“四個三”破解標題型主旨題

李華軍

標題判斷題是高考英語閱讀理解中的重要題型之一，它主要考查考生略讀文章、領會大意的能力，對考生的歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。

下面筆者就結合近幾年的全國卷來談談標題判斷題的命題特點和解題技巧。

三種命題形式

1. What can be a suitable title for the text？

2. What can/would be the best title for the text？

3. Which of the following can/might be the best title for the text？

三個結構特點

1. 名詞或動名詞短語。如：

Turning Trash to Treasure（2014全國新課標II卷）

Introducing a new film. （2014全國大綱卷）

Banking on Gardening（2011全國新課標全國卷）

The Story of Advertising（2011全國大綱I卷）

Vacationing for a Living（2010全國大綱II卷）

2. 名詞+同位語。如：

Hope， One Wall at a Time（2011全國大綱II卷）

Composer： a man of mystery（2007全國大綱II卷）

3. 句子

（1）疑問句形式的標題常以設問或反問的形式引起讀者的好奇心，激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣。如：

Is Your House Making You Fat？ （2015全國新課標II卷）

What T-shirts Can Teach Us（2006年全國大綱II卷）

（2）陳述句形式。如：

Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor（2013全國新課標II卷）

三個主要特性

1. 概括性：準確而又簡短地概括文章的主題思想，能在最大程度覆蓋全文內容。

2. 針對性：雖然標題是對文章內容的高度概括，但也不能太過于籠統(tǒng)、抽象。標題要對文章內容有直接的指向性，范圍做到不大不小。

3. 醒目性：任何標題都是為了吸引讀者的眼球，因此標題必須新穎奇特，喚起讀者對文章閱讀的興趣。

三個解題技巧

1. 善用略讀法

略讀法（skimming），即快速閱讀文章的首句、尾句或每段的首句、尾句，迅速找出主題句，或根據(jù)文章內容自己歸納主旨要義，然后與各標題對照，看哪個選項與文章主旨大意相符。

2. 找準主題句

文章的主旨是通過主題句來體現(xiàn)的，因此解答此類題的關鍵在于找出全文的主題句。主題句通常位于：

（1）段首。在議論文或說明文中，段落的第一句往往就是主題句所在，它往往概括了文章的主要內容和信息。

（2）段末。先擺事實，后作結論。

（3）段落中間。從文章細節(jié)開始，發(fā)展到結論，又進一步用細節(jié)支持說明。

（4）無明顯主題句。有些文章沒有明顯的主題句，在做這類題時要抓住對細節(jié)的描述，綜合分析，然后歸納出文章的主題。

（5）在表示轉折的but， however等詞后。

3. 逆向思維法

先不看文章，瀏覽著各備選項，不妨設想一下，“如果我用這個標題來寫文章會寫些什么內容呢？”并構思結構框架，然后快速瀏覽全文，對照自己原有設想，如果你的寫作思路與原文寫作思路相符或者大致相同，則該標題可以作為最佳標題，以此方式進行一一排除。

典型例題

1. 主題句在文尾

[例1]（2014新課標II卷A·24）Arriving in Sydney on his own from India， my husband， Rashid， stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.

During the first week of his stay， he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone...

He reported the case to the police and then sat there， lost and lonely in strange city...

Late in the evening， the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husbands name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.

…

That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.

△Which of the following can be the best title for the text？

A. From India to Australia.

B. Living in a New Country.

C. Turning Trash to Treasure.

D. In Search of New Friends.

解析：第一步，用略讀法（skimming）抓大意，最后一段第一句為主題句，“那個家庭不但交還了那份重要文件……”，再由漢語注釋“垃圾桶”，瀏覽全文，可知：作者丈夫丟失了重要的文件，有一家好心人從垃圾桶拾到后送還給作者的丈夫。第二步，對照各選項選出答案：C“變廢為寶”。該標題短小精悍，言簡意賅。

2. 主題句在首段段首

[例2]（2012新課標II卷C·52）Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example， in American culture（文化）the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion（困惑）across cultures. For example， many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places...

△What would be the best title for the text？

A. Cultural Differences B. Smiles and Relationship

C. Facial Expressiveness D. Habits and Emotions

解析：本段結構是“主題句+例證（for example）”。第一步，用略讀法（skimming）抓大意，本文首句及第六七句（It can also...it often...across culture）為主題句：面部表情的意思由所處的情境與相互間的關系來決定；面部表情在跨文化交際時會產(chǎn)生困惑（不同文化意思不同），綜合兩者可知“面部表情的含義很豐富”；第二步，對照各選項：A“文化差異”，B“微笑與關系”，C“豐富的面部表情”，D“習慣與情感”，顯然C項正確。

3. 主題句在首段末

[例3]（2012新課標I卷A·59）Honey（蜂蜜） from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar， it is also delicious... In parts of Africa， though， people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.

The honey guide does not actually like honey， but it does like the wax（蜂蠟）in the beehives（蜂房）. The little bird cannot reach this wax， which is deep inside the beesnest. So， when it finds a suitable nest， it looks for someone to help it... When they finally arrive at the nest， the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey， and the wax， always falls to the ground， and this is when the honey guide takes its share.

△What can be the best title for the text？

A. Wild Bees C. Beekeeping in Africa

B. Wax and Honey D. Honey-Lovers Helper

解析：該題我們可以用逆向思維法來做。如果標題是Wild Bees，那么文章應該向讀者介紹關于野生蜜蜂的生活習性等內容；如果標題是Wax and Honey，那么文章應該講的是蜂蠟與蜂蜜間的聯(lián)系；如果標題是Beekeeping in Africa，則文章應該講的是非洲的養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)；如果標題是Honey-Lovers Helper，則文章應該講蜂蜜愛好者的幫手。經(jīng)過如此思考，再結合文章內容a little bird called a honey guide，即可把A、B、C排除，只有選項D正確。

4. 多次重復的詞為體現(xiàn)主旨的關鍵詞

[例4]（2011新課標全國卷C·66）Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husbands income. So this year she did something more than a hobby： She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden，...

They are among the growing number of Americans who， driven by higher living costs and a falling economy（經(jīng)濟）， have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time.

…

Food prices have increase of higher oil price. People are driving less， taking fewer vacations， so there is more time to garden.

△Which of the following might be the best title for the text？

A. Family Food Planning B. Banking on Gardening

C. A Belt-tightening Move D. Gardening as a Hobby

解析：從以上段落內容中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這篇文章出現(xiàn)頻率最高的詞是garden，因此我們推斷答案應在B或D中；再根據(jù)文章中出現(xiàn)的一些與經(jīng)濟有關的詞匯higher living costs，a falling economy等，可知文章談論的是由于生活費用的增加，人們開始通過Gardening來減少開支，排除D項，故答案選B。

5. 主題句在but， however之后

[例5]（2011廣東卷A·30）In the animal kingdom， weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people...

From my wheelchair experience， I see the best in people， bur sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. They dont get to see this soft side of others often； we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness， which includes a lot of pretending. But only when we stop pretending were brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness thats in them.

△ Which of the following is the best title for the passage？

A. A Wheelchair Experience.

B. Weakness and Kindness.

C. Weakness and Strength

D. A Driving Experience

解析：文章第一段中“But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people”是主題句。注意，but或however后的內容多半為文章主旨。縱覽全文，可知全文是圍繞這個句子展開的，故選B。

責任編輯 蔣小青