• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      英語完形填空語篇解讀之(一)文體分析研究

      2016-05-14 13:34:11江媛萍
      關(guān)鍵詞:說明文記敘文議論文

      江媛萍

      摘要:完形填空是學(xué)生認為最棘手的題型之一,它既考查對語法、詞匯、習(xí)語、句型、搭配等基礎(chǔ)知識的綜合運用能力,又考查對短文的閱讀理解能力。其中又包括在具體的語境中靈活運用語言知識的能力。根據(jù)試題內(nèi)容進行正確的邏輯推理,綜合判斷和分析概括的能力。本文從文本分析研究的角度進行了探究,希望能給英語教學(xué)帶來幫助。

      關(guān)鍵詞:語篇;文體;記敘文;說明文;議論文

      中圖分類號:G632.0 文獻標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1992-7711(2016)03-0126

      一、概說

      完形測驗(cloze test)這一測試方法自1953年由威爾遜·泰勒(Wilson Taylor)提出的。最初此類型是用于測試母語文章可讀性的方法。到七十年代,由于奧勒(Oller)等人的大力提倡,這一形式引起了廣大外語測試專家的注意與興趣,并作為一種綜合考試的形式用于測量個人的外語水平。完形填空被認為是一種測試語言綜合能力和閱讀理解的快捷而經(jīng)濟的方式。(徐強,1992)。根據(jù)Cohen1880年的定義,完形填空就是題目設(shè)計者將一篇由一個或者數(shù)個段落組成的段落中的一些單詞或者短語刪掉。要求受試者利用語言知識、語篇知識及社會知識將刪除的詞復(fù)原的一種測試方式。刪除某些單詞的短文看上去形體不整,通過填空使其回復(fù)形體完整。故稱之為完形填空。其以格式塔心理學(xué)中的完形概念為基礎(chǔ),強調(diào)語言綜合運用能力的考查。(Alderson,2000)。

      完形填空是學(xué)生認為最棘手的題型之一,它既考查對語法、詞匯、習(xí)語、句型、搭配等基礎(chǔ)知識的綜合運用能力,又考查對短文的閱讀理解能力。其中又包括在具體的語境中靈活運用語言知識的能力。根據(jù)試題內(nèi)容進行正確的邏輯推理、綜合判斷和分析概括的能力。

      二、學(xué)生得分現(xiàn)狀

      一直以來,學(xué)生的英語高考完形填空得分率都較低。就貴州省這樣的新課改省份而言,30分的總分,學(xué)生的高考均分不到14分。這是一個讓人驚心的數(shù)字?;谶@種現(xiàn)象及近幾年高考出題以語篇為背景的大環(huán)境,筆者閱讀了許多相關(guān)文獻及實踐探索之后,頗有小感。

      三、語篇

      Language doesnt occur in stray words or sentences,but in connected

      discourse.(Harris,1952:357,cited in Windowsson,1974/1981:54)For instance,In A New English Grammar,Zhang(1983:684;2003:70)pointed out that tests,either spoken or written,are sentences meaning-related and connected by certain devices and a semantic whole with cohension in structure and cohenrence in meaning;In other words,texts,either spoken or written,are generally formed by sentences and sentences groups/clusters.Therefore,sentences are the basic units to forming texts.According to Online Etymology Dictionary(“the word discourse referred to the conversation in Late Latin,the literary Latin language as spoken and written and had the sense of format speech or writing”first recorded 1580s.

      簡言之,句子是語言關(guān)聯(lián)的存在,是有結(jié)構(gòu)與語義上起承接作用的連詞連在一起的語義單位,而語篇小到單詞、大到著作,語義表達的背景、服務(wù)的目的和承接的方式,不是孤立存在的、無生命的詞匯。

      四、語篇分析

      語篇分析就是以語篇為基本單位,掌握語篇背景,從語義、語法和語用幾個方面分析文本,研究語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)、句子的排列、句際的關(guān)系、會話結(jié)構(gòu)、語句的指向性、信息度、句子之間的語句銜接和語義上的連貫等內(nèi)容,強調(diào)為題的一致性和連貫性。文體分析、語域分析、體裁分析、銜接構(gòu)成了語篇分析的常見四大途徑。下面,筆者就文體(體裁分析方面)做簡單的分析。

      1. 語言表達的背景

      語言都是在一定的環(huán)境中存在的,離開環(huán)境的語言沒有表義功能。請看下面對話:A:Where is my cake?B:Oh,Sally seems full.如果脫離語境看這個對話中的兩個句子,似乎答非所問的搞笑場面。但如若增加兩者的生活環(huán)境即是增加其對話存在的背景(就是我們所說的語篇環(huán)境)。A、B兩人為夫妻關(guān)系,Sally是家里一只愛偷吃蛋糕的貓。這個時候,結(jié)果就不言而喻了。The cat ate the cake.

      2. 文體分析

      首先什么是文體

      文體,是指獨立成篇的文本體栽(或樣式、體制),是文本構(gòu)成的規(guī)格和模式,是一種獨特的文化現(xiàn)象,是某種歷史內(nèi)容長期積淀的產(chǎn)物。它反映了文本從內(nèi)容到形式的整體特點,屬于形式范疇。文體的構(gòu)成包括表層的文本因素,如表達手法、題材性質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)類型、語言體式、形態(tài)格式,以及深層的社會因素,如時代精神、民族傳統(tǒng)、階級印記、作家風(fēng)格、交際境域、讀者經(jīng)驗等。文體的特征及其劃分,往往取決于其層面結(jié)構(gòu)中某些因素的強化、突出或變異。文體的客觀存在是一種社會文化的需求,但更重要的是依賴于自身的獨特的功能。德國姚斯在《走向接受美學(xué)》中認為:“文學(xué)的形式類型既不是作家主觀的創(chuàng)造,也不僅是反思性的有序概念,而主要是一種社會現(xiàn)象。類型與形式的存在依賴于它們在現(xiàn)實世界中的功能?!蔽捏w在某種意義上也可以說就是表達,就是選擇,就是風(fēng)格,甚至也可以說是一種強調(diào)。每種文體都具有某種對現(xiàn)實社會內(nèi)容的表達功能,這是文體的本質(zhì)特征,也是它產(chǎn)生和存在的前提。文體是內(nèi)容和形式的統(tǒng)一。文本內(nèi)容決定體裁形式,選擇、運用哪種文體,取決于表現(xiàn)對象的特點以及作者反映的具體方式。而文體與體裁這兩個概念在某些文化背景下可以互換,比較通俗的文學(xué)概念為體裁。對于高考完形填空而言,影響力非同小可。

      毛延生(2006)對影響完形填空難度的文本文體因素做了實證研究,揭示了不同文本文體在不同的完形填空生成方式小對完形測試難度產(chǎn)生的不同影響;Braley(1994)指出語篇本身的難度(text difficulty)會影響完形測試的難度,太難的語篇會影響學(xué)生答題的表現(xiàn)。而語篇難度又受制于文體形式??v觀近幾年的高考,各考點完形填空試題不外乎集中于記敘文、(純記敘、夾敘夾議)說明文、議論文。

      (1)記敘文類完形填空語篇分析

      記敘文是一種常見的寫作體裁,它具有目的性、程序性等特征。正確的認識和把握其體裁特征有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語篇意識。對逐步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀鑒賞能力和寫作能力也有積極的意義。它是以描寫敘述為主。主要描寫人物、事件、地點或者過程。其特點是:其主題往往潛伏在字里行間,沒有直接地表露出來。文章主要透過體察所揭示的人物、事件來進行提煉。描寫手法大多按時間跨度、空間順序、上下順序來展開。閱讀時應(yīng)采用略讀與掃讀的方法。因此,在我們拿到一篇完形填空后。以2014年高考新課標(biāo)卷的完形填空(與全國卷2一樣)

      完形填空(共20小題;每題1. 5分,滿分30分)

      閱讀下面短文,從短文后各題所給的四個選項(A, B, C和D)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。

      Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of the Siula Grande in the Andes mountains. They reached the top 41 , but on their way back conditions were very

      42 . Joe fell and broke his leg. They both knew that if Simon

      43 alone, he would probably get back 44 . But Simon decided to risk his 45 and try to lower Joe down the mountain on a rope(繩).

      As they 46 down, the weather got worse. Then another 47

      occurred. They couldnt see or hear each other and, 48 , Simon lowered his friend over the edge of a precipice(峭壁). It was 49

      for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up. Joes 50 was pulling Simon slowly towards the precipice. 51 , after more than an hour in the dark and the icy cold, Simon had to 52 . In tears, he cut the rope. Joe 53 into a huge crevasse(裂縫)in the ice below. He had no food or water and he was in terrible pain. He couldnt walk, but he 54 to get out of the crevasse and started to 55 towards their camp, nearly ten kilometers 56 .

      Simon had 57 the camp at the foot of the mountain. He thought that Joe must be 58 , but he didnt want to leave 59 . Three days later, in the middle of the night, he heard Joes voice. He couldnt 60 it. Joe was there, a few meters from their tent, still alive.

      41. A. hurriedly B. carefully C. successfully D. early

      42. A. difficult B. similar C. specia D. normal

      43. A. climbed B. worked C. rested D. continued

      44. A. unwillingly B. safely C. slowly D. regretfully

      45. A. fortune B. time C. health D. life

      46. A. lay B. settled C. went D. looked

      47. A. damage B. storm C. change D. trouble

      48. A. by mistake B. by chance C. by choice D. by luck

      49. A. unnecessary B. practical C. important D. impossible

      50. A. height B. weight C. strength D. equipment

      51. A. Finally B. take a rest C. make a decision D. hold on

      53. A. jumped B. fel C. escaped D. backed

      54. A. managed B. planned C. waited D. hoped

      55. A. run B. skate C. move D. march

      56. A. around B. away C. above D. along

      57. A. headed for B. travelled to C. left for D. returned to

      58. A. dead B. hurt C. weak D. late

      59. A. secretly B. tiredly C. immediately D. anxiously

      60. A. find B. believe C. make D. accept

      第一步:快速掃讀文章,對于文章中是否存在多次人名、地名、人稱代詞做出敏捷反應(yīng),如果具有上述特征,基本可以確定其體裁為記敘文。

      如該篇短文的第一句就透露出的人文信息:Joe Simpson and Simon Yates;地點信息:The west face of the Siula Grande in the Andes mountains.短文中,Joe Simpson and Simon Yates的名字又多次出現(xiàn),因此為體裁的決定提供了必然必要又強有力的依據(jù)。

      第二步:掃讀短文,弄清文章的寫作脈絡(luò)。

      通過掃讀,學(xué)生會發(fā)現(xiàn),這篇短文按照時間的先后順序講述了一個生命奇跡的故事,Joe Simpson and Simon Yates一起攀登安第斯山脈的Siula Grande,在快到山頂?shù)臅r候,Joe摔斷了腿,在Simon冒著生命危險想要通過用繩子把他放到山下的過程中,由于失誤,Joe跌入了冰裂縫中,最后Simon不得不砍掉繩索,含淚放棄。而奇跡般地,Joe在三天后頑強地爬到了近10英里之外的營地,找到了一直不愿離開的朋友Simon。這是生命的奇跡,告訴我們只要不放棄,一切皆有可能:Everything is possible.與此同時,從內(nèi)心也搞定了本篇記敘文的六要素:

      時間:winter;地點:The west face of the Siula Grande in the Andes mountains;人物:Joe Simpson and Simon Yates;起因:Climb the Joe Simpson and Simon Yates

      經(jīng)過:Joe hurt his leg and Simon risked his life to help Joe to go down the mountain by catching a rope,but they met greater trouble and Samon had to give up and Joe fell into a crevasse.;結(jié)果:Jeo survived because he didnt give up.

      當(dāng)短文的體裁被弄清楚了,學(xué)生再又有了長時間量的積累,就能夠通過以上步驟快速反應(yīng)出短文的寫作脈絡(luò)、六要素。這樣,短文的structure就自然而然地呈現(xiàn)出來。也就避免了做完形的最大障礙——只見樹木不見森林。這樣就能做到心中有數(shù)、有的放矢、初戰(zhàn)告捷,對學(xué)生能產(chǎn)生很大的正面心理引導(dǎo),讓他們有很強的信心來面對接下來的選項的抉擇。

      (2)說明文體

      說明文是以說明為主要表達方式來閱讀事物、闡明事理,從而給人知識的文章體裁。它是通過揭示概念來說明事物的特點、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律,實用性強、涵蓋面廣。說明文的說明一定要有條理,說明的順序是按照事物本身的條理和人的認識規(guī)律來安排的:由表及里、有實到虛、由分到合、由遠及近、由淺入深、逐步闡述。通常有兩種模式:(一)總分式:總——分;總——分——總;分——總;(二)遞進式:事理說明文。英語完形填空多采用該模式,一層層地剖析事理。具有條理性,常遵循空間順序、時間順序、邏輯順序。

      如2014年廣東卷

      Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have 1 feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 2 between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 3 rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their childrens refusal to help with the 4 . On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for 5 the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.

      The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 6 to these problems. However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8 clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their childrens 9 . On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10 of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who dont help their parents with the shopping dont find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 11 their actions.

      Psychologists say that 12 is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 13 to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may 14 their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and

      15 each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.

      1. A. natural B. strong C. guilty D. similar

      2. A. interest B. argument C. link D. knowledge

      3. A. noisy B. crowded C. messy D. locked

      4. A. homework B. housework C. problem D. research

      5. A. washing B. using C. dropping D. replacing

      6. A. approaches B. contributions C. introductions D. attitudes

      7. A. complex B. popular C. scientific D. successful

      8. A. later B. deliberately C. seldom D. thoroughly

      9. A. behavior B. taste C. future D. nature

      10. A. failures B. changes C. consequences D. thrills

      11. A. defend B. delay C. repeat D. reconsider

      12. A. communication B. bond C. friendship D. trust

      13. A. reply B. attend C. attach D. talk

      14. A. hate B. scold C. frighten D. stop

      15. A. loving B. observing C. understanding D. praising

      語篇解讀建議:

      ①快速掃讀短文,弄清文體

      通過掃讀,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)短文里有這樣的標(biāo)志性句式:According to a recent research...The research,conducted by St George University shows...從而快速弄清這是一篇說明文,說明對象是一個研究結(jié)果。

      ②弄清短文結(jié)構(gòu)

      學(xué)生通過掃讀(即讀每一段的第一句)會很快確定該篇短文的結(jié)構(gòu)為總(提出問題——父母與孩子之間相處困難)——分(分析問題——分析相處困難的原因)——總(解決問題——多溝通)

      ③弄清作者意圖

      ④看主人公是喜是怒,正確把握反應(yīng)作者情感的關(guān)鍵詞,弄清作者是否一直用某種態(tài)度敘述某事件。

      如2014廣東卷,作者通過首段提出父母與青少年子女之間住在一起彼此都會感到交往很困難的現(xiàn)象。用On the one hand,one the other hand 兩個短語分別道出了父母對待孩子存在的問題的不同態(tài)度。再引出St.George University 的研究,展示具體的不同父母處理問題的不同方式,其間運用for example舉例,but,on the contrary 引出的轉(zhuǎn)折對比了不同的方法。最后一段用Psychologists的觀點說明交流是父母與孩子關(guān)系中最重要的因素。父母應(yīng)該在照顧孩子生活的同時,學(xué)會去傾聽孩子的想法,。側(cè)重說明交流是雙向的過程。只有通過交流,父母與孩子之間的問題才能得到解決。通過以上大方向上的語篇分析的過程,學(xué)生對接下來的選擇能做到胸有成竹、有的放矢。

      (3)議論文體

      議論文是一種通過剖析事物、論述事理、提出主張、發(fā)表見解的問題。其完形填空分兩種,一種是夾敘夾議;另一種是純議論型。第一種的基本模式是敘述事件、提出感悟、做出結(jié)論(更偏向于被歸類為記敘文)。第二種的基本模式:提出論點、列舉論據(jù)、提出作者觀點。這就是2014年全國卷1的特點。

      As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine(常規(guī))basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this 41 at work in people of all 42 . For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 43 with their new toys. But their 44 soon wears off and by January those 45 toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of 46 stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someones 47 interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child

      48 bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the

      49 of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great 50 but are soon looking forward to 51 . The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many 52 , who now complain (抱怨) about the long drives to work, 53 drove for hours at a time when they first 54 their drivers license (執(zhí)照)? Before people retire, they usually 55 to do a lot of 56 things, which they never had 57 to do while working. But

      58 after retirement , the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they 59 . And , like the child in January, they go searching for new 60 .

      41. A. principle B. habit C. weaker D. power

      42. A. parties B. races C. countries D. ages

      43. A. working B. living C. playing D. going

      44. A. confidence B. interest C. anxiety D. sorrow

      45. A. same B. extra C. funny D. expensive

      46. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed

      C. newly- collected D. half-filled

      47. A. broad B. passing C. different D. main

      48. A. silently B. impatiently C. gladly D. worriedly

      49. A. promise B. burden C. right D. game

      50. A. courage B. calmness C. confusion D. excitement

      51. A. graduation B. independence C. responsibility D. success

      52. A. children B. students C. adults D. retirees

      53. A. carefully B. eagerly C. nervously D. bravely

      54. A. required B. obtained C. noticed D.discovered

      55. A. need B. learn C. start D. plan

      56. A. great B. strong C. difficult D. correct

      57. A. time B. money C. skills D. knowledge

      58. A. only B. well C. even D. soon.

      59. A. lost B. chose C. left D. quit

      60. A. pets B. toys C. friends D. colleagues

      2014年高考全國卷1一改前幾年高考完形填空均屬于夾敘夾議、小故事、大道理型的文章風(fēng)格,變成了一篇介紹“人的興趣和關(guān)注度隨著時間的推移而變化”的議論文。試題覆蓋面廣,但更科學(xué)、更能強調(diào)語篇分析與理解的連貫性。那么,怎樣解讀議論文類的完形填空呢?

      ①迅速掃讀,確定文體

      就2014全國卷1的完形填空而言,第一句很明顯地透露了文章的體裁為議論文。也就是說可以首句制勝,明確論點:通常,各種形式的活動按照常規(guī)去做都會只感到厭倦。

      ②挖掘結(jié)構(gòu)

      該篇短文結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、脈絡(luò)有序。它的論點、論據(jù)和論證有序地安排在引子、正文結(jié)論這一議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)中。能說明論據(jù)的答案,可以在論點里得到印證,而論點的答案也可以與論據(jù)結(jié)合起來。這樣論點、論據(jù)形成一體,相互印證。有時,作者為了使文章脈絡(luò)清楚、邏輯流暢,都會使用一些連詞,如:on the contrary,as a matter of fact,all in all, in short,generally speaking,worse still,for example,on the other hand,in conclusion等。在本篇文章中,只用了as a matter of fact提出事實論據(jù);for example進行舉例,通過例子,有力支撐論點。而全文也遵循了:論點——論據(jù)的結(jié)構(gòu),文章脈絡(luò)清楚,解讀好能掃清學(xué)生理解上很大的障礙,為有效完成選擇提供基本保證。

      ③弄清論證方法

      議論文型完形填空都按照一定的論證方法來論證的,常見的論證方法有:歸納法(分析個別事物達到共同點,得出結(jié)論);推理法(從原理出發(fā),個別說明,得出結(jié)論);對照法(正反對照,分析說明,的出結(jié)論);駁論法(闡述錯誤觀點、逐條批駁、闡明觀點)。而2014年全國卷1的這篇短文采用的就是推理法,先提出原理:各種形式的活動按照常規(guī)去做都會導(dǎo)致厭倦。再個別分析,從幼年——中年——老年不同年齡段的舉例分析。最后用舉例得出結(jié)論:人們就像元月份的孩子一樣,很快就會扔掉舊玩具找到新的玩具,即尋找新的讓自己感興趣的東西。

      總而言之,語篇分析中的文體分析教學(xué),對于學(xué)生有效完成英語完形填空有著積極重要的作用。正確有效、持之以恒地在教學(xué)過程中關(guān)注文體語篇分析,對學(xué)生完形填空能力的提升有著不可低估的作用。

      參考文獻:

      [1] 《Teachers-initiated Text-based Questions and Questioning in EF2classroom Theory and Practice》(劉煒/2011)

      [2] 《Cohension in English》(M.AK Halliday Ruqaiya Hanson,2012)

      《走向接受美學(xué)》(姚斯,德國)

      注:“本文為2013年貴州省教育科學(xué)規(guī)劃課題立項重點課題《高中英語語篇教學(xué)實驗研究》(課題編號:2013A010)的階段性成果”之下子課題《高中英語語篇分析教學(xué)在高三復(fù)習(xí)階段語法填空中的探究》(校本課題編號:2014B011)。

      (作者單位:貴州省畢節(jié)市民族中學(xué) 551700)

      猜你喜歡
      說明文記敘文議論文
      議論文閱讀專練
      記敘文閱讀專練
      說明文閱讀專練
      Get兩種論證法,一舉拿下議論文
      如何寫好記敘文
      簡談“議論文”寫作
      讓記敘文贏在構(gòu)思
      記敘文寫作重在“有我”
      說明文寫作注意事項
      如何提高自述型說明文的顏值
      仲巴县| 安康市| 应用必备| 南充市| 定结县| 个旧市| 青河县| 永胜县| 澄迈县| 曲水县| 普定县| 钟山县| 延津县| 辽阳县| 额济纳旗| 黑龙江省| 海丰县| 江西省| 鹤壁市| 海淀区| 紫金县| 内丘县| 濮阳市| 乌恰县| 张家界市| 绥中县| 云安县| 明星| 平湖市| 裕民县| 蓬安县| 永州市| 哈巴河县| 彰武县| 宜君县| 安新县| 库伦旗| 海盐县| 合川市| 安宁市| 遵义市|