“鍋爐低溫煙氣余熱深度利用的基礎研究”項目立項報告

徐進良

摘 要：面向電站鍋爐及工業(yè)鍋爐煙氣余熱深度利用重大節(jié)能減排需求，開展低溫（<300℃）煙氣余熱深度利用重大基礎理論研究和關鍵技術攻關，對于節(jié)省化石能源消耗，提高燃料綜合利用效率，減少CO2及有害氣體SOx和NOx排放，節(jié)省水資源等極為重要。煙氣余熱深度利用是化石能源綠色利用的重要途徑。針對我國現(xiàn)有低溫煙氣余熱利用效率低，成本高，缺乏有效評價方法，深度利用存在露點腐蝕等技術難題，融合能源、經(jīng)濟、材料等多學科交叉，從系統(tǒng)和部件層面凝練2個關鍵科學問題： （1） 能量利用效率-投資成本-運行經(jīng)濟性熱經(jīng)濟學理論建立新型熱力學循環(huán)，發(fā)展逆向計算機輔助分子設計新方法，結合多目標最優(yōu)控制理論，定量表征新的循環(huán)工質(zhì)應具有的綜合優(yōu)良性能。建立熱力學不可逆性在部件間的優(yōu)化匹配原則，獲得利用效率和投資成本間的最佳平衡。拓展熱經(jīng)濟學理論，建立低品位余熱直接和間接利用系統(tǒng)的評價和熱學優(yōu)化的理論體系，建立全面考慮大規(guī)模煙氣余熱利用效率、投資成本和運行經(jīng)濟性等多準則的節(jié)能設計評價理論。（2）多相流動結構與能量傳遞及轉(zhuǎn)換的協(xié)同機理與調(diào)控原理 揭示多組分多相流動結構與能量傳遞及轉(zhuǎn)換的協(xié)同機制，建立數(shù)學模型。創(chuàng)新非能動結構設計，改善和控制流動結構，提高有利于能量傳遞與轉(zhuǎn)換所對應流動結構的時空發(fā)生概率，提高部件性能。建立煙氣冷凝式換熱器、有機工質(zhì)液體分離式冷凝器、化學熱泵等設計理論和方法，建立并完善單螺桿膨脹機設計理論。該項目將突破煙氣余熱深度利用中的露點腐蝕等技術瓶頸，提出大型燃煤鍋爐煙氣余熱深度利用總體解決方案，發(fā)展新一代冷凝式省煤器等關鍵技術，在較低成本下使電站鍋爐效率提高1%～2%。發(fā)展新一代低溫煙氣余熱有機朗肯循環(huán)熱功轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)，在較低成本下效率比國際現(xiàn)有技術提高20%，工業(yè)鍋爐燃料綜合利用效率提高5%～10%。圍繞2個關鍵科學問題，設置6個課題：（1）低品位能源利用熱力學基礎及評價；（2）煙氣介質(zhì)復雜熱質(zhì)傳遞與露點腐蝕機理及防治；（3）多組分有機工質(zhì)相變傳熱機理及設計優(yōu)化；（4）膨脹機中多組分多相流動與全流膨脹機理；（5）低溫余熱品位提升及能量儲存；（6）余熱利用系統(tǒng)集成、控制及運行。

關鍵詞：鍋爐 煙氣余熱 深度利用

Fundamental Research on Deep Utilization of Low Temperature Flue Gas Waste Heat of Boilers

Xu Jinliang

（North China Electric Power University）

Abstract：The deep utilization of the flue gas waste heat is one of the important ways to realize the green use of the fossil fuel. Driven by the low efficiency， high cost and material corrosion during the utilization， two key scientific issues are raised， from both the system and component levels：（1）Thermal economy theory for energy utilization efficiency-investment cost-operation economy It is necessary to establish the new thermodynamic cycle， develop the computer aided molecule design. With the help of the multi-objective optimization， physical properties of the new working fluids which have comprehensive better performance will be quantified. The matching principle of the thermodynamic non-reversibility in various components of the system will be established， to reach the optimization of the energy utilization efficiency and the investment cost. By expanding the classical thermal-economy theory， the evaluation and thermal optimization theory frame work for the direct and indirect low grade waste heat utilization will be established， the theory for the comprehensive consideration of the large-scale flue gas waste heat utilization efficiency， investment cost， and operation economy will be established.（2）The synergy principle and control scheme for the multiphase flow structure， energy transfer and conversion The synergy principle and energy transfer and conversion will be identified. The new passive structure design will be proposed， to improve and control the flow structure of multiphase fluids， increase the probability of the flow structures for the efficient energy transfer and conversion， thus to raise the component performance. The design theory and method for the flue gas condensation type heat exchanger， and liquid separation type condenser， and chemical heat pump etc. will be presented. The integrated solution scheme for the large-scale coal fired boiler of power plant will be proposed. The corresponding low pressure economizer technology will be developed. The boiler efficiency will be increased by 1～2 percent with low cost. The next generation Organic Rankle Cycle （ORC） system driven by the low grade waste heat of flue gas will be developed， with the energy conversion efficiency increased by 20% compared with the available technology over the world. The comprehensive fuel utilization efficiency of the industry boiler will be raised by 5%～10%.

Key Words：Boiler； Flue gas waste heat； Deep utilization

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