“推理判斷”面面觀

龔磊　陳慈明

[設題方式]

從題目的設置上，筆者認為“推理判斷”類閱讀理解題的設題形式主要有以下三種：

1. 推測作者寫作目的或意圖；

2. 推測文章的觀點或結論；

3. 推斷文章出處或結構。

推理判斷題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的題目。該題型要求通過文章中的文字信息，上下邏輯關系及事物的發(fā)展變化規(guī)律等已知的信息，推斷出作者沒有直接表達的態(tài)度和觀點，是不少同學感到很頭疼的一類題。

[試題類型與方法點撥]

“推理判斷類”閱讀理解題可以分為四大類：

1. 細節(jié)推斷題

該類試題要求考生根據語篇及邏輯聯系，推斷時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份等細節(jié)。一般可根據短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識來判斷。

例1 （2015陜西卷） Kaith Robinson， the author of the study， said， “I really dont know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was parents help with homework.” Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task，“ They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now， or in some cases never learnt it themselves， but theyre still offering advice.”

Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general， about 20% of parental involvement was positive， about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.

59. What is the major finding of Robinsons study？

A. Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way.

B. Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging.

C. Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected.

D. Parents are not able to help with childrens homework.

解析 C。本文介紹了最新的一項研究，發(fā)現父母幫助孩子完成作業(yè)或以其他形式參與到孩子的教育中會對孩子的學業(yè)產生不利影響。根據文中第四段In general， about 20% of parental involvement was positive， about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.中的數據可知，大約20%的父母參與是正面的，大約45%的父母參與是負面的。通過這些數據可得出結論：父母的參與沒有想象中的那么有益。

點撥 同學們在完成此類題目時，應注意認真分析，排除干擾項。通常來說，干擾項有以下幾大特點：（1）短文內容的簡單重復，不是推理得出的結論；（2）與原文相悖的內容；（3）與常識相吻合，但文中找不到證據；（4）文章沒有涉及，純屬主觀臆斷的結論。

2. 因果推斷題

該類試題要求考生根據已知結果推測原因，需要考生準確理解文章的含義。

例2 （2015新課標Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解D） Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening， as on every Thursday night， psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of Frances favorite pastimes， coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isnt always easy. They customers-some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 （plus drinks） per session-care quick to intellectualize （高談闊論）， slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels， or ‘people think，”Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think， ‘Think me.”

A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed？ It couldnt seem more un-French. But Lehannes psychology café is about more than knowing oneself： Its trying to help the citys troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years， Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours， a fast food boom and a younger generations desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology， history， and engineering are catching on， filling tables well into the evening.

35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris？

A. They bring people true friendship.

B. They give people spiritual support.

C. They help people realize their dreams.

D. They offer a platform for business links.

解析 B。文介紹了目前在法國流行的主題咖啡館產生的背景和對消費者起到的心理治療的作用。文中第一段Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It is nt always easy ... slow to open up and connect等表述均表明這種咖啡館讓顧客學會表達自己，故而能給他們以精神支持。尤其是根據最后一段可知，“心理咖啡館”之所以變得受歡迎是因為在這里舉辦討論活動的心理學家能撫慰人們的心靈。

點撥 同學們在答題時，一方面要以原文的信息為依據，從文章里找線索和事實進行判斷。另一方面，也要著眼全篇，通盤考慮，通過對文章主題和上下文邏輯關系的準確把握，推測某事發(fā)生的根本原因。

3. 人物性格、態(tài)度及觀點判斷題

該類試題考查考生對文章的主導思想，被描寫人物語氣，話語中流露的情緒、性格傾向，以及文中人物態(tài)度、觀點等方面的理解。

例3 （2014新課標Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解C） How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？ How often do you have something you want to achieve （e.g. lose weight， start a business， travel more）—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress？

This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things， and so we take less action， make less progress， and stay the same when we could be improving.

30. What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in paragraph 3？

A.Tolerant B.Doubtful

C.Respectful D.Supportive

解析 B。本文由訓獅人的椅子引出議論：當獅子在面臨很多選擇的時候就會困惑，不知道該做什么，以此警示我們：當生活中有很多選擇時，不要困惑而要果斷抉擇。文中第三段最后一句The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things ...（最后的結果是我們感到自己無法專注或專注于錯誤的事情）可知，作者對專家的建議是持懷疑態(tài)度的。

例4 （2015新課標Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解B） The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”. I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C（維生素C）， thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air， I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets （at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part-particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.

24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York？

A. Exciting. B. Boring.

C. Relaxing. D. Annoying.

解析 B。根據文章第一句話中的The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter以及最后一句dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables可以判斷，作者不喜歡甚至覺得在紐約過冬乏味。

點撥 同學們做這類題時一定要注意：（1）準確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的觀點代替作者的觀點；（2）注意那些描寫環(huán)境或氣氛的語句，以及表達感情、態(tài)度或觀點的詞語，要特別注意含有感情色彩的形容詞；（3）結合自己平時積累的英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風俗習慣等背景知識判斷。

4. 預測想象推理題

該類試題主要特點是：有些內容文章中沒有明確說明，要求考生根據語篇，對事件可能的結局或下文可能涉及的內容等進行預測推理。較簡單的一類，是在文章最后一段給出相應提示，同學們只需讀懂最后一段所包含的信息，既可以準確預知后文內容。

例5 （2015湖北卷·閱讀理解E） On the whole， Brookss story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect， his writing is mostly clear and， to be fair， some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed， for instance， the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters， the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brookss attempt to translate his tale into science.

70. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph？

A. Problems with the book.

B. Brookss life experience.

C. Death of the characters.

D. Brookss translation skills.

解析 A。本文是一篇書評，介紹了Brooks的一本新書。在文章的最后一段的最后一句提到了這本書的一些問題，那么后文中就很有可能具體說明這本書的問題所在。

還有一類題目，不能直接根據文章最后一段得到提示，而是要從全文內容來推斷，常見于“提出問題→解決問題”這類文章。

例6 Although the ending sounds overstated the damage phubbing can bring is real. Your health is the first to bear the effect and result of it. “Constantly bending your head to check your cell phone could damage your neck，” Guangming Daily quoted doctors as saying， “the neck is like a rope that breaks after long-term stretching.” Also， staring at cell phones for long periods of time will damage your eyesight gradually， according to the report.

But thats not all. Being a phubber could also damage your social skills and drive you away from your friends and family. At reunions with family or friends， many people tend to stick to their cell phones while others are chatting happily with each other and this creates a strange atmosphere， Qilu Evening News reported.

It can also cost you your life. There have been lots of reports on phubbers who fell to their death， suffered accidents， and were robbed of their cell phones in broad daylight.

27. What might be a better topic if the passage continues？

A. Tips on how to use a cell phone economically.

B. Practical ways to reduce the risks of phubbing.

C. Naming a few people addicted to phubbing.

D. More consequences of phubbing.

解析 B。文章談到沉迷于手機的“低頭族”以及長期低頭“phubbing”所帶來的各種危害，如會損害到健康、社會交往，以及高度關注手機內容忽視身邊環(huán)境導致諸如車禍、搶劫等事故。根據全文所談到的內容，尤其是后三段對危害的詳細闡述，后文就應該很可能談到解決沉迷低頭玩手機的具體辦法。

點撥 同學們在做這類題時，應把握文章結構或作者的寫作思路，如總分結構、事件發(fā)展的經過、因果關系、對比關系等，從而作出科學的、合乎情理的預測。