花開堯, 宋洪明, 宋佳璐, 李登峰, 房 林
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第十人民醫(yī)院甲狀腺乳腺外科,上海 200072)
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·基礎(chǔ)研究·
RNA干擾YAP基因?qū)θ巳橄侔㎝DA-MB-231細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為的影響
花開堯, 宋洪明, 宋佳璐, 李登峰, 房 林
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第十人民醫(yī)院甲狀腺乳腺外科,上海 200072)
目的 探討RNA干擾YAP基因?qū)θ巳橄侔㎝DA-MB-231細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為的影響。方法 使用陽離子脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染試劑LipofectamineTM2000將靶向沉默YAP基因的siRNA序列轉(zhuǎn)染至乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中,采用qRT-PCR和Western印跡法分別檢測轉(zhuǎn)染后MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中YAP基因及蛋白的表達(dá)水平,噻唑藍(lán)(MTT)實(shí)驗(yàn)和細(xì)胞平板克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測轉(zhuǎn)染前后細(xì)胞增殖的變化,Transwell小室和劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察轉(zhuǎn)染對細(xì)胞侵襲及遷移的影響,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)評價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞周期及凋亡的變化情況。結(jié)果 轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA后,YAP RNA和蛋白的表達(dá)量相對于空白對照及陰性對照組均明顯下降(P<0.01)。MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)及細(xì)胞平板克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,siRNA干擾YAP表達(dá)可以顯著抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的增殖活性;Transwell小室及劃痕試驗(yàn)顯示,siRNA干擾YAP的表達(dá)可以明顯抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的侵襲及遷移能力;細(xì)胞周期實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,沉默YAP后,細(xì)胞周期出現(xiàn)G0/G1期阻滯,細(xì)胞凋亡檢測證實(shí)沉默YAP后細(xì)胞凋亡率并未出現(xiàn)明顯上升。結(jié)論 抑制YAP在乳腺癌細(xì)胞的表達(dá)可有效降低細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲能力,改變細(xì)胞周期分布,但對細(xì)胞凋亡無明顯影響。
乳腺腫瘤; Yes相關(guān)蛋白; siRNA; 細(xì)胞功能
YAP是近年發(fā)現(xiàn)的位于Hippo信號(hào)通路下游的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[1-2]。研究[3-4]認(rèn)為,YAP基因可能是一種致癌基因,在許多腫瘤中高表達(dá)。研究[5-7]顯示YAP基因在乳腺癌中異常表達(dá)并且與腫瘤分期、分級、病理類型及預(yù)后顯著相關(guān)。siRNA是一種由21~25個(gè)核苷酸組成的小分子RNA,由Dicer酶(RNase Ⅲ家族特異性雙鏈RNA酶)處理,可以與靶基因的mRNA結(jié)合從而起到沉默特定靶基因的作用。近年來siRNA作為一種可能的癌癥治療新途徑正引起更多的關(guān)注[8]。本研究通過siRNA特異性下調(diào)YAP基因,觀察YAP基因下調(diào)后對乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞功能的變化。
1.1 材料
人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞購自中國科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)研究院;DMEM培養(yǎng)基及胎牛血清購自美國Gibco公司;siRNA試劑盒購自上海吉瑪制藥技術(shù)有限公司;LipofectamineTM2000購自美國Invitrogen公司;Annexin-V/PI凋亡檢測試劑盒購自BD公司;YAP抗體購自Cell Signaling Technology公司;RIPA細(xì)胞裂解液、BCA蛋白定量試劑盒購自江蘇碧云天生物科技有限公司。靶向沉默YAP基因的siRNA順義鏈為: 5′-GCAUCUUCGACAG-UCUUCUTT-3′;反義鏈為: 5′-AGAAGACUGUC-GAAGAUGCTT-3′。以siRNA NC的序列作為與人類基因組序列無任何匹配的陰性對照,siRNA NC順義鏈為: 5′-UUCUCCGAAC-GUGUCACGUTT-3′;反義鏈為: 5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGA-ATT-3′。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染 人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清及100U/ml雙抗的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中,培養(yǎng)環(huán)境為: 37℃、5%CO2、100%濕度,2~3d換全培養(yǎng)基一次。選取指數(shù)生長期的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)后以 1×105個(gè)MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞每孔的密度將細(xì)胞分種于6孔培養(yǎng)板中并置于培養(yǎng)箱中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。當(dāng)細(xì)胞密度達(dá)30%~50%后,應(yīng)用陽離子脂質(zhì)載體LipofectamineTM2000將siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染入MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞,每孔siRNA的終濃度為50nmol/L,轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA NC組作為陰性對照組,未做任何處理組細(xì)胞作為空白對照組。
1.2.2 qRT-PCR檢測 總RNA提取試劑(TRIzol reagent)提取各實(shí)驗(yàn)組MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的總RNA,紫外分光光度計(jì)準(zhǔn)確定量。將提取的總RNA進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄獲取cDNA后進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)條件為95℃變性30s,57℃退火 1min,72℃延伸1min,循環(huán)32次,最后72℃溫育10min。qRT-PCR引物YAP基因順義鏈為: 5′-ACCCACAGCTCAGCATCTTCG-3′;反義鏈為: 5′-TGGCTTGTTCCCATCCATCAG-3′;β-actin基因順義鏈為: 5′-CGTCTTCCCCTCCATCGT-3′;反義鏈為: 5′-GAAGGTGTGGTGCCAGATTT-3′。
1.2.3 Western印跡法分析 轉(zhuǎn)染后48~72h收集細(xì)胞,利用RIPA細(xì)胞裂解液提取總蛋白,BCA蛋白定量試劑盒測定蛋白濃度。每孔加30μg的蛋白樣品,用10%SDS-PAGE凝膠進(jìn)行電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜、封閉,按1∶1 000稀釋一抗孵育,置于4℃冰箱過夜。TBST洗膜3次,每次10min,按1∶1 500稀釋二抗孵育1h,TBST洗膜3次,每次10min。通過Odyssey熒光成像系統(tǒng)掃描并進(jìn)行蛋白條帶灰度分析。
1.2.4 MTT試驗(yàn) 取對數(shù)生長期MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞,按2000個(gè)/孔接種于96孔板,每孔200μl,邊緣加200μl磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS),在培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)18h后轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA,轉(zhuǎn)染濃度為50nmol/L。轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)24、48、72和96h。每個(gè)檢測時(shí)間點(diǎn)每孔加入MTT溶液(5mg/ml)20μl,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4h后終止培養(yǎng),小心吸棄孔內(nèi)培養(yǎng)上清液,每孔加入150μl DMSO,振蕩10min,使結(jié)晶物充分溶解。在酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀上選擇490nm波長,測定各孔吸光度值(D490),記錄結(jié)果并繪制細(xì)胞生長曲線。
1.2.5 細(xì)胞平板克隆形成試驗(yàn) 各組轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞重懸后計(jì)數(shù),按300個(gè)/孔接種于6孔板,輕輕晃動(dòng)使細(xì)胞分散均勻,在培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)7~10d,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)肉眼可見的克隆時(shí)終止培養(yǎng),棄除上清液,PBS浸洗2次,用95%乙醇固定10min,用0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色10min,蒸餾水沖洗3次,風(fēng)干后拍照。
1.2.6 劃痕試驗(yàn) 取對數(shù)生長期MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞,按1×105個(gè)/孔接種于96孔板,培養(yǎng)24h后轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),當(dāng)細(xì)胞鋪滿6孔板后,用槍頭在細(xì)胞表面筆直劃一條直線,PBS清洗兩次去除脫落細(xì)胞,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)12、24h后,鏡下觀察各組劃痕的愈合情況。
1.2.7 Transwell侵襲試驗(yàn) 將已轉(zhuǎn)染的狀態(tài)良好的MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞消化后離心,細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)后加入培養(yǎng)基,調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度為5×105個(gè)/ml,取 0.2ml 接種于Transwell小室內(nèi),將小室置于24孔板內(nèi),上室為含2%滅活血清的培養(yǎng)基,下室為含10%滅活血清的培養(yǎng)基。于培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng)24h后用棉簽輕輕擦去小室內(nèi)細(xì)胞,95%乙醇固定,0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色,蒸餾水沖洗3次,風(fēng)干后熒光倒置顯微鏡200倍視野下拍照。
1.2.8 細(xì)胞周期和凋亡試驗(yàn) 將已轉(zhuǎn)染的狀態(tài)良好的MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞消化后離心,一部分用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌3次后離心,加入預(yù)冷的70%乙醇固定過夜,再次離心后用含RNase及碘化丙啶(PI)的染色液室溫下避光孵育30min,流式細(xì)胞儀分析細(xì)胞周期。另一部分加500μl的結(jié)合緩沖液重懸細(xì)胞,再加1μl Annexin V-PI熒光染料充分混勻,室溫下避光孵育15min,1h內(nèi)進(jìn)行流式細(xì)胞儀檢測,分析軟件計(jì)算細(xì)胞凋亡率。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 qRT-PCR及Western印跡法檢測siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染后YAP基因及蛋白的表達(dá)
qRT-PCR和Western印跡法結(jié)果顯示,與空白對照組和NC組相比,siRNA處理組MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的YAP基因的mRNA(P<0.01)及蛋白(P<0.01)的表達(dá)均被顯著抑制,見圖1。
圖1 轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA后乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中YAP mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)量Fig.1 Relative expression of YAP mRNA and protein were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells after transfected with siRNAA: qRT-PCR;B: Western印跡法
2.2 MTT法和平板克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞增殖活性的變化
圖2 MTT檢測轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA后乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的增殖活性Fig.2 Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay n MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells
MTT法測定空白轉(zhuǎn)染組、NC組、siRNA-YAP組不同時(shí)間的D490值,隨著細(xì)胞生長時(shí)間的延長,空白組與NC組增殖能力無明顯差異,而YAP-siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染組隨著時(shí)間延長,細(xì)胞增殖能力與前兩組相比明顯減緩,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖2。 平板克隆試驗(yàn)同樣顯示空白組與NC組細(xì)胞克隆數(shù)無明顯差異,而YAP-siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染組克隆數(shù)明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖3。因此,YAP基因可以調(diào)控乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力。
圖3 平板克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)測定轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA后乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖能力Fig.3 Cell proliferation was detected detected by colony formation assay in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cellsA: Blank;B: Nc;C: siRNA YAP
2.3 劃痕試驗(yàn)和Transwell小室實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲能力的變化
劃痕試驗(yàn)顯示,隨著時(shí)間的推移,空白對照組和NC組的劃痕愈合速度較快,而siRNA-YAP組的愈合速度較慢(P<0.05),見圖4。Transwell侵襲試驗(yàn)顯示,在200倍視野下,空白對照組和NC組的細(xì)胞數(shù)目明顯多于siRNA-YAP組(P<0.05),見圖5。因而siRNA沉默YAP基因后可以抑制MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲能力。
圖4 劃痕試驗(yàn)檢測轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA后乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的遷移能力Fig.4 Migration of MDA-MB-231 cells detected by cell scratch assay
圖5 Transwell小室實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA后乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的侵襲能力Fig.5 Invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells detected by transwell assayA: Blank;B: Nc;C: siRNA YAP
2.4 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞周期的變化
流式細(xì)胞儀分析顯示,與空白對照組(45.90±0.83)%和NC組(47.63±2.48)%相比,siRNA-YAP組(51.45±1.86)%處于G0/G1期的細(xì)胞比例明顯上升(P<0.01),而處于S期和G2/M期的細(xì)胞比例則明顯下降,見圖6。該結(jié)果表明siRNA沉默YAP基因后可以使MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G0/G1期。
2.5 流式細(xì)胞化檢測siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞凋亡率的變化
流式細(xì)胞儀分析顯示,空白對照組、NC組及siRNA-YAP組細(xì)胞凋亡率的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),即siRNA沉默YAP基因后對MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的凋亡水平無明顯影響,見圖7。
圖6 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測各組MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞周期分布
圖7 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測各組MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞凋亡率Fig.7 Cell apoptosis rate detected byflow cytometry in MDA-MB-231 cells右下象限AnnexinV(+) PI(-)代表早期凋亡細(xì)胞群,右上象限AnnexinV(+) PI(+)代表晚期凋亡細(xì)胞群或死亡細(xì)胞群A: Blank;B: Nc;C: siRNA YAP
惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移是多因素、多信號(hào)通路共同作用的結(jié)果。RNA干擾技術(shù)是近年來興起的一項(xiàng)新興的基因阻斷技術(shù),利用siRNA沉默相關(guān)關(guān)鍵基因的表達(dá)從而治療惡性腫瘤,目前已經(jīng)取得了一定的進(jìn)展。
Hippo通路是近幾年發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要信號(hào)通路,主要通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡進(jìn)行器官發(fā)育的調(diào)控,眾多研究表明Hippo通路與腫瘤的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[1]。YAP蛋白是Hippo通路下游重要的信號(hào)分子,YAP轉(zhuǎn)位入核是該通路激活的核心過程,與細(xì)胞內(nèi)眾多激酶的活性以及蛋白酶體系統(tǒng)的激活等因素有關(guān),YAP主要通過磷酸化修飾發(fā)揮其生物學(xué)活性[9-10]。研究[11-14]表明,YAP基因在結(jié)腸癌、肝癌、肺癌、宮頸癌、膀胱癌等惡性腫瘤中存在過表達(dá)。YAP基因在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中同樣表達(dá)異常,但其表達(dá)量是否與乳腺癌患者的腫瘤分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后相關(guān)目前還存在一定爭議[15-16]。Tschaharganeh等[17]在肝癌的裸鼠成瘤實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)YAP基因能促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長,并發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝癌細(xì)胞中YAP能夠上調(diào)Notch信號(hào)通路的配體Jagged-1(Jag-1)從而激活Notch信號(hào)通路,調(diào)控肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移以及侵襲,這說明YAP蛋白不僅作為Hippo信號(hào)通路上的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控因子而獨(dú)立存在,還與相關(guān)的信號(hào)通路間存在復(fù)雜的調(diào)控關(guān)系。與YAP基因在肝癌中的作用類似,過表達(dá)的YAP基因在乳腺癌中同樣可以起到促進(jìn)上皮細(xì)胞間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化以及抑制凋亡的作用,并且在管腔型乳腺癌中可以促進(jìn)癌腫的發(fā)生與發(fā)展[18-19]。
為了探究YAP基因在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮的作用,本實(shí)驗(yàn)首次通過siRNA下調(diào)人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中YAP基因表達(dá)以觀察細(xì)胞功能的變化情況。轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA-YAP后,qRT-PCR和Western印跡法結(jié)果顯示,無論在mRNA水平還是蛋白水平,YAP基因表達(dá)量均被顯著抑制,隨后的一系列細(xì)胞功能試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步說明,YAP基因下調(diào)后,MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的增殖能力、遷移能力和侵襲能力均受到抑制,細(xì)胞周期阻滯在G1期,但對細(xì)胞凋亡并無明顯影響。綜合來看,本實(shí)驗(yàn)只是應(yīng)用陽離子脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染試劑介導(dǎo)的YAP特異性siRNA的乳腺癌細(xì)胞的瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染,對基因的抑制狀態(tài)不夠穩(wěn)定;此外,該實(shí)驗(yàn)只在乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞這一種細(xì)胞系中進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,且未進(jìn)行動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),因此無法明確其在體內(nèi)的作用情況,相關(guān)的研究有待進(jìn)一步展開。
綜上所述,siRNA能特異性沉默人乳腺癌 MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的YAP基因,下調(diào)mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)水平,抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲能力,為乳腺癌的基因治療提供了新的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
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Effect of RNA interference targeting YAP gene on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells
HUAKai-yao,SONGHong-ming,SONGJia-lu,LIDeng-feng,FANGLin
(Dept. of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China)
Objective To investigate the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting YAP gene on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods siRNA targeting YAP gene was transfected in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells with LipofectamineTM2000. The effect of siRNA on cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay; cell migration and invasion were examined by colony formation assay, Transwell migration assay and wound healing assay; cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry; the expression of YAP mRNA and protein in MDA-MB-231 cells was detected by quantitative Real-Time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting analysis, respectively. Results Expression of YAP mRNA and protein was suppressed after trans-fected with siRNA verified by qRT-PCR and Western blotting (P<0.01). MTT assay and colony formation assay showed that the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited in transfected MDA-MB-231 cells compared with blank control and negative control. Transwell and wound healing test demonstrated that migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells were significantly inhibited. Flow cytometry showed that MDA-MB-231 cells arrested at G0/G1phase but cell apoptosis was not changed after iRNA interference. Conclusion This study demonstrates that YAP gene may play important role in biological behaviors of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.
breast cancer; Yes associated protein; siRNA; cellular function
10.16118/j.1008-0392.2016.01.003
2015-07-31
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81272240)
花開堯(1991—),男,碩士研究生.E-mail: huakaiyao111@163.com
房 林.E-mail: fanglin_f@126.com
R 737.9
A
1008-0392(2016)01-0012-06
同濟(jì)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2016年1期