a 3D printer to initiate chemical reactions by printing the reagents directly into a 3D reactionware matrix， and so put reactionware design，construction and operation under digital control. Here， using a low-cost 3D printer and open-source design software we produced reactionware for organic and inorganic synthesis，which included printed-in catalysts and other architectures with printed-in components for electrochemical and spectroscopic analysis. This enabled reactions to be monitored in situ so that different reactionware architectures could be screened for their efficacy for a given process， with a digital feedback mechanism for device optimization. Furthermore， solely by modifying reactionware architecture，reaction outcomes can be altered. Taken together， this approach constitutes a relatively cheap， automated and reconfigurable chemical discovery platform that makes techniques from chemical engineering accessible to typical synthetic laboratories.

來源出版物： Nature Chemistry， 2012， 4（5）： 349-354

被引頻次：105

Porous titanium scaffolds fabricated using a rapid prototyping and powder metallurgy technique

Ryan， GE； Pandit， AS； Apatsidis， DP； et al.

Abstract： One of the main issues in orthopaedic implant design is the fabrication of scaffolds that closely mimic the biomechanical properties of the surrounding bone. This research reports on a multi-stage rapid prototyping technique that was successfully developed to produce porous titanium scaffolds with fully interconnected pore networks and reproducible porosity and pore size. The scaffolds' porous characteristics were governed by a sacrificial wax template，fabricated using a commercial 3D-printer. Powder metallurgy processes were employed to generate the titanium scaffolds by filling around the wax template with titanium slurry， In the attempt to optimise the powder metallurgy technique，variations in Slurry concentration， compaction pressure and sintering temperature were investigated. By altering the wax design template， pore sizes ranging from 200 to 400 pm were achieved. Scaffolds with porosities of 66.8 +/-3.6% revealed compression strengths of 104.4 +/- 22.5 MPa in the axial direction and 23.5 +/- 9.6 MPa in the transverse direction demonstrating their anisotropic nature. Scaffold topography was characterised using scanning electron microscopy and microcomputed tomography. Three-dimensional reconstruction enabled the main architectural parameters such as pore size， interconnecting porosity， level of anisotropy and level of structural disorder to be determined. The titanium scaffolds were compared to their intended designs， as governed by their sacrificial wax templates. Although discrepancies in architectural parameters existed between the intended and the actual scaffolds， overall the results indicate that the porous titanium scaffolds have the Properties to be potentially employed in orthopaeclic applications.

來源出版物： Biomaterials， 2008， 29（27）： 3625-3635

被引頻次：91

Computer assisted orthopaedic surgery with image based individual templates

Radermacher， K； Portheine， F； Anton， M； et al.

Abstract： Recent developments in computer assisted surgery offer promising solutions for the translation of the high accuracy of the preoperative imaging and planning into precise intraoperative surgery. Broad clinical application is hindered by high costs， additional time during intervention，problems of intraoperative man and machine interaction， and the spatially constrained arrangement of additional equipment within the operating theater， An alternative technique for computerized tomographic image based preoperative three-dimensional planning and precise surgery on bone structures using individual templates has been developed， For the preoperative customization of these mechanical tool guides， a desktop computer controlled milling device is used as a three-dimensional printer to mold the shape of small reference areas of the bone surface automatically into the body of the template. Thus， the planned position and orientation of the tool guide in spatial relation to bone is stored in a structural way and can be reproduced intraoperatively by adjusting the position of the customized contact faces of the template until the location of exact fit to the bone is found， No additional computerized equipment or time is needed during surgery， The feasibility of this approach has been shown in spine， hip， and knee surgery， and it has been applied clinically for pelvic repositioning osteotomies in acetabular dysplasia therapy.

來源出版物：Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research，1998， 354： 28-38

被引頻次：86

Mandibular reconstruction using stereolithographic 3-dimensional printing modeling technology

Cohen， A； Laviv， A； Berman， P； et al.

Abstract： Mandibular reconstruction can be challenging for the surgeon wishing to restore its unique geometry. Reconstruction can be achieved with titanium bone plates followed by autogenous bone grafting. Incorporation of the bone graft into the mandible provides continuity and strength required for proper esthetics and function and permitting dental implant rehabilitation at a later stage. Precious time in the operating room is invested in plate contouring to reconstruct the mandible. Rapid prototyping technologies can construct physical models from computer-aided design via 3-dimensional （3D）printers. A prefabricated 3D model is achieved， which assists in accurate contouring of plates and/or planning of bone graft harvest geometry before surgery. The 2 most commonly used rapid prototyping technologies are stereolithography and 3D printing （3DP）. Three-dimensional printing is advantageous to stereolithography for better accuracy，quicker printing time， and lower cost. We present 3 clinical cases based on 3DP modeling technology. Models were fabricated before the resection of mandibular ameloblastoma and were used to prepare bridging plates before the first stage of reconstruction. In 1 case， another model was fabricated and used as a template for iliac crest bone graft in the second stage of reconstruction. The 3DP technology provided a precise， fast， and cheap mandibular reconstruction， which aids in shortened operation time （and therefore decreased exposure time to general anesthesia，decreased blood loss， and shorter wound exposure time）and easier surgical procedure.

來源出版物：Oral Surgery， Oral Medicine， Oral Pathology，Oral Radiology， and Endodontology， 2009， 108（5）： 661-666

被引頻次：70

Cost-effective three-dimensional printing of visibly transparent microchips within minutes

Shallan， AI； Smejkal， P； Corban， M； et al.

Abstract：One-stepfabricationoftransparent three-dimensional （3D）microfluidic to millifluidic devices was demonstrated using a commercial 3D printer costing $2300 with 500 mL of clear resin for $138. It employs dynamic mask projection stercolithography， allowing fast concept-to-chip time. The fully automated system allows fabrication of models of up to 43 mm × 27 mm × 180 mm （x × y × z）at printing speeds of 20 mm/h in height regardless of the design complexity. The minimal cross sectional area of 250 pm was achieved for monolithic microchannels and 200 pm for positive structures （templates for soft lithography）. The colorless resin's good light transmittance（＞60% transmission at wavelengths of ＞430 nm）allows for on-chip optical detection， while the electrically insulating material allows electrophoretic separations. To demonstrate its applicability in microfluidics， the printer was used for the fabrication of a micromixer， a gradient generator， a droplet extractor， and a device for isotachophoresis. The mixing and gradient formation units were incorporated into a device for analysis of nitrate in tap water with standard addition as a single run and multiple depth detection cells to provide an extended linear range.

來源出版物：Analytical Chemistry， 2014， 86（6）： 3124-3130

被引頻次：62

Effects of silica and zinc oxide doping on mechanical and biological properties of 3D printed tricalcium phosphate tissue engineering scaffolds

Fielding， GA； Bandyopadhyay， A； Bose， S； et al.

Abstract： Objectives： To evaluate the effects of silica （SiO2）（0.5 wt%）and zinc oxide （ZnO）（0.25 wt%）dopants on the mechanical and biological properties of tricalcium phosphate （TCP）scaffolds with three dimensionally （3D）interconnected pores. Methods： Scaffolds were created with a commercial 3D printer. Post sintering phase analysis was determined by X-ray diffraction. Surface morphology of the scaffolds was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）. Mechanical strength was evaluated with a screw driven universal testing machine. MTT assay was used for cellular proliferation characteristics and cellular morphology was examined by FESEM. Results：Addition of dopants into TCP increased the average density of pure TCP from 90.8 +/- 0.8% to 94.1 +/- 1.6% and retarded the beta to alpha phase transformation at high sintering temperatures， which resulted in up to 2.5 fold increase in compressive strength. In vitro cell-materials interaction studies， carried out using hFOB cells， confirmed that the addition of SiO2and ZnO to the scaffolds facilitated faster cell proliferation when compared to pure TCP scaffolds. Significance： Addition of SiO2and ZnO dopants to the TCP scaffolds showed increased mechanical strength as well as increased cellular proliferation.

來源出版物：Dental Materials， 2012， 28（2）： 113-122

·推薦論文摘要·

小型化智能3D打印機設計

李光軍，覃曉

摘要：3D打印是一種新型的技術，與傳統(tǒng)的去除材料加工技術不同，3D打印技術是指通過連續(xù)的物理層疊加，逐層增加材料來生成三維實體的技術；無需機械加工或模具，就能直接從計算機圖形數(shù)據(jù)中生成任何形狀的物體，使得許多精密的模型都能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，為了讓其能夠普及，讓更多的人能夠使用這種技術，有必要利用信息技術來改進3D打印機使其更加智能化、簡單化、實用化。文章主要研究通過以AVR單片機的Arduino ATMega2560作為硬件核心并支持上位機或者solidworks等制圖軟件的小型智能化3D打印機設計，通過制圖軟件設計模型、輸入設備設定參數(shù)、從單片機或存儲卡讀取數(shù)據(jù)、并由單片機控制打印機打印、通過顯示屏顯示。

關鍵詞：Arduino ATMega2560；3D打印機；智能化；便捷

來源出版物：信息通信， 2016（4）： 97-98

3D打印機網(wǎng)絡服務的智能云平臺設計

萬偉康，趙康，王文博，等

摘要：近年來，3D打印技術在國內(nèi)外興起，應用范圍不斷拓展，然而國內(nèi)對于3D打印技術的應用開發(fā)以及服務提供還是遠遠不夠的，為此提出了3D打印人性化控制界面開發(fā)（無線控制監(jiān)測終端）、藍牙短距離協(xié)議接入、Internet遠程控制以及云服務平臺搭建的解決方案，應用于教育教學或者產(chǎn)品展示，以及3D打印云平臺的建設方面。經(jīng)過實際運行，平臺取得了較好的效果。

關鍵詞：物聯(lián)網(wǎng)；3D打?。贿h程控制；智能化平臺；云服務

來源出版物：單片機與嵌入式系統(tǒng)應用， 2016， 16（3）： 19-22

FDM 3D打印機半導體制冷溫控設計及其冷卻實驗研究

靳一帆，萬熠，張冰，等

摘要：針對熔融沉積（fused deposition modeling，F(xiàn)DM）3D打印過程中打印大斜率小截面結構時，因散熱不良引起的層錯位和坍塌問題，對傳統(tǒng)FDM 3D打印機PID溫度控制方案中存在的問題進行了分析，將半導體制冷技術應用于3D打印過程溫度控制之中，設計開發(fā)了一種功率可調(diào)型半導體制冷系統(tǒng)，對不同散熱條件下發(fā)生層錯位和坍塌問題的角度范圍進行了測量和對比。研究結果表明，所設計的半導體制冷系統(tǒng)冷端溫度最低可達3.1℃，其熱端溫度可控制在65℃以下，改善了大斜率小截面結構3D打印過程的散熱條件；采用該制冷系統(tǒng)后打印試樣發(fā)生層錯位和坍塌的角度范圍比無散熱條件時發(fā)生上述問題的角度范圍減小了50%以上，比普通風扇冷卻條件下發(fā)生上述問題的角度范圍減小了25%以上。

關鍵詞：半導體制冷；熔融沉積；大斜率小截面；溫度控制

來源出版物：機電工程， 2016， 33（2）： 45-48

聯(lián)系郵箱：萬熠，wanyi@sdu.edu.cn

Kossel 3D打印機精度影響因素及微調(diào)方法研究

袁澤林，方輝，黃紀剛，等

摘要：Kossel 3D打印機是一種并聯(lián)式開源打印機，具有快速打印、噪音小、能自我復制、擴展性好的優(yōu)點。但是在其裝配和使用過程中，微調(diào)是一個比較困難又對其性能、打印精度影響較大的問題。為解決這一問題，在對Kossel打印機進行結構分析的基礎上，研究了其Arduino控制器Marlin固件的運動參數(shù)，分析了該型打印機的精度影響因素，并對打印平臺微調(diào)的調(diào)平方法和調(diào)運動參數(shù)方法進行了分析和實驗驗證，提出了該型打印機微調(diào)方案，為進一步提升打印精度提供了可行的技術支持。

關鍵詞：并聯(lián)式3D打印機；Kossel；Marlin；Arduino；調(diào)平；運動參數(shù)

來源出版物：制造技術與機床， 2016（4）： 21-27

基于開源型3D打印機（RepRap）打印部件的機械性能研究

賴月梅

摘要：目前針對該開源型3D打印機打印產(chǎn)品的力學性能研究還相當?shù)娜狈?，無法滿足工業(yè)或者受力部件的打印指導。本文為驗證Rep Rap原型打印機或者其衍生版本打印機的真實受力環(huán)境可用性，對其打印的部件進行了基本的力學性能測試，從而得到能夠反映其打印質(zhì)量的拉伸強度、延伸率以及彈性模量，進而對該類型3D打印機用戶提供打印標準及指導。根據(jù)實驗結果，ABS 和PLA材料打印試樣的平均拉伸強度分別為28.2 MPa和58.1 MPa，所對應的平均彈性模量為1533 MPa和3500 MPa。通過與商用打印機打印試樣的力學性能結果對比，可以明顯看出開源型打印機不僅在結構建造上面具有可調(diào)諧，組裝成本低的優(yōu)點，并且其在力學功能性方面也有其可比較性。

關鍵詞：Rep Rap；抗拉強度；彈性模量；ABS樹脂材料；聚乳酸（PLA）

來源出版物：科技通報， 2015， 31（8）： 235-239

聯(lián)系郵箱：賴月梅，13979118563@ 139.com

熔融沉積成型3D打印機混色裝置的研究

韓善靈，李志勇，肖宇，等

摘要：當前基于熔融沉積成型的桌面級3D打印機的大部分打印頭裝置只能打印一種顏色的耗材，打印出來的物體顏色單一，為了解決這一問題，在分析了整個3D打印頭裝置的基礎上，運用TRIZ理論對3D打印頭進行了創(chuàng)新設計，設計出一種雙進料單擠出的打印頭裝置，該打印頭裝置能將兩種顏色的耗材融化混合，并從同一噴嘴擠出，實現(xiàn)混色打印。運用UG有限元模塊對所設計機構進行了溫度場的模擬分析，最終對裝置進行了試驗，驗證了溫度場分析的正確性，達到了混色要求，為3D打印機混色裝置的進一步研究提供了理論依據(jù)。

關鍵詞：熔融沉積成型；3D打印機；TRIZ理論；混色；UG；溫度場

來源出版物：機械設計與制造， 2015（11）： 116-118

對3D打印機噴頭XYZ三個方向位置控制的優(yōu)化設計探究

王瑞玲

摘要：本文提出了對噴頭XYZ三個方向位置控制的優(yōu)化方案，并對其進行了理論數(shù)據(jù)論證；本文對3D打印機完整的基本功能列寫了各個部位的功能設計及具體實現(xiàn)，并提出了一些使3D打印機能夠更有效利用的措施。

關鍵詞：3D打印機；快速成型；XYZ三個方向位置控制來源出版物：電子測試， 2014 （1X）： 1-2

聯(lián)系郵箱：唐元家， angyuanjia028@163.com

3D printed microfluidic circuitry via multijet-based additive manufacturing

Sochol， RD； Sweet， E； Glick， CC； et al.

Abstract： The miniaturization of integrated fluidic processors affords extensive benefits for chemical and biological fields， yet traditional， monolithic methods of microfabrication present numerous obstacles for the scaling of fluidic operators. Recently， researchers have investigated the use of additive manufacturing or “threedimensional （3D）printing” technologies - predominantly stereolithography - as a promising alternative for the construction of submillimeter-scale fluidic components. One challenge， however， is that current stereolithography methods lack the ability to simultaneously print sacrificial support materials， which limits the geometric versatility of such approaches. In this work， we investigate the use of multijet modelling （alternatively， polyjet printing）- a layer-by-layer， multi-material inkjetting process - for 3D printinggeometricallycomplex，yetfunctionally advantageous fluidic components comprised of both static and dynamic physical elements. We examine a fundamental class of 3D printed microfluidic operators， including fluidic capacitors， fluidic diodes， and fluidic transistors. In addition， we evaluate the potential to advance on-chip automation of integrated fluidic systems via geometric modification of component parameters. Theoretical and experimental results for 3D fluidic capacitors demonstrated that transitioning from planar to non-planar diaphragm architectures improved component performance. Flow rectification experiments for 3D printed fluidic diodes revealed a diodicity of 80.6 +/- 1.8. Geometry-based gain enhancement for 3D printed fluidic transistors yielded pressure gain of 3.01 +/- 0.78. Consistent with additional additive manufacturing methodologies， the use of digitallytransferrable 3D models of fluidic components combined with commercially-available 3D printers could extend the fluidic routing capabilities presented here to researchers in fields beyond the core engineering community.

來源出版物：Lab on a Chip， 2016， 16（4）： 668-678

聯(lián)系郵箱：Sochol， RD； rsochol@umd.edu

3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated valves

Rogers， CI； Qaderi， K； Woolley， AT； et al.

Abstract： We report the successful fabrication and testing of 3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated membrane-based valves. Fabrication is performed with a low-cost commercially available stereolithographic 3D printer. Horizontal microfluidic channels with designed rectangular cross sectional dimensions as small as 350 μm wide and 250 μm tall are printed with 100% yield， as are cylindrical vertical microfluidic channels with 350 μmdesigned （210 μm actual）diameters. Based on our previous work ［Rogers et al.， Anal. Chem. 83， 6418 （2011）］， we use a custom resin formulation tailored for low non-specific protein adsorption. Valves are fabricated with a membrane consisting of a single build layer. The fluid pressure required to open a closed valve is the same as the control pressure holding the valve closed. 3D printed valves are successfully demonstrated for up to 800 actuations.

來源出版物：Biomicrofluidics， 2015， 9（1）： 016501

聯(lián)系郵箱：Woolley， AT； atw@byu.edu

Fabrication of extended-release patient-tailored prednisolone tablets via fused deposition modelling （FDM）3D printing

Skowyra， J； Pietrzak， K； Alhnan， MA； et al.

Abstract： Rapid and reliable tailoring of the dose of controlled release tablets to suit an individual patient is a major challenge for personalized medicine. The aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using a fused deposition modelling （FDM）based 3D printer to fabricate extended release tablet using prednisolone loaded poly（vinyl alcohol）（PVA）filaments and to control its dose. Prednisolone was loaded into a PVA-based （1.75 mm）filament at approximately 1.9% w/w via incubation in a saturated methanolic solution of prednisolone. The physical form of the drug was assessed using differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）and X-ray powder diffraction （XRPD）. Dose accuracy and in vitro drug release patterns were assessed using HPLC and pH change flow-through dissolution test. Prednisolone loaded PVA filament demonstrated an ability to be fabricated into regular ellipse-shaped solid tablets using the FDM-based 3D printer. It was possible to control the mass of printed tablet through manipulating the volume of the design （R-2 = 0.9983）. On printing tablets with target drug contents of 2，3， 4， 5， 7.5 and 10 mg， a good correlation between target and achieved dose was obtained （R-2 = 0.9904）with a dose accuracy range of 88.7%-107%. Thermal analysis and XRPD indicated that the majority of prednisolone existed in amorphous form within the tablets. In vitro drug release from 3D printed tablets was extended up to 24 h. FDM based 3D printing is a promising method to produce and control the dose of extended release tablets， providing a highly adjustable， affordable， minimally sized， digitally controlledplatformforproducingpatient-tailored medicines.

關鍵詞：rapid prototyping； fused filament fabrication； FFF； personalized； patient-specific； 3D printer

來源出版物：European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences， 2015， 68： 11-17

聯(lián)系郵箱：Alhnan， MA； MAlbedAlhnan@uclan.ac.uk

In-body tissue-engineered aortic valve （Biovalve type VII）architecture based on 3D printer molding

Nakayama， Y； Takewa， Y； Sumikura， H； et al.

Abstract： In-body tissue architecturea novel and practical regeneration medicine technologycan be used to prepare a completely autologous heart valve， based on the shape of a mold. In this study， a three-dimensional （3D）printer was used to produce the molds. A 3D printer can easily reproduce the 3D-shape and size of native heart valves within several processing hours. For a tri-leaflet， valved conduit with a sinus of Valsalva （Biovalve type VII）， the mold was assembled using two conduit parts and three sinus parts produced by the 3D printer. Biovalves were generated from completely autologous connective tissue，containing collagen and fibroblasts， within 2 months following the subcutaneous embedding of the molds （success rate， 27/30）. In vitro evaluation， using a pulsatile circulation circuit， showed excellent valvular function with a durability of at least 10 days. Interposed between two expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts， the Biovalves （N=3）were implanted in goats through an apico-aortic bypass procedure. Postoperative echocardiography showed smooth movement of the leaflets with minimal regurgitation under systemic circulation. After 1 month of implantation， smooth white leaflets were observed with minimal thrombus formation. Functional， autologous，3D-shaped heart valves with clinical application potential were formed following in-body embedding of specially designed molds that were created within several hours by 3D printer.

關鍵詞：tissue engineering； heart valve； 3D printer；connective tissue； surgery

來源出版物：Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B： Applied Biomaterials， 2015， 103（1）： 1-11

聯(lián)系郵箱：Nakayama， Y； ny@ncvc.go.jp

PDMS lab-on-a-chip fabrication using 3D printed templates

Comina， G； Suska， A； Filippini， D； et al.

Abstract： The fabrication of conventional PDMS on glass lab-on-a-chip （LOC）devices， using templates printed witha commercial （2299 US$）micro-stereo lithography 3D printer， is demonstrated. Printed templates replace clean room and photolithographic fabrication resources and deliver resolutions of 50 μm， and up to 10 μm in localized hindrances， whereas the templates are smooth enough to allow direct transfer and proper sealing to glass substrates. 3D printed templates accommodate multiple thicknesses，from 50 μm up to several mm within the same template，with no additional processing cost or effort. This capability is exploited to integrate silicone tubing easily， to improve micromixer performance and to produce multilevel fluidics with simple access to independent functional surfaces，which is illustrated by time-resolved glucose detection. The templates are reusable， can be fabricated in under 20 min，with an average cost of 0.48 US$， which promotes broader access to established LOC configurations with minimal fabrication requirements， relieves LOC fabrication from design skills and provides a versatile LOC development platform.

來源出版物：Lab on a Chip， 2014， 14（2）： 424-430

聯(lián)系郵箱：Filippini， D； danfi@ifm.liu.se

Innovations in 3D printing： A 3D overview from optics to organs

Schubert， C； van Langeveld， MC； Donoso， LA

Abstract： 3D printing is a method of manufacturing in which materials， such as plastic or metal， are deposited onto one another in layers to produce a three dimensional object， such as a pair of eye glasses or other 3D objects. This process contrasts with traditional ink-based printers which produce a two dimensional object （ink on paper）. To date， 3D printing has primarily been used in engineering to create engineering prototypes. However， recent advances in printing materials have now enabled 3D printers to make objects that are comparable with traditionally manufactured items. In contrast with conventional printers， 3D printing has the potential to enable mass customisation of goods on a large scale and has relevance in medicine including ophthalmology. 3D printing has already been proved viable in several medical applications including the manufacture of eyeglasses， custom prosthetic devices and dental implants. In this review， we discuss the potential for 3D printing to revolutionise manufacturing in the same way as the printing press revolutionised conventional printing. The applications and limitations of 3D printing are discussed；the production process is demonstrated by producing a set of eyeglass frames from 3D blueprints.

來源出版物：British Journal of Ophthalmology， 2014，98（2）： 159-161

聯(lián)系郵箱：Donoso， LA； ldonoso@vision-research.org

Low cost lab-on-a-chip prototyping with a consumer grade 3D printer

Comina， G； Suska， A； Filippini， D

Abstract： Versatile prototyping of 3D printed lab-on-a-chip devices， supporting different forms of sample delivery，transport， functionalization and readout， is demonstrated with a consumer grade printer， which centralizes all critical fabrication tasks. Devices cost 0.57US$ and are demonstrated in chemical sensing and micromixing examples， which exploit established principles from reference technologies.

來源出版物：Lab on a Chip， 2014， 14（16）： 2978-2982

聯(lián)系郵箱：Filippini， D； danfi@ifm.liu.se

Physical models of renal malignancies using standard cross-sectional imaging and 3-Dimensional printers： A pilot study

Silberstein， JL； Maddox， MM； Dorsey， P； et al.

Abstract： OBJECTIVE： To construct high-fidelity， patient customized， physical， 3-dimensional （3D）models of renal units with enhancing renal lesions identified on crosssectional imaging， which may aid patients， trainees， and clinicians in their comprehension， characterization，localization， and extirpation of suspicious renal masses. METHODS： Specialized software was used to import patient's diagnostic computerized tomography cross-sectional imaging into 3D printers and create physical 3D models of renal units with enhancing in situ lesions. Patients and trainees had the opportunity to manipulate the individualized model before surgical resection. Sterolithography additive manufacturing， a technique in which an ultraviolet laser is used to cure a photosensitive resin in sequential horizontally oriented layers， was used to build the models （Medical Modeling Inc.， Golden， CO）. Normal renal parenchyma was printed with a clear translucent resin， and red translucent resin delineated suspicious lesions. Renal vasculature and the proximal collecting system were printed in some models. RESULTS： We constructed 5 physical models of renal units with suspected malignancies before surgery. All patients successfully underwent partial nephrectomy （4 robotic and 1 open）. Average ischemia time was 21 minutes， nephrometry score was 6.8， and all margins were negative. Anecdotally， patients， their families， and trainees consistently stated that the modelsenhanced their comprehension of the renal tumor in relation to surrounding normal renal parenchyma and hilar structures and improved understanding of the goals of the surgery. CONCLUSION： Preoperative physical 3D models using available printing techniques can be constructed and may potentially influence both patients' and trainees' understanding of renal malignancies.

來源出版物：Urology， 2014， 84（2）： 268-273

聯(lián)系郵箱：Silberstein， JL； jsilbers@tulane.edu

Engineering anatomically shaped vascularized bone grafts with hASCs and 3D-printed PCL scaffolds

Temple， JP； Hutton， DL； Hung， BP； et al.

Abstract： The treatment of large craniomaxillofacial bone defects is clinically challenging due to the limited availability of transplantable autologous bone grafts and the complex geometry of the bones. The ability to regenerate new bone tissues that faithfully replicate the anatomy would revolutionize treatment options. Advances in the field of bone tissue engineering over the past few decades offer promising new treatment alternatives using biocompatible scaffold materials and autologous cells. This approach combined with recent advances in three-dimensional （3D）printing technologies may soon allow the generation of large， bioartificial bone grafts with custom， patient-specific architecture. In this study， we use a custom-built 3D printer to develop anatomically shaped polycaprolactone （PCL）scaffolds with varying internal porosities. These scaffolds are assessed for their ability to support induction of human adipose-derived stem cells （hASCs）to form vasculature and bone， two essential components of functional bone tissue. The development of functional tissues is assessed in vitro and in vivo. Finally， we demonstrate the ability to print large mandibular and maxillary bone scaffolds that replicate fine details extracted from patient's computed tomography scans. The findings of this study illustrate the capabilities and potential of 3D printed scaffolds to be used for engineering autologous， anatomically shaped， vascularized bone grafts.

關鍵詞：3D printing； patient-specific； bone scaffolds；vascularized bone； tissue engineering

來源出版物：Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A， 2014， 102（12）： 4317-4325

聯(lián)系郵箱：Grayson， WL； wgrayson@jhmi.edu

3D-printed fluidic devices enable quantitative evaluation of blood components in modified storage solutions for use in transfusion medicine

Chen， CP； Wang， YM； Lockwood， SY； et al.

Abstract： A fluidic device constructed with a 3D-printer can be used to investigate stored blood components with subsequent high-throughput calibration and readout with a standard plate reader.

來源出版物：Analyst， 2014， 139（13）： 3219-3226

聯(lián)系郵箱：Spence， DM； dspence@chemistry.msu.edu

A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity

Kang， HW； Lee， SJ； Ko， IK

Abstract： A challenge for tissue engineering is producing three-dimensional （3D）， vascularized cellular constructs of clinically relevant size， shape and structural integrity. We present an integrated tissue-organ printer （ITOP）that can fabricate stable， human-scale tissue constructs of any shape. Mechanical stability is achieved by printing cell-laden hydrogels together with biodegradable polymers in integrated patterns and anchored on sacrificial hydrogels. The correct shape of the tissue construct is achieved by representing clinical imaging data as a computer model of the anatomical defect and translating the model into a program that controls the motions of the printer nozzles， which dispense cells to discrete locations. The incorporation of microchannels into the tissue constructs facilitates diffusion of nutrients to printed cells， thereby overcoming the diffusion limit of 100-200 mm for cell survival in engineered tissues. We demonstrate capabilities of the ITOP by fabricating mandible and calvarial bone， cartilage and skeletal muscle. Future development of the ITOP is being directed to the production of tissues for human applications and to the building of more complex tissues and solid organs.

來源出版物：Nature Biotechnology， 2016， 34（3）： 312-319

聯(lián)系郵箱：Atala， A； aatala@wakehealth.edu

編輯：王微

A robust process optimization for a powder type rapid prototyper

Yao， AWK； Tseng， YC

Rapid Prototyping （RP）technology is being widelyusedindiverseareasincludingmold manufacturing. However， the quality of RP parts is significantly affected by the property of adopted material and process parameters of the rapid prototyper. The aim of this paper is to investigate the powder material and to optimize the process parameters for Zcorp 402 3DP rapid fabricator. Taguchi's method was employed to investigate the possible process parameters including binder setting saturation value （shell & core）， layer thickness， and location of made-up parts. The experimental result shows that these optimal parameters can shorten parts building time and reduce the use of powder and glue about 20 per cent for ZP100 and 10 per cent for ZP11. Additionally， the quality of RP parts is also improved dramatically. The observation of experiments also shows that the parts made by ZP11 powder is difficult to clean up because of its starch-based property.