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    維生素E藥用機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

    2016-09-16 09:26:55石代秀蓋瓊燕
    甘肅醫(yī)藥 2016年1期
    關(guān)鍵詞:蛋白激酶半胱氨酸生長因子

    石代秀 蓋瓊燕

    維生素E藥用機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

    石代秀蓋瓊燕

    維生素E是一種重要的脂溶性維生素,也是一種抗氧化劑,早在20世紀(jì)20年代就被人們所發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素E在心腦血管疾病、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)疾病、糖尿病、抗腫瘤等方面具有廣泛的作用,本文通過查閱外文文獻(xiàn),報(bào)道維生素E藥用機(jī)制的最新進(jìn)展,了解其發(fā)展的最新動(dòng)態(tài),為維生素E的進(jìn)一步研究提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

    維生素E;生育三烯酚

    維生素E是一類具有生物活性、化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)相似的酚類化合物的總稱。它早在1938年被發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)時(shí)命名為“致育因子[1]”。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的維生素E有8種亞型,共分2類:4種飽和類似物(α、β、γ、δ)稱為生育酚及4種不飽和類似物(α、β、γ、δ)稱為生育三烯酚。研究表明人類組織可以將生育三烯酚轉(zhuǎn)化成生育酚[2,3]。生育酚主要存在于谷類、小麥、黃豆等中,生育三烯酚主要存在于大麥、燕麥、棕櫚和米糠等中。生育酚和生育三烯酚的主要結(jié)構(gòu)都為一個(gè)氫醌基團(tuán)加上一條類異戊二烯側(cè)鏈,兩者的主要區(qū)別表現(xiàn)在生育酚的側(cè)鏈為飽和脂肪酸,而后者的側(cè)鏈?zhǔn)呛齻€(gè)雙鍵的不飽和脂肪酸,分別位于3、7、11位置(圖1)。截止目前,生育酚和生育三烯酚在分子治療的靶點(diǎn)上存在差異鮮有報(bào)道。目前認(rèn)為生育三烯酚是維生素E中功能最強(qiáng)的一類亞型,也是研究最多的一類亞型。因此,本文主要以生育三烯酚來介紹維生素E的藥用機(jī)制。

    圖1生育酚和生育三烯酚的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖

    生育三烯酚和生育酚一樣,大都以其抗氧化活性發(fā)揮功能,通過直接影響轉(zhuǎn)錄、翻譯,翻譯后水平或直接通過干預(yù)靶分子發(fā)揮效應(yīng)。例如對src蛋白和β-羥[基]-β-甲[基]戊二酸單酰輔酶A還原酶(HMG-CoA)等的調(diào)控就是通過直接干預(yù)完成的,而維生素E對炎性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控的基因以及死亡受體的干預(yù)則通過間接調(diào)控來完成。

    大量研究表明:生育三烯酚具有抗氧化、抗增殖、促凋亡和抗炎等作用。①抗氧化活性是利用抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)[4,5]、煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)琨氧化還原酶[6]、谷胱甘肽(GSH)過氧化物酶[7]等酶類通過滅活氧自由基[8]發(fā)揮作用;②抗增殖活性的介導(dǎo)是通過調(diào)整生長因子如血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)[9]、堿性成纖維生長因子(bFGF)[10]、組織生長因子β(TGF-β)[11]、表皮生長因子受體2(HER2/neu)[12]和白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)[13]等發(fā)揮作用,細(xì)胞周期依賴性激酶(CDK2,CDK4,CDK6)及其抑制因子如p21、p27、p53[14,15]以及下調(diào)視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤(Rb)基因的磷酸化作用[15-17]同樣也有抑制生長的作用;③促進(jìn)凋亡則是通過激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)和細(xì)胞外通路發(fā)揮作用,細(xì)胞外通路是通過包括死亡受體的激活[18]和通過啟動(dòng)半胱氨酸蛋白酶-8(caspase-8)對半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)的激活[19]來實(shí)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞內(nèi)通路包括線粒體去極化[20]和介導(dǎo)通過上調(diào)凋亡活化基因(Bax)[21,22],釋放細(xì)胞色素酶C (cytC)[8,14,20,23,24]和半胱氨酸蛋白酶-9(caspase-9)的激活,最終引起半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase-3)的激活來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[14,20,25,26];④抗炎效應(yīng)則是首先抑制核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB[27],然后通過抑制腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)[27]、IL-1[28]、IL-6[29]、IL-8[30]、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)[31]和環(huán)氧合酶2 (COX2)[27,31-33]等發(fā)揮效應(yīng),生育三烯酚還可抑制信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(STAT3)信號(hào)通路抑制炎癥反應(yīng)[27,28],缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(HIF-1)是另外一個(gè)與炎癥相關(guān)的通路,受到生育三烯酚調(diào)變[30];⑤生育三烯酚通過抑制各種蛋白激酶,包括蛋白激酶C(PKC)[36,37]、PP60c-Src[37],核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子抑制性蛋白激酶(IkBa蛋白激酶)[38]、糖原合酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)[19],HMG-CoA還原酶來調(diào)變各種生物活性[39]。

    總之,生育三烯酚通過對上述各種信號(hào)通路的調(diào)變在腫瘤、糖尿病、骨代謝、心血管疾病、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、免疫調(diào)變等方面起到重要作用。

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    A

    1004-2725(2016)01-0027-03

    730030甘肅 蘭州,蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院泌尿外科

    蓋瓊燕,E-mail:1072053022@qq.com

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