王 丹,凌洪飛*,ULRICH Struck,姚素平,李 達(dá),衛(wèi) 煒,魏廣祎.內(nèi)生金屬礦床成礦機(jī)制研究國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,南京大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,南京003.Museum für Naturkunde,Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science,Berlin 05,Germany
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湖南會(huì)同寒武紀(jì)早期有機(jī)碳同位素地層學(xué)研究
王 丹1,凌洪飛1*,ULRICH Struck2,姚素平1,李 達(dá)1,衛(wèi) 煒1,魏廣祎1
1.內(nèi)生金屬礦床成礦機(jī)制研究國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,南京大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,南京210023
2.Museum für Naturkunde,Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science,Berlin 10115,Germany
摘要:寒武紀(jì)早期是地球海洋環(huán)境與生命演化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,但目前揚(yáng)子?xùn)|南緣深水相區(qū)的早寒武紀(jì)地層尚缺乏系統(tǒng)、精確的地層對(duì)比工作。該文選取湖南省懷化地區(qū)會(huì)同鉆孔剖面(深水相區(qū))的留茶坡組硅質(zhì)巖、小煙溪組黑色頁巖為研究對(duì)象,進(jìn)行了高分辨的有機(jī)碳同位素(δ13Corg)地層對(duì)比,結(jié)果在會(huì)同剖面自下而上識(shí)別出四個(gè)正漂移(P1、P2、P3和P4)與兩個(gè)負(fù)漂移(N1和N2),結(jié)合其他剖面的生物化石記錄和鋯石U-Pb年齡資料,將會(huì)同剖面有機(jī)碳同位素與湖南其他剖面,以及和云南和三峽等地淺水相區(qū)剖面的有機(jī)碳、無機(jī)碳同位素曲線進(jìn)行對(duì)比,認(rèn)為揚(yáng)子?xùn)|南緣埃迪卡拉系-寒武系界線在湖南深水相區(qū)可放置于留茶坡組上部較大的有機(jī)碳同位素負(fù)漂移(Basal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion,BACE)出現(xiàn)的位置,但由于鉆孔深度不夠,所以該負(fù)漂移未在會(huì)同剖面獲得,而P1、P2和P3分別對(duì)應(yīng)于寒武系的ZHUCE (ZHUjiaqing Carbon isotope Excursion,第二階)、CARE(Cambrian Arthropod Radiation isotope Excursion,第三階)和MICE (MIngxinsi Carbon Isotope Excursion,第四階)正漂移,N1和N2分別對(duì)應(yīng)于寒武系的SHICE(SHIyantou Carbon isotope Excursion,第二階)和AECE(Archaeocyathid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion,第四階)負(fù)漂移,因此會(huì)同剖面留茶坡組頂部至小煙溪組底部屬于寒武系第二階,小煙溪組下部屬于寒武系第三階,而小煙溪組中-上部屬于寒武系第四階,而頂部是否達(dá)到第四階頂部尚無法確認(rèn)。碳同位素的負(fù)漂移可能是海侵時(shí)期上升流水體將底層富含12C還原水體帶至淺水地區(qū)所致,并分別與埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物群、小殼化石動(dòng)物群和古杯動(dòng)物的滅絕密切相關(guān);而在生物繁盛時(shí)期,海洋初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力升高,有機(jī)質(zhì)埋藏增加,導(dǎo)致碳同位素的正漂移。
關(guān)鍵詞:地層對(duì)比;有機(jī)碳同位素;深水相區(qū);寒武紀(jì)早期;湖南
寒武紀(jì)早期是地球表生環(huán)境與后生動(dòng)物演化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,伴隨著海洋高程度的氧化(Chen et al.,2015;Scott et al.,2008),先后發(fā)生了幾次重大的生物爆發(fā)與滅絕事件,如小殼動(dòng)物群、澄江生物群的爆發(fā)和小殼動(dòng)物群、古杯生物的大規(guī)模滅絕(Bambach,2006;Zhu et al.,2006;Zhuravlev and Wood,1996;朱茂炎,2010),使這一時(shí)期成為國際地質(zhì)學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。華南揚(yáng)子地區(qū)寒武系地層保存完整且出露較好,碳酸鹽巖臺(tái)地相區(qū)含有大量豐富的生物化石(Guo et al.,2014;Li and Xiao,2004;Steiner et al.,2007;Yang et al.,2014a),并且有學(xué)者獲得了高精度的碳同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)(Cremonese et al.,2013;Ishikawa et al.,2008,2014;Li et al.,2013;Zhu et al.,2006,2007b;周傳明等,1997),以及一些火山灰 U-Pb年齡數(shù)據(jù)(Compston et al.,2008;Condon et al.,2005;Okada et al.,2014),目前已經(jīng)建立起比較完整的地層年代學(xué)框架、碳同位素地層學(xué)框架和古生物地層學(xué)框架(Steiner et al.,2007;Zhu et al.,2006,2007b);然而深水沉積相區(qū)生物化石稀少,雖然已經(jīng)獲得一些火山灰U-Pb年齡數(shù)據(jù)(Chen et al.,2009;Jiang et al.,2009;Wang et al.,2012b;Zhou et al.,2008),但由于缺少碳酸鹽巖沉積,無法獲得無機(jī)碳同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù),精確的地層對(duì)比工作尚不完善。碳同位素化學(xué)地層學(xué)具有全球地層對(duì)比的潛力,尤其在化石稀少的前寒武系-寒武系地層作用更大(Brasier,1996;Corsetti and Hagadorn,2000;Ishika?wa et al.,2008;Kaufman and Knoll,1995;Knoll and Walter,1992;Li et al.,2009;Shen and Schidlowski,2000)。顯生宙時(shí)期,有機(jī)碳同位素與無機(jī)碳同位素通常耦合變化,在沒有碳酸鹽巖沉積的深水剖面,有機(jī)碳同位素可以代替無機(jī)碳同位素進(jìn)行地層對(duì)比(Kimura and Watanabe,2001;Kump et al.,1999;Shen and Schidlowski,2000)。目前已有一些研究獲得深水沉積相區(qū)的有機(jī)碳同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)(Guo et al.,2007,2013;Wang et al.,2015;Wang et al.,2012a),但深水沉積相區(qū)的地層與淺水沉積相區(qū)地層的系統(tǒng)對(duì)比工作仍舊缺乏,并且已有的有機(jī)碳同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)主要集中在埃迪卡拉系-寒武系界線附近,而寒武系紐芬蘭統(tǒng)-第二統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)道不多。湘中地區(qū)小煙溪組地層被認(rèn)為函蓋了寒武系紐芬蘭統(tǒng)-第二統(tǒng)(龐維華等,2011),是建立揚(yáng)子?xùn)|南緣深水沉積相區(qū)有機(jī)碳同位素地層標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線的理想場(chǎng)所。本文選取湖南省懷化市會(huì)同鉆孔剖面開展高精度的有機(jī)碳同位素地層學(xué)研究,與湖南其他深水沉積相區(qū)剖面和云南、三峽淺水沉積相區(qū)剖面地層進(jìn)行對(duì)比,試圖建立深水沉積相區(qū)相對(duì)完整的年代地層學(xué)與有機(jī)碳同位素地層學(xué)框架,并探討碳同位素變化與海洋環(huán)境和生物演化之間的關(guān)系。
揚(yáng)子板塊自西北向東南方向,可以大致分為臺(tái)地相、過渡相和斜坡-盆地相沉積環(huán)境(Jiang et al.,2012;Steiner et al.,2007;Zhu et al.,2003)(圖1)。寒武紀(jì)初期,海平面較低,揚(yáng)子地臺(tái)的大陸架區(qū)地層暴露在海水之上,導(dǎo)致該區(qū)寒武系底部地層部分缺失(Jiang et al.,2012;Steiner et al.,2007;Zhu et al.,2003;薛耀松和周傳明,2006)。隨后寒武紀(jì)第二期早期(梅樹村期晚期)發(fā)生的全球范圍內(nèi)大規(guī)模的海侵事件,導(dǎo)致整個(gè)揚(yáng)子陸緣盆地內(nèi)廣泛沉積了一套深水相的黑色頁巖地層(Jiang et al.,2012)。寒武紀(jì)第三期之后,海平面有所下降,隨后寒武紀(jì)第四期又發(fā)生了一次區(qū)域甚至全球性的海侵事件,以云南東部烏龍?bào)浣M海底底礫巖為標(biāo)志(胡世學(xué)等,2013)。
會(huì)同剖面是一個(gè)鉆孔剖面,位于湖南省懷化市會(huì)同縣,屬于揚(yáng)子?xùn)|南緣的深水盆地相沉積,包括留茶坡組上部(約25 m)和小煙溪組地層(約395 m)(圖1)。留茶坡組地層主要沉積灰白色、灰黑色和黑色硅質(zhì)巖,夾少量的炭質(zhì)板巖,并在頂部發(fā)育有磷結(jié)核。小煙溪組地層巖性較穩(wěn)定,幾乎全部由炭質(zhì)板巖組成,局部發(fā)育灰?guī)r和白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r夾層,底部發(fā)育有Ni-Mo等金屬硫化物富集層,并分別在下部,中下部和中部含有磷結(jié)核,上部略含粉砂巖夾層。該地區(qū)目前未見有詳細(xì)的生物化石報(bào)到,小煙溪組可能函蓋了寒武系紐芬蘭統(tǒng)-第二統(tǒng)(龐維華等,2011)。
圖1 揚(yáng)子地區(qū)埃迪卡拉紀(jì)晚期-寒武紀(jì)早期沉積相地質(zhì)圖及湖南會(huì)同剖面巖性柱狀圖(據(jù)Jiang等,2012修改)Fig.1 Late Ediacaran-early Cambrian geological map along the southern margin of the Yangtze platform and generalized stratigraphic column of the early Cambrian Hunan Huitong section
本次研究在湖南會(huì)同鉆孔剖面系統(tǒng)采樣135件,采樣時(shí)選取新鮮的巖石樣品,平均間隔為2~3m。樣品處理時(shí)避開方解石脈與硅質(zhì)巖脈,將巖石樣品切割成3 cm左右的塊體,并碾磨成200目以上的粉末,置于40℃的烘箱中過夜烘干。
取20~30 mg得粉末巖石樣品,加入2 mol/L的鹽酸(HCl)過夜(24小時(shí)以上),在溶樣過程中換鹽酸(HCl)三次以上,沒有氣泡生成為止,確保巖石樣品中的碳酸鹽巖全部溶解。酸溶后的樣品殘?jiān)萌ルx子水(MiliQ)清洗三次,置于烘箱內(nèi)過夜烘干后,用錫杯包裹上機(jī)測(cè)試,有機(jī)碳同位素(δ13Corg)測(cè)試在南京大學(xué)內(nèi)生金屬礦床成礦機(jī)制研究國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成和德國柏林自然歷史博物館共同完成,分別使用EA-ConFloIV-MAT 253同位素質(zhì)譜儀和Thermal Finnigan Elemental Delta V同位素質(zhì)譜儀,測(cè)試結(jié)果使用國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)V-PDB校準(zhǔn),測(cè)試誤差均小于±0.3‰。有機(jī)碳(TOC)含量測(cè)試在南京大學(xué)現(xiàn)代分析中心完成,使用Elementar Vario MICRO元素分析儀。
留茶坡組頂部(0~15 m)硅質(zhì)巖樣品的δ13Corg值從最高值-30.0‰(P1)下降至最低值-32.5‰(N1),TOC含量分布在0.2%~3.2%之間;小煙溪組最底部15~30 m處大量的方解石脈雜亂分布,巖石樣品受后期成巖作用改造嚴(yán)重;小煙溪組下部(30~150 m)的炭質(zhì)頁巖層中,δ13Corg值首先上升至-30.7‰左右,隨后降低至-31.7‰~-30.3‰之間,呈現(xiàn)出有機(jī)碳同位素的正漂移(P2),TOC含量較高,分布于2.8%~22.9%之間,平均值為13.3%;至小煙溪組中部(150~235 m)的含磷結(jié)核與灰?guī)r夾層的炭質(zhì)頁巖中,δ13Corg值升高至-29.7‰~-30.9‰,平均值為-30.4‰,呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)有機(jī)碳同位素的正漂移(P3),TOC含量持續(xù)較高,分布于6.5%~20.0%,平均值為13.9%;小煙溪組中上部(235~290 m)含磷結(jié)核和粉砂巖夾層的炭質(zhì)頁巖中,δ13Corg值迅速降低至-31.6‰~-30.7‰,平均值為-31.1‰,呈現(xiàn)又一個(gè)有機(jī)碳同位素的負(fù)漂移(N2),TOC含量分布于4.3%~14.3%之間,平均值為8.2%;至小煙溪組上部(290~420m)的含粉砂巖夾層的炭質(zhì)頁巖層中,δ13Corg值回升至-30.3‰左右,呈現(xiàn)出有機(jī)碳同位素的正漂移(P4),TOC含量分布于5.4%~12.9%之間,平均值為8.7%(表1,圖2)。
4.1 有機(jī)碳同位素成巖作用分析
沉積物中有機(jī)質(zhì)的同位素組成(δ13Corg),可能受到成巖早期微生物降解和后期的熱變質(zhì)作用的改造。研究表明,在早期成巖作用過程中,沉積物中的δ13Corg值可以保持不變(Altabet and Francois,1994;Galimov,2004;Macko et al.,1994;Velinsky et al.,1991),或者在小范圍內(nèi)降低,降低幅度不超過1‰~2‰ (B?ttcher et al.,1998;Freudenthal et al.,2001;Galimov,2004;Hatcher et al.,1983;Lehmann et al.,2002;Mcarthur et al.,1992;Nakatsuka et al.,1996;Prahl et al.,1997)。若沉積巖樣品受到后期熱變質(zhì)作用,富12C的碳?xì)浠衔飪?yōu)先分解,導(dǎo)致剩余有機(jī)質(zhì)的δ13Corg值升高,但升高幅度不大于2‰ (Chung and Sackett,1979;Lewan,1983;Peters et al.,1981;Schwab et al.,2005;Simonet et al.,1981;Tocqué et al.,2005)。會(huì)同剖面的δ13Corg-TOC相關(guān)性圖解顯示,δ13Corg與TOC含量之間沒有明顯的相關(guān)性(圖3),說明δ13Corg未受到后期作用的明顯改造,基本保持初始有機(jī)質(zhì)的碳同位素組成。即使δ13Corg受到后期熱變質(zhì)作用的改造,在短時(shí)間尺度內(nèi)區(qū)域變質(zhì)程度均一,整個(gè)剖面的δ13Corg值變化程度相同,并不會(huì)影響有機(jī)碳同位素曲線的變化趨勢(shì)。
4.2 地層對(duì)比
目前埃迪卡拉系-寒武系淺水沉積相地層的研究已經(jīng)比較完善,建立了一套精確的生物地層學(xué)與碳同位素地層學(xué)框架(Steiner et al.,2007;Zhu et al.,2006,2007a,2007b),并識(shí)別出與生物演化密切相關(guān)的幾個(gè)碳同位素的異常變化,包括埃迪卡拉系-寒武系界線附近的碳同位素負(fù)異常BACE,對(duì)應(yīng)埃迪卡拉型動(dòng)物群的滅絕,寒武系第二階下部的碳同位素正異常ZHUCE,對(duì)應(yīng)小殼動(dòng)物群的繁盛,第二階上部的碳同位素負(fù)異常SHICE,對(duì)應(yīng)小殼動(dòng)物群動(dòng)物群的滅絕,第三階的碳同位素正異常CARE,對(duì)應(yīng)著名的澄江動(dòng)物群(寒武紀(jì)大爆發(fā)的主幕),第四階上部的碳同位素正異常MICE,對(duì)應(yīng)古杯動(dòng)物群的大量繁盛,第四階中部的碳同位素負(fù)異常AECE,對(duì)應(yīng)古杯動(dòng)物群的大規(guī)模滅絕(圖4)(Zhu et al.,2006,2007b及其中參考文獻(xiàn))。而對(duì)于深水沉積相區(qū)埃迪卡拉系-寒武系地層,由于缺乏充分的化石記錄和同位素年齡數(shù)據(jù),其與淺水沉積相區(qū)地層的對(duì)比仍舊是一個(gè)難題。
表1 會(huì)同剖面有機(jī)碳同位素及總有機(jī)碳含量數(shù)據(jù)表Table 1 Analytical results of δ13Corgand TOC contents of the Huitong section
續(xù)表1
圖2 會(huì)同剖面有機(jī)碳同位素和總有機(jī)碳含量曲線圖Fig.2 δ13Corg and TOC profiles of the Huitong section
4.2.1 淺水相鄂西三峽地區(qū)與滇東地區(qū)地層對(duì)比
根據(jù)小殼化石組合帶(SSFs) A.trisulcatus-P.anabarica Assemblage Zone(Zone I)出露的位置,滇東地區(qū)和三峽地區(qū)前寒武系-寒武系界線被分別置于朱家箐組和巖家河組的底部(Guo et al.,2014;Li and Xiao,2004;Steiner et al.,2007;Yang et al.,2014a)(圖5),并在界線附近均發(fā)現(xiàn)較大的碳同位素的負(fù)漂移(Cremonese et al.,2013;Ishikawa et al.,2008;Li et al.,2013;Shen and Schidlowski,2000;Zhou and Xiao,2007;王丹等,2012;周傳明等,1997)(圖6a和6b)。前人研究表明,三峽巖家河組底部的δ13Ccarb負(fù)漂移可與滇東朱家箐底部的δ13Ccarb負(fù)漂移相對(duì)應(yīng)(Ishikawa et al.,2008;王丹等,2012),即碳同位素BACE負(fù)漂移(Zhu et al.,2006),該負(fù)漂移(BACE)在其他地區(qū)的碳酸鹽巖前寒武系-寒武系界線地層中普遍存在,可以作為全球地層對(duì)比的標(biāo)志(Brasier et al.,1994;Ishikawa et al.,2008;Kaufman et al.,1996;Maloof et al.,2005,2010a,b)。
圖3 會(huì)同剖面δ13Corg與TOC含量的相關(guān)性圖解Fig.3 Cross-plot of δ13Corgversus TOC contents of the Huitong section
滇東地區(qū)寒武系第二階地層開始于朱家箐組上部(大海段),以小殼化石第三組合帶(Watsonella crosbyi Assemblage Zone)為標(biāo)志(圖5)(Li and Xiao,2004;Steiner et al.,2007;Yang et al.,2014a),并存在較大的δ13Ccarb/δ13Corg正漂移(Cremonese et al.,2013;Li et al.,2009;周傳明等,1997),即碳同位素ZHUCE正漂移(Zhu et al.,2006)(圖6a)。前人研究表明,三峽巖家河組上部發(fā)育有小殼化石組合帶A.yanjiaheensis Assemblage Zone,與滇東小殼化石第三組合帶Watsonella crosbyi Assemblage Zone相對(duì)應(yīng)(圖5)(Guo et al.,2014),并且?guī)r家河組上部也存在較大的δ13Ccarb正漂移,可與滇東朱家箐上部的δ13Ccarb/δ13Corg正漂移相對(duì)應(yīng)(Ishikawa et al.,2008;王丹等,2012)(圖6a,b),因此三峽巖家河組上部地層屬于寒武系第二階。朱家箐組與巖家河組上部的ZHUCE正漂移不僅在揚(yáng)子地臺(tái)廣泛發(fā)育(Brasier et al.,1990;Li et al.,2009;Shen and Schid?lowski,2000),在西伯利亞、蒙古、摩洛哥等地區(qū)均有發(fā)現(xiàn)(Brasier et al.,1994,1996;Kaufman et al.,1996;Maloof et al.,2005),可以作為寒武系第二階開始的標(biāo)志。
圖4 埃迪卡拉紀(jì)晚期-寒武世紀(jì)早期同位素與生物地層年代表(據(jù)Steiner et al.,2007;Zhu et al.,2006,2007b修改)Fig.4 δ13C and bio-chronostratigraphic frameworks of the Ediacaran-early Cambrian
滇東地區(qū)石巖頭組發(fā)育小殼化石組合帶Sinosachites flabelliformis-Tannuolina zhangwentangi Assemblage Zone(Steiner et al.,2007;圖5),屬于寒武系第二階上部。根據(jù)前人報(bào)道,該組發(fā)育有碳同位素負(fù)漂移(SHICE)(Zhu et al.,2006;周傳明等,1997;(圖6a))。雖然前人研究沒有明確指出,但寒武系第二階碳同位素的負(fù)漂移在西伯利亞 (Brasier and Sukhov,1998;Derry et al.,1994;Kouchinsky et al.,2005)、摩洛哥(Maloof et al.,2005,2010a,b)等地也均被發(fā)現(xiàn),說明該SHICE負(fù)漂移廣泛發(fā)育并具有地層對(duì)比的潛力。三峽地區(qū)巖家河組和水井沱組之間存在沉積間斷,兩組之間的火山灰鋯石U-Pb年齡數(shù)據(jù)為526.5±5.4 Ma (Okada et al.,2014),說明三峽地區(qū)寒武紀(jì)第二期時(shí)期沉積地層很大程度上缺失(圖5),因此也未能測(cè)得SHICE負(fù)漂移。
圖5 揚(yáng)子地區(qū)埃迪卡拉系-寒武系地層對(duì)比圖Fig.5 Stratigraphic correlation of the Ediacaran-Cambrian in the Yangtze Region
滇東地區(qū)玉案山組發(fā)育著名的澄江動(dòng)物群(張文堂和侯先光,1985)(圖5),屬于寒武系第三階,并發(fā)現(xiàn)較大的δ13Ccarb正漂移(CARE)(圖6a)(周傳明等,1997),該碳同位素正漂移在西伯利亞 (Brasier and Sukhov,1998;Derry et al.,1994;Kouchinsky et al.,2005)和摩洛哥(Maloof et al.,2010a,b)等地均有報(bào)道,具有地層對(duì)比的潛力。三峽地區(qū)水井沱組下部發(fā)育有寒武紀(jì)第三期的Rhombo?corniculum cancellatum Taxon-range組合帶以及三葉蟲化石 Tsunyidiscus mumangensts(遵義盤蟲)(Guo et al.,2014;Steiner et al.,2007;楊愛華等,2005)(圖5),說明水井沱組下部地層與玉案山組大致相當(dāng)。同時(shí),水井沱組下部的δ13Ccarb值從-5‰逐漸上升至0‰(Ishikawa et al.,2008),呈現(xiàn)出正漂移的趨勢(shì),本文認(rèn)為可與滇東地區(qū)玉案山組的碳同位素CARE正漂移(~-0.7‰)相對(duì)應(yīng)(圖6a和6b)。
滇東地區(qū)玉案山組之上地層的碳同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)目前未見報(bào)道,與三峽地區(qū)的碳同位素地層對(duì)比工作尚未展開。三峽地區(qū)水井沱組中部出露三葉蟲Hupeidicus orientalis(湖北盤蟲)(楊愛華等,2005)(圖5),屬于寒武世第三期晚期至第四期早期,指示水井沱組上部屬于寒武系第四階。據(jù)Ishikawa等(2008)報(bào)道,水井沱組上部地層中δ13Ccarb值從0‰逐漸上升至+3‰,呈現(xiàn)正漂移的趨勢(shì)(圖6b),Ishikawa等(2014)認(rèn)為該碳同位素正漂移對(duì)應(yīng)于寒武紀(jì)第四階早期的MICE正漂移,并且在西伯利亞(Brasier and Sukhov,1998)、加拿大(Dilliard et al.,2007)等地均有報(bào)道。因此,三峽地區(qū)水井沱組上部發(fā)育的δ13Ccarb正漂移可以作為第三階下部地層對(duì)比的標(biāo)志之一,在揚(yáng)子地臺(tái)廣泛應(yīng)用。在水井沱組之上,石牌組地層中發(fā)育有兩個(gè)三葉蟲化石帶,即下部的Redlichia meitanensis組合帶和上部的Palaeolenus lantenoisi組合帶。
圖6 揚(yáng)子地區(qū)埃迪卡拉系-寒武系碳同位素地層對(duì)比圖Fig.6 Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Ediacaran-Cambrian in the Yangtze Region
石牌組上覆地層天河板組內(nèi)發(fā)育有三葉蟲Megapalaeolenus deprati組合帶和古杯Archaeocy?athus-Retecyathus-sanxiacyathus組合帶(宜昌地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)研究所,1987)(圖5),說明三峽地區(qū)石牌組至天河板組地層屬于寒武系第四階。根據(jù)Ishikawa等(2014)的研究,石牌組中部δ13Ccarb呈現(xiàn)較大的負(fù)漂移(圖6b),與西伯利亞(Brasier and Sukhov,1998)、加拿大(Dilliard et al.,2007)等地Botomian-Toyonian時(shí)期的δ13Ccarb負(fù)漂移相對(duì)應(yīng),屬于寒武系第四階的AECE負(fù)漂移。因此,三峽地區(qū)石牌組的δ13Ccarb負(fù)漂移可以作為揚(yáng)子地區(qū)第四階中部地層對(duì)比的標(biāo)志。
4.2.2 湖南深水相區(qū)與滇東、三峽地區(qū)地層對(duì)比
揚(yáng)子?xùn)|南緣深水沉積相區(qū)前寒武系-寒武系界線位置至今未有定論。前人研究表明,湖南多個(gè)剖面的留茶坡組上部均存在較大的有機(jī)碳同位素負(fù)漂移,包括龍鼻嘴剖面、李家沱剖面和袁家剖面(圖6d,6e和6f)(Cremonese et al.,2014;Guo et al.,2007,2013;Wang et al.,2012a)。Wang等(2012a)和Guo等(2013)建議留茶坡組上部有機(jī)碳同位素的負(fù)漂移可與云南、三峽地區(qū)的碳同位素BACE負(fù)漂移相對(duì)比。另外,Zhou等(2014)提出湖南留茶坡組上部的火山灰層可以與云南朱家箐組中部的火山灰層相對(duì)應(yīng),其火山灰鋯石U-Pb年齡分別為536.3±5.5 Ma和539.4±2.9 Ma(Chen et al.,2009;Compston et al.,2008)(圖5)。因此深水沉積相區(qū)前寒武系-寒武系界線可以置于留茶坡組上部的火山灰層之下有機(jī)碳同位素負(fù)漂移出現(xiàn)的位置(圖5和圖6)。本文會(huì)同剖面鉆孔深度不夠,推測(cè)未采到留茶坡組上部前寒武系-寒武系界線處的樣品,留茶坡組頂部硅質(zhì)巖地層已屬于寒武系。
湖南牛蹄塘組最底部磷結(jié)核層與硅質(zhì)巖層內(nèi)發(fā)育有小殼化石組合帶Protohertzina anabarica-Kaiyangites novilis Assemblage Zone(圖5),可與滇東、三峽地區(qū)地區(qū)小殼化石組合帶A.trisulcatus-P.anabarica Assemblage Zone(Zone I) 相 對(duì) 比(Steiner et al.,2007;Yang et al.,2014b),屬于寒武系幸運(yùn)階。在湖南龍鼻嘴剖面和李家沱剖面,牛蹄塘組/小煙溪底部δ13Corg呈現(xiàn)出正漂移(圖6d和6e)(Cremonese et al.,2014;Guo et al.,2007,2013;Wang et al.,2012a),Wang等(2012a)和Guo等(2013)建議該δ13Corg正漂移可與云南、三峽地區(qū)的碳同位素ZHUCE正漂移相對(duì)比,說明其對(duì)應(yīng)層位已經(jīng)屬于寒武系第二階(圖6)。此碳同位素地層對(duì)比的合理性隨后得到證實(shí),Zhou等(2014)針對(duì)湖南、貴州地區(qū)牛蹄塘組底部火山灰層巖相學(xué)與地球化學(xué)的研究表明,該火山灰層可能與云南東部石巖頭組和三峽水井沱組底部的火山灰層屬于同一期火山活動(dòng)(圖5),盡管目前為止,針對(duì)這些火山灰研究獲得的年齡數(shù)據(jù)并不十分一致:云南石巖頭組底部526.5±1.1 Ma(Compston et al.,2008);三峽水井沱組底部526.5±5.4 Ma(Okada et al.,2014);貴州牛蹄塘組底部518±5 Ma (Wang et al.,2012b),522.7±4.9 Ma(Zhou et al.,2008),532.3±0.7 Ma(Jiang et al.,2009)(圖5)。由此可見,湖南牛蹄塘組寒武系幸運(yùn)階的地層較薄,或者曾存在沉積間斷,或者由較低的沉積速率所致(Steiner et al.,2007)。本文會(huì)同剖面留茶坡組頂部δ13Corg同樣呈現(xiàn)出正漂移P1,該δ13Corg正漂移可與龍鼻嘴剖面、李家沱剖面牛蹄塘組/小煙溪底部的δ13Corg正漂移一起,對(duì)應(yīng)于淺水沉積相區(qū)的ZHUCE正漂移,說明會(huì)同剖面留茶坡組頂部地層已屬于寒武系第二階(圖6)。
揚(yáng)子地臺(tái)東南緣牛蹄塘組和小煙溪組底部,沿NE方向廣泛分布有1600 km長(zhǎng)的Ni-Mo等金屬硫化物富集帶,可以作為區(qū)域地層對(duì)比的標(biāo)志層(圖5)(Jiang et al.,2012;Och et al.,2013;Wang et al.,2015;Zhu et al.,2003)。前人研究表明,湖南牛蹄塘組、小煙溪組底部的Ni-Mo富集層可以與云南肖灘剖面石巖頭組頂部的Ni-Mo富集層相對(duì)比(Och et al.,2013;Wang et al.,2015),屬于寒武系第二階上部(圖5)。Xu等(2011)獲得湖南和貴州地區(qū)Ni-Mo金屬硫化物礦石的Re-Os同位素年齡521±5 Ma(圖5),證實(shí)了Ni-Mo富集層對(duì)應(yīng)層位屬于寒武系第二階上部。另一方面,云南淺水沉積相區(qū)石巖頭組頂部Ni-Mo富集層對(duì)應(yīng)層位存在一個(gè)δ13Ccarb和δ13Corg的負(fù)漂移,即SHICE負(fù)漂移(Cremonese et al.,2013;Zhu et al.,2006;周傳明等,1997),該負(fù)漂移在湖南三岔、龍鼻嘴、李家沱和袁家剖面牛蹄塘組/小煙溪組底部Ni-Mo富集層對(duì)應(yīng)層位均可以識(shí)別(Guo et al.,2007,2013;Wang et al.,2012a,2015)(圖6),筆者認(rèn)為這可以作為地層對(duì)比的另一個(gè)標(biāo)志。本文會(huì)同剖面小煙溪組底部Ni-Mo富集層對(duì)應(yīng)層位發(fā)育的δ13Corg的負(fù)漂移N1,可與湖南其他剖面和云南肖灘剖面的SHICE負(fù)漂移相對(duì)應(yīng)(圖6)。綜上所述,湖南會(huì)同剖面留茶坡組頂部的δ13Corg正漂移P1對(duì)應(yīng)于寒武系第二階上部的ZHUCE正漂移,留茶坡組/小煙溪組界線地層處的δ13Corg負(fù)漂移N1對(duì)應(yīng)于寒武系第二階上部的SHICE負(fù)漂移,由于深水沉積相區(qū)沉積速率較低,導(dǎo)致會(huì)同剖面寒武系第二階的沉積地層較薄,凝縮于留茶坡組頂部和小煙溪組的底部。
湖南多個(gè)剖面(包括三岔剖面、龍鼻嘴剖面、李家沱剖面和袁家剖面)的牛蹄塘組/小煙溪組Ni-Mo富集層之上,δ13Corg均呈現(xiàn)出正漂移(圖6c,6d,6e和6f)(Guo et al.,2007,2013;Wang et al.,2012a,2015),前人研究建議該δ13Corg正漂移可以與滇東地區(qū)玉案山組的CARE正漂移相對(duì)應(yīng)(圖6)(Guo et al.,2013;Wang et al.,2012a,2015),另外在湖南、貴州牛蹄塘組上部分別發(fā)現(xiàn)三葉蟲Hunanocephalus和Tsunyidicus(圖5)(Steiner et al.,2005),說明牛蹄塘組中上部地層屬于寒武系第三階。本文會(huì)同剖面小煙溪組下部地層(30~150 m)有機(jī)碳同位素曲線的變化趨勢(shì)與三岔剖面、李家沱剖面和袁家剖面十分類似,δ13Corg也呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)正漂移P2,可與淺水沉積相區(qū)的CARE正漂移相對(duì)應(yīng),說明會(huì)同剖面小煙溪組下部地層屬于寒武系第三階(圖6)。
湖南會(huì)同剖面小煙溪組中部(150~235 m)有機(jī)碳同位素δ13Corg呈現(xiàn)出另一個(gè)正漂移P3,筆者認(rèn)為可與三峽地區(qū)水井沱組上部的MICE正漂移相對(duì)應(yīng),即該段地層屬于寒武系第四階下部(圖6);小煙溪組中上部地層(235~290 m)出現(xiàn)了有機(jī)碳同位素δ13Corg的負(fù)漂移N2,可與三峽地區(qū)石牌組的AECE負(fù)漂移相對(duì)應(yīng),說明該段地層屬于寒武系第四階中部;小煙溪組頂部地層(290~420)及其第四個(gè)有機(jī)碳同位素正漂移P4則屬于寒武系第四階上部,是否涵蓋第四階的頂部尚無法確認(rèn)(圖6)。以上關(guān)于寒武系第四階有機(jī)碳同位素特征在湖南地區(qū)系首次報(bào)道。
4.3 碳同位素異常與生物演化的關(guān)系
生物的演化與其生存環(huán)境變化緊密相關(guān),體現(xiàn)在生物繁盛和滅絕事件與碳同位素變化的耦合性,大規(guī)模的生物滅絕事件往往對(duì)應(yīng)著碳同位素的負(fù)漂移,例如埃迪卡拉紀(jì)-寒武紀(jì)界線附近的碳同位素負(fù)異常(BACE)對(duì)應(yīng)了埃迪卡拉型動(dòng)物群的滅絕,寒武紀(jì)第二期的碳同位素負(fù)異常(SHICE)對(duì)應(yīng)了SSFs動(dòng)物群的滅絕,寒武紀(jì)第四期的碳同位素負(fù)異常(AECE)與古杯動(dòng)物群的大規(guī)模滅絕相耦合(圖4)(Zhu et al.,2006,2007b及其中參考文獻(xiàn));相對(duì)應(yīng)地,碳同位素負(fù)異常前后往往伴隨著另一種類型生物的繁盛與碳同位素的正漂移,例如新元古代末期埃迪卡拉型生物的繁盛對(duì)應(yīng)碳同位素的正漂移DEPCE,寒武紀(jì)第二期,小殼動(dòng)物群快速演化并輻射對(duì)應(yīng)ZHUCE正漂移,寒武紀(jì)第三期,以澄江動(dòng)物群為代表的“寒武紀(jì)大爆發(fā)”對(duì)應(yīng)于CARE正漂移,以及寒武紀(jì)第三期-第四期(滄浪鋪期)古杯動(dòng)物群的大量繁盛對(duì)應(yīng)了MICE正漂移(圖4)(Zhu et al.,2006,2007b及其中參考文獻(xiàn))。這些重大的物種更迭事件與碳同位素的協(xié)同演化并不僅僅是單個(gè)盆地內(nèi)的區(qū)域性事件,往往在多個(gè)大陸板塊同一時(shí)期同步出現(xiàn)(Bambach et al.,2004;Brasier et al.,1994;BrasierandSukhov,1998;Dilliardetal.,2007;Ishikawa et al.,2014;Li et al.,2007;Maloof et al.,2010a,b;Narbonne,2005;Zhu et al.,2006;Zhuravlev,2001),說明生物與環(huán)境的協(xié)同演化可能受控于某個(gè)或某些全球范圍內(nèi)的機(jī)制,例如板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)、氣候變暖和海平面升降等。
圖7 寒武紀(jì)早期海侵時(shí)期碳同位素負(fù)異常示意圖Fig.7 Schematic depiction for the negative carbon isotope excursion during the early Cambrian transgression
大規(guī)模的生物滅絕事件(如埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物群、小殼動(dòng)物群和古杯動(dòng)物群的滅絕)及其對(duì)應(yīng)的碳同位素的負(fù)異常,時(shí)間上往往與海平面的上升相吻合(Dalziel,2014;Ishikawa et al.,2014;Steiner et al.,2001),例如寒武紀(jì)第二期全球性大規(guī)模的海侵時(shí)期發(fā)育了SHICE負(fù)漂移(Maloof et al.,2005,2010b;Steiner et al.,2001;Zhu et al.,2006),第四階的海侵事件對(duì)應(yīng)了AECE負(fù)漂移(Brasier and Sukhov,1998;Dilliard et al.,2007;Ishikawa et al.,2014)。新元古至寒武紀(jì)早期,是羅迪尼亞大陸裂解、岡瓦那大陸合成的重要時(shí)期,板塊的運(yùn)動(dòng)造成大洋環(huán)流的改變,再加上冰期之后全球變暖和海平面上升,導(dǎo)致陸架邊緣頻繁的上升流作用(Tucker,1992;圖7)。地球化學(xué)指標(biāo)(如鐵組分)表明,新元古代末期-寒武紀(jì)早期一些深水盆地仍舊處于還原環(huán)境(Canfield et al.,2008;Feng et al.,2014;Wille et al.,2008),強(qiáng)烈的上升流水體將底部富含12C和P的還原水體帶至淺水區(qū)域(圖7),形成廣泛的磷塊巖或者磷酸鹽結(jié)核沉積(Cook,1992),并造成廣泛分布的碳同位素的負(fù)異常(Brasier,1989;Ishikawa et al.,2014;Kimura and Watanabe,2001;Zhuravlev and Wood,1996)。同時(shí),作為營養(yǎng)元素的P元素的大量輸入至表層海水,大大提高了生物初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力,大量有機(jī)質(zhì)的形成和隨后的分解消耗水體中的氧氣,進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大了水體的還原程度(Saltzman,2005),可能與大規(guī)模的動(dòng)物滅絕密切相關(guān)。一個(gè)時(shí)期的物種消減或者滅絕,為后來新的物種的興起與繁盛提供了生態(tài)空間(Knoll and Carroll,1999),新物種的繁盛使生物生產(chǎn)力升高,尤其動(dòng)物的活動(dòng),比如排泄,有利于有機(jī)質(zhì)的埋藏(Ishikawa et al.,2012),最終導(dǎo)致碳同位素得正漂移(Hayes et al.,1983)。
通過會(huì)同剖面高精度的有機(jī)碳同位素與湖南其他剖面和滇東、三峽淺水相區(qū)剖面無機(jī)碳、有機(jī)碳同位素進(jìn)行對(duì)比,結(jié)合化石資料和火山灰U-Pb年齡數(shù)據(jù),認(rèn)為揚(yáng)子?xùn)|南緣埃迪卡拉系-寒武系界線在湖南深水相區(qū)可放置于留茶坡組上部較大的有機(jī)碳同位素負(fù)漂移(BACE)出現(xiàn)的位置,由于鉆孔深度不夠,該負(fù)漂移未在會(huì)同剖面獲得;會(huì)同剖面留茶坡組上部的δ13Corg正漂移(P1)對(duì)應(yīng)于寒武紀(jì)第二階下部的ZHUCE正漂移,留茶坡組頂部至小煙溪組底部的δ13Corg負(fù)漂移(N1)對(duì)應(yīng)于第二階上部的SHICE負(fù)漂移,小煙溪組下部的δ13Corg正漂移(P2)對(duì)應(yīng)于第三階的CARE正漂移,中部的δ13Corg正漂移(P3)對(duì)應(yīng)于第四階上部的MICE正漂移,上部的δ13Corg負(fù)漂移(N3)對(duì)應(yīng)于第四階中部的AECE負(fù)漂移,頂部的δ13Corg正漂移(P4)屬于第四階上部,是否達(dá)到第四階頂部尚無法確認(rèn)。埃迪卡拉紀(jì)晚期-寒武紀(jì)早期,板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)頻繁,氣候變暖、海平面上升,推測(cè)強(qiáng)烈的上升流將富12C的還原性底層水體帶至淺水地區(qū),形成廣泛分布的碳同位素的負(fù)異常,與大規(guī)模的生物滅絕密切相關(guān)。而在生物繁盛時(shí)期,海洋初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力升高,有機(jī)質(zhì)埋藏增加,導(dǎo)致碳同位素的正漂移。
致謝:感謝朱茂炎研究員和張俊明研究員對(duì)野外地層工作的指導(dǎo),感謝張朝暉老師,Marianne Falk,鞏偉明在實(shí)驗(yàn)工作中的幫助。本研究受國家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目(“973”,2013CB835004)、自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41230102)和德國科學(xué)研究基金項(xiàng)目(DFG Forschergruppe 736)聯(lián)合資助。
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中圖分類號(hào):P597
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-7493(2016)02-0274-15
DOI:10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2015173
Corresponding author:LING Hongfei,Professor;E-mail:hfling@nju.edu.cn
收稿日期:2015-08-14;修回日期:2015-10-30
基金項(xiàng)目:國家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目(2013CB835004);自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41230102);德國科學(xué)研究基金項(xiàng)目(DFG Forschergruppe 736)資助
作者簡(jiǎn)介:王丹,女,1986年生,博士研究生,主要從事同位素地球化學(xué)研究;E-mail:njuwangdan@163.com
*通訊作者:凌洪飛,教授;E-mail:hfling@nju.edu.cn
Organic Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy of the Early Cambrian Huitong Section in Hunan Province,Southeastern Yangtze,China
WANG Dan1,LING Hongfei1*,ULRICH Struck2,YAO Suping1,LI Da1,WEI Wei1,WEI Guangyi1
1.State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research,School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,
Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China
2.Museum für Naturkunde,Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science,Berlin 10115,Germany
Abstract:The early Cambrian is one of the critical periods during Earth evolution involving significant evolution of marine environment and metazoans.However,the early Cambrian strata in the deep-water setting along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Platform are still lack of systematically and accurately stratigraphic correlations.Here we conduct a high-resolution organic carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the deep-water chert in the Liuchapo Formation and black shales in the Xiaoyanxi Formation,which werecollected from drill cores in the Huitong section of Hunan Province.Results indicate four positive δ13Corgexcursions(termed P1,P2,P3 and P4)and two negative δ13Corgexcursions(termed N1 and N2)in ascending order.Combined with the fossil records and zircon U-Pb dating data,we correlate the δ13Corgcurve of the Huitong section with the δ13Corgand δ13Ccarbcurves of other sections in Hunan and shallow-water areas including Yunnan and Three Gorges.The correlation implies that the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary was placed at the negative δ13Corgexcursion(Basal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion,BACE)in the upper Liuchapo Formation of Hunan Province.This negative δ13Corgexcursion(BACE),however,has not been identified at the Huitong section,owning to the limited drill core depth.The three positive δ13Corgexcursions P1,P2 and P3 can be correlated with ZHUCE(ZHUjiaqing Carbon isotope Excursion,Stage 2),CARE(Cambrian Arthropod Radiation isotope Excursion,Stage 3)and MICE(Mingxinsi Carbon Isotope Excursion,Stage 4)δ13Corgexcursions,respectively.In contrast,the two negative δ13Corgexcursions N1 and N2 are likely correlated with SHICE(SHIyantou Carbon isotope Excursion,Stage 2)and AECE(Archaeocyathid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion,Stage 4)δ13Corgexcursions,respectively.Therefore,the upper Liuchapo and the basal Xiaoyanxi formations probably belong to the Cambrian Stage 2.The lower Xiaoyanxi Formation belongs to the Cambrian Stage 3 and the middle-upper Xiaoyanxi Formation belongs to the Cambrian Stage 4.However,it is still unclear whether the top of the Xiaoyanxi Formation covers the end of the Cambrian Stage 4.The negative δ13Corgexcursions probably result from the transportation of12C-enriched anoxic bottom water through upwelling from deep to shallow water,and might be closelyassociatedwiththemassextinctionofEdiacaranfauna,smallshellyfossilsandarchaeocyathids.Incontrast,theflourishofCambrian faunacouldincreasetheprimaryproductivityandassociatedrateoforganicmatterburial,whichleadtothepositiveδ13Corgexcursions.
Key words:stratigraphic correlation;organic carbon isotopes;deep-water facies;early Cambrian,Hunan