Antibacterial activity of Bixa orellana L.（achiote）against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis

Dyanne Medina-Flores, Gabriela Ulloa-Urizar, Rosella Camere-Colarossi, Stefany Caballero-García,Frank Mayta-Tovalino, Juana del Valle-Mendoza,*School of Dentistry，F(xiàn)aculty of Health Sciences，Peruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC，Lima，PeruResearch and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences，Peruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC，Lima，PeruMolecular Biology Laboratory，Nutrition Research Institute，Lima，Peru

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Antibacterial activity of Bixa orellana L.（achiote）against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis

Dyanne Medina-Flores1, Gabriela Ulloa-Urizar2, Rosella Camere-Colarossi1, Stefany Caballero-García1,
Frank Mayta-Tovalino1, Juana del Valle-Mendoza1,3*1School of Dentistry，F(xiàn)aculty of Health Sciences，Peruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC，Lima，Peru
2Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences，Peruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC，Lima，Peru3Molecular Biology Laboratory，Nutrition Research Institute，Lima，Peru

ARTICLE INFO

Article history：

Received 13 Nov 2015

Received in revised form 26 Nov,

2nd revised form 30 Nov 2015

Accepted 2 Jan 2016

Available online 18 Mar 2016

Keywords：

Antibacterial effect

Medicinal plants

Bixa orellana L.

Cytotoxicity

ABSTRACT

Objective：To evaluate the cytotoxic and antibacterial effect of Bixa orellana L. （B. orellana）（achiote）methanol extract against Streptococcus mutans（ATCC 25175）（S. mutans）and Streptococcus sanguinis（ATCC 10556）（S. sanguinis）.

Methods：Two methanol extracts of B. orellana were prepared in vitro, from the seeds and leaves. The antibacterial activity of extracts against S. mutans and S. sanguinis was evaluated using the cup-plate agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration（MIC）was determined using the microdilution method and the cytotoxic activity was determinated by using the cell line MDCK.

Results：A stronger antibacterial effect was observed with the leaves methanolic extract with an inhibition zone of（19.97±1.31）mm against S. mutans and（19.97±1.26）mm against S. sanguinis. The methanolic extract of the seeds had an activity of（15.11±1.03）mm and（16.15±2.15）mm against S. mutans and S. sanguinis, respectively. The MIC of the leaf and the seed extracts against S. sanguinis was 62.5 and 125 μg/mL, respectively, and the MIC of the leaf extract against S. mutans was 62.5 μg/mL, and for the seed extract it was 31.25 μg/mL. The 50%cytotoxic concentration was 366.45 and 325.05 μg/mL for the leaves and seeds extracts, respectively.

Conclusions：The experimental findings demonstrated the antibacterial effect of the methanolic extract of B. orellana（achiote）on S. mutans and S. sanguinis. The extract of this plant is cytotoxic at high concentrations.

Original article http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.03.005

Tel: +51 13133333, ext. 2704

Fax: +51 13496025

E-mail: jdelvall@upc.edu.pe

Foundation Project: Supported by Research Center of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences（Grant-UPC-401-2014）.

Peer review under responsibility of Hainan Medical University. The journal implements double-blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members.

1. Introduction

The Peruvianflorahasanimmensevarietyofspecies,whichis famous for its colorant properties as well as its medicinal values. However, there are a lot of plants that have not been studied, and their phytotherapeutic values are not fully understood.

Bixa orellana（B. orellana）, also known as achiote or annatto, is an American plant widely used in Peru as nourishment, seasoning, as well as a colorant in the cosmetic and paint industry［1–3］. The achiote is frequently used in the Peruvian Amazonia as a preparation, extracted from the B. orellana leaves, for snake bites treatment, as a food digestive and for cough treatment［2］. B. orellana is recognized for its medicinal applications as an antioxidant, analgesic, wound healer, hemostatic and diuretic among others［3–5］. Apart from its antibacterial properties that have been postulated for treatment in certain gastrointestinal and pulmonary diseases［6,7］, B. orellana is also commonly used by urologists for prostate cancer prevention［4,8］.

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the cytotoxic and antibacterial effects of the B. orellana methanolic extract on the bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans（ATCC 25175）（S. mutans）and Streptococcus sanguinis（ATCC 10556）（S. sanguinis）as potential applications in the odontology field.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Plant material and extracts

B. orellana was purchased from natural stores and the six of them had sanitary registration. Seeds and leaves were chopped and soaked in absolute methanol（1:2, w/v）, and stored without sunlinght for 10 days at room temperature. The mixtures were filtered through a Whatman No. 4 filter paper, and the filtrates were evaporated at 50°C［9］. All extracts were stored at 4°C until used.

2.2. Bacteria strain

Strains of S. mutans and S. sanguinis were used（Genlab del Peru S.A.C., Peru）. The cultivation medium was brain heart infusion（BHI）agar（Oxoid, Hampshire, UK）. Cultures were grown anaerobically for 72 h at 37°C. For antibacterial activity assay, three or four isolated colonies were inoculated in 3 mL of BHI broth and incubated under anaerobic condition for 72 h at 37°C. The cultures were later diluted with fresh medium to approximate density of 0.5 McFarland standard, which represents an estimated concentration of 1.5×108CFU/mL.

The McFarland standard was prepared by inoculating colonies of the bacterial test strain in sterile saline and adjusting the cell density to the concentration specified before［10］.

2.3. Antibacterial screening of the methanolic extracts 2.3.1. Determination of antibacterial activity

To determinate the antibacterial activity of the studied extracts, the cup-plate agar diffusion method was used［11］. BHI agar was autoclaved for 15 min at 121°C and cooled to about 55°C. The medium was then inoculated with the prepared bacterial suspension, mixed gently and finally poured into sterile Petri dishes. Sugar tubes containing molten agar （10 mL）were sterilized and cooled to about 40–42°C. The tubes were then inoculated with 0.1 mL of the appropriate culture suspension of bacteria. These agar plates were incubated under sterile condition for 8 h at room temperature. Three wells per plate of 6 mm in diameter and 4 mm in depth were made with a sterile cork borer, preserving a distance of 3 cm between them. The wells were filled with 100 μL of the corresponding methanolic extract. The chlorhexidine（0.12%）was used as positive control［12］. The Petri dishes were incubated under the same growth conditions mentioned above. At the end of the period, the inhibition zones formed were measured in millimeters using a vernier. The inhibition zones with less than 12 mm in diameter were not considered for the antibacterial activity analysis. For each extract, 12 replicates were assayed.

2.3.2. Determination of minimum inhibitory

concentration（MIC）

The MIC was determined using the microdilution method as described by Jayaraman et al.［13］and Sader et al.［14］. Serial two-fold dilutions of all the extracts were prepared with sterile saline in a 96-well microtiter plate, obtaining a concentration range from 500 to 15.62 μg/mL. Then, 5 μL of S. mutans or S. sanguinis suspension（optical density at 550 nm = 0.6）were added to the wells containing the dilutions. Each dose was assayed in quadruplicate. Uninoculated wells containing sterile saline or saline and extract were used as controls. After incubation under anaerobic condition for 72 h at 37°C, the samples were observed and MIC was recorded as the lowest concentration of each plant extract that inhibited the bacterial growth as detected by the absence of visual turbidity.

2.4. Cytotoxicity assay of B. orellana

2.4.1. Cell lines

MDCK cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection, USA. The cells were grown in minimum essential medium with Earle's salts（Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY）supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum, 25 μg/L gentamicin and 200 mmol/L L-glutamine（growth medium）. The cells were maintained in minimum essential medium with 1%fetal bovine serum, 25 μg/L gentamicin and 200 mmol/L L-glutamine （maintenance medium）. All cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5%CO2-95%air.

2.4.2. Cytotoxicity assay

Cytotoxicity of B. orellana seeds and leaves extract was assessed using an assay based on the color change subsequent to the reduction of MTT by mitochondrial enzymes［15–17］. The assays were performed using MDCK cells at 1×104cells/well in 200 μL of medium which were cultured in 96-well plates and incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5%CO2-95%air. When cell cultures were confluent, the culture medium was removed from the wells, which were replenished with 0.2 mL of the maintenance medium containing B. orellana extract prepared by dilution. B. orellana concentrations had a range from 0 to 1 000 μg/mL. Each dose was assayed in quadruplicate. The wells with 0.2 mL maintenance medium but without B. orellana extract were used as cell controls. All cultures were incubated at 37°C for 6 days. Cell morphology was inspected daily for alterations. The 50% cytotoxic concentration（CC50）is defined as the concentration of compound that reduces the viability of mock-infected cells by 50%. This index is commonly estimated by MTT assay. In our study, 20 μL of MTT stock solution（3 mg/mL in phosphatebuffered saline）was added to each well. After 3 h of incubation under culture conditions, the medium was carefully removed and formazan crystals were solubilized by adding 200 μL dimethyl sulfoxide.Finally,cellviabilitywasexpressedasthepercentageof the absorbance value determined for the control cultures. Absorbance（A570nm）wasmeasuredinanELISAreader.CC50wasthen determined using Pharm/PCS software［18］. To confirm MTT results, the monolayers were also observed microscopically to estimate the cytopathic effect（i.e. rounding and other marked morphological changes with respect to control cells）［19］.

3. Results

3.1. Antibacterial activity of the plant extracts

B. orellana methanolic extract in vitro antibacterial effect was measured on S. mutans and S. sanguinis strains and inhibition zones over 12 mm were considered positive. For S. mutans the seed extract produced an inhibition zone of 15.11 mm and the leaves extract an inhibition zone of 19.97 mm. Moreover, the Petri dishes with S. sanguinis showed aninhibition zone of 16.15 mm and 19.97 mm for seeds and leaves extract, respectively. In both bacterial cultures a larger inhibition zone was observed in the leaves methanolic extracts（Table 1）.

Table 1 B. orellana methanolic extract in vitro antibacterial effect on S. mutans and S. sanguinis strains. mm.

3.2. MIC of B. orellana methanolic extract

The MIC of the B. orellana methanolic extract from seeds and leaves were calculated for both S. mutans and S. sanguinis strains. For S. mutans, we observed a MIC between 25 and 50 μg/mL for the seeds extract and a MIC between 50 and 75 μg/mL for the leaves extract. On the other hand, for the S. sanguinis strains a MIC of 125 μg/mL was observed for the seeds extract and a lower MIC between 50 and 75 μg/mL was observed for the leaves extract（Table 2）.

Table 2 Determination of the MIC of the B. orellana methanolic extract in S. mutans and S. sanguinis strains.

3.3. Cytotoxicity of B. orellana extract

The cytotoxicity of the methanolic extracts of B. orellana was determined using MDCK cells for virus propagation. MDCK cells were incubated with increasing concentrations （from 0 to 1 000 μg/mL）of B. orellana seeds and leaves extracts；cell viability was determined by MTT method. Relative viability of MDCK cells was calculated by comparison with untreated cultures（control, 0 μg/mL）. Results indicated that the B. orellana extract did not produce adverse effects on MDCK cells cultures at low concentrations. However, the methanolic extract from B. orellana leaves produced 50%cellular viability inhibition with a concentration of 366.45 μg/mL, and the CC50of seeds extract was 325.05 μg/mL. These values were confirmed by microscopic observation of the cytopathic effect.

4. Discussion

Phytotherapy has been used for the treatment of many conditions, and its applications expand from the most simple extract preparations introduced by natives, to the more complex pharmacological processes to identify and obtain bioactive substances that are commonly used in modern medicine ［18］.

B. orellana antibacterial effect has been demonstrated in many investigations［1］. Some of these studies have been done in bacteria that can potentially be pathogenic in humans［20–22］. However, the information about the antibacterial effect of B. orellana on oral bacteria is limited.

The human oral mucosa is colonized by a very wide bacterial microbiota. S. mutans and S. sanguinis are important members of the oral flora. Although they live in homeostasis with other oral bacteria, both of them have been also identified as potential pathogens of dental caries and periodontal disease［23］. S. mutans is the most important cause of dental caries and the viridans group of streptococci（e.g. S. sanguinis）can cause bacteremia and endocarditis［24］.

The agar diffusion method showed that the B. orellana methanolic extract presents antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sanguinis strains. This method corroborates that methanol is an effective organic solvent to extract phenols and flavonoids from plants just as Leyva et al. have previously demonstrated［25］. Similar antibacterial properties have been previously described in other bacterial strains［22,26］. The inhibitory activity of seed extract of B. orellana could be attributed to the presence of flavonoids. Flavonoids have the ability to assemble extracellular complexes with soluble proteins and the bacterial cell wall. Alternatively, lipophilic flavonoids may also disrupt bacterial membranes［27］.

Furthermore, the methanolic extract showed different MIC for leaves and seeds. This could be related to the fact that the active antibacterial principles obtained in the plant leaves and seeds might be isolated in different concentrations, and greater efficiency in leaf extract compared to seed extract may be due to the absence of alkaloids in seeds.

The methanolic extract was proved to be cytotoxic for the MDCK cells at high concentrations. The information from previous studies is not enough to compare the CC50from their extracts with our results. Nonetheless, a study in 2011 reported a CC50of 60.2 μg/mL for a seed hydro-alcoholic extract of B. orellana［28］. This might indicate that the hydro-alcoholic extracts can reach very low cytotoxic concentrations, whereas methanolic extracts appear to be safe.

The achiote appears to be a non-toxic natural product with a lot of potential uses in the odontology field due to their antibacterial properties against S. mutans and S. sanguinis. However, in Peru investigations regarding B. orellana and other plants with potential medical uses are poor. Further studies are needed to understand more about its antimicrobial applications, as well as potential cytotoxic effects, adverse events, other drugs interactions and contraindications.

The study results partially validate the B. orellana applications in the odontology field, with antimicrobial properties and a non-toxic profile. This natural product may bring new alternatives for the antibiotic treatments used in oral infections. Our results also highlight the importance of the ethnobotany properties evaluation in the selection of future possible bioactive components. In this regard, our study wants to demonstrate the great value of plants metabolites used in traditional medicine and their possible applications in the development of new medicines.

Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The present research was supported by Research Center of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, Lima-Peru（Grant-UPC-401-2014）.

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*Corresponding author:Juana del Valle-Mendoza, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences（UPC）, Av. San Marcos cdra. 2, Cedros de Villa, Lima, Peru.