民機駕駛艙在惡劣光環(huán)境下的飛行員視覺工效研究

林燕丹　艾劍良　楊彪　劉羿宏　邱婧婧

摘要：科學合理的光環(huán)境設(shè)計可以優(yōu)化駕駛艙人機工效、提高飛機的安全可靠性，尤其對飛行員視覺、心理等方面，起到積極的指導作用。 駕駛艙光環(huán)境在大型飛機人機工效綜合設(shè)計研究中有重要的地位和意義，本報告首先指出了航空視覺問題的特殊性及其與人-機-環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的交互作用。然后從光亮度范圍、光色的選擇、輔助照明、眩光控制、亮度水平與易讀性的關(guān)系等方面闡述了駕駛艙光環(huán)境設(shè)計的研究的意義和現(xiàn)狀，并展望了民機駕駛艙光環(huán)境的研究方向。其次，介紹了相關(guān)的視覺理論，并從視覺工效學和實驗心理學角度分析了視銳度的定義及測試手段，以及反應時間的特征及其影響因素。 針對閃電、太陽直射等惡劣光環(huán)境下飛行員視覺功能受到的影響以及應對措施進行了視覺工效學研究。總結(jié)了惡劣自然光環(huán)境對飛行員視覺功能的影響，將“雷暴雨”和“穿云層”兩種典型惡劣光環(huán)境的視覺特點抽象為脈沖型和階躍型的亮度變化，以不同光環(huán)境為自變量，視銳度、反應時間和判讀準確率為因變量，在全尺寸模擬駕駛艙中對10名被試進行了視覺工效學實驗。以判讀準確率作為參數(shù)，對視銳度和反應時間進行了速度-準確性平衡修正。數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果表明，兩種典型的惡劣光環(huán)境對視銳度有顯著的負面影響；階躍型光環(huán)境變化場景下的反應時間會顯著增加，而脈沖場景下的反應速度會所有提高。這些影響都可以被雷暴雨燈提供的背景亮度所消除。兩兩對比分析后，建議飛行員應該在遇到惡劣光環(huán)境之前打開雷暴燈，這樣其視覺功能將始終不受光環(huán)境突變的影響。 針對夜間飛行眩光對飛行員視覺績效的影響展開研究，選取探測駕駛艙外界目標的反應時間、對于顯示器出現(xiàn)視標的探測和識別的閾值尺寸三個因變量作為視覺績效的評價指標，研究了眩光源亮度、眩光源立體角，背景亮度三個變量對于反應時間的影響以及眩光源表面亮度、顯示器視標亮度兩個變量對于顯示器視標識別績效的影響。實驗結(jié)果顯示，眩光源表面亮度的提高會增大顯示器視標的探測和識別閾值尺寸，但該增量會隨著視標亮度的提高而減小，而視標亮度的升高則會減小對于視標的探測和識別閾值尺寸，當視標亮度大于9cd/m2，閾值尺寸隨眩光源表面亮度和視標亮度的變化率趨近于0。該實驗結(jié)果可以對駕駛艙和飛機場照明的防眩光設(shè)計提供一定的理論依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：駕駛艙；光環(huán)境；視覺工效學；眩光；反應時間

Abstract：Cockpit luminous environment has a significant status of large aircraft ergonomics design， the present thesis pointed out the specific characteristics of aviation visual problems and the interaction with man-machine-environment system. The significance， research status and future study of cockpit luminous environment was summarized from different aspects， such as brightness range， glare control， relationship between luminance level and legibility. Relative vision theory was introduced， while the definition and measurement method of visual acuity as well as the features and influencing factor of reaction time were analyzed. Negative effects on aviators visual performance of harsh luminous environment emerged in variety of natural and weather conditions were summarized. Visual features in two typical harsh luminous environments， thunderstorm and direct sunlight， were abstracted. Tests in a full-scale simulator cockpit were performed with 10 participants while visual acuity， reaction time and identification accuracy were recorded as dependent variables. IA data was taken as a correction factor to correct RT data for each participant under each experimental situation to minimize testing error， with consideration of the speed-accuracy trade off phenomenon. Data analysis result indicates that standardized VA value decreased significantly in both pulsing and step conditions in comparison with dark condition. Standardized RT value increased significantly in the step condition； on the contrary， less reaction time was obtained in pulsing condition. The results are to be used as principle for optimizing lighting design with thunderstorm light. The influence of the glare on the visual performance of the pilot in nighttime flying is also focused on. Three indicators are selected for evaluating the visual performance which is the reaction time of detecting the target outside the cockpit， the detection and discrimination threshold size of the Landolt ring on the display screen. The detection & discrimination threshold size get smaller with increasing target luminance but decreasing glare luminance， the variation of the threshold size because of the change of the glare source will get smaller when the target luminance gets higher. When the target luminance is higher than 9cd/m2，the variation of the threshold size may be close to zero. The conclusion can provide some recommendation for the lighting design of the cockpits and airport against glare.

Keywords：Cockpit； Luminous environment； Visual ergonomics； Glare； Reaction time