非謂語動(dòng)詞探究

楊林

非謂語動(dòng)詞是高中英語語法的重要內(nèi)容，也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。非謂語動(dòng)詞的學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)在于作狀語，定語和補(bǔ)足語，突破方法在于分別把握好作這三種成分時(shí)非謂語動(dòng)詞與句子的主語、中心名詞和賓語的邏輯關(guān)系。

[狀語與主語的邏輯關(guān)系]

狀語與主語的邏輯聯(lián)系分為兩種：當(dāng)狀語與主語是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮doing， having done， to do， to have done等形式；當(dāng)兩者的關(guān)系是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮done， to be done， to have been done， being done， having been done等形式。注意，不定式只能作目的狀語、結(jié)果狀語和原因狀語，分詞可以作“目的”以外的各種狀語。

例1 You were silly not your car.

A. to look B. to have locked

C. looking D. having locked

解析 B。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與主語均為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，關(guān)鍵在于“系表結(jié)構(gòu)﹢不定式”是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，其中不定式作原因狀語，而lock發(fā)生在were silly之前。

例2 When first ， these products enjoyed great success.

A. introducing B. introduced

C. introduce D. being introduced

解析 B。主語these products與狀語introduced為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，可排除A、C兩項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)being introduced表示“正在被介紹”，不合題意。

例3 The news reporters hurried to airport， only the film stars had left.

A. to tell B. to be told

C. telling D. told

解析 B。主語reporters與tell之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，只能在B、D選項(xiàng)中選擇，only﹢to do/to be done作結(jié)果狀語，表示“出乎預(yù)料的結(jié)果”，這是一種特殊用法。

例4 Having been attacked by terrorists， .

A. doctors came to their rescue

B. the tall building collapsed

C. an emergency measure was taken

D. warning were given to tourists

解析 B。狀語是having been attacked，表被動(dòng)，且發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前；四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的主語只有the tall building能與狀語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

例5 Helen had to shout above the sound of the music.

A. making herself hear

B. to make herself hear

C. making herself heard

D. to make herself heard

解析 D。狀語to make與主語為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，是目的狀語；Making與主語雖然也是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，但不能作目的狀語；而且，賓補(bǔ)heard與賓語herself是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

例6 in the queue for half an hour， Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.

A. To wait B. Have waited

C. Having waited D. To have waited

解析 C。wait與主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，wait動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語realized動(dòng)作之前，而且是時(shí)間狀語；而不定式只能作目的、原因、結(jié)果等狀語，所以A、D選項(xiàng)不合適。

例7 from heart trouble for years， professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.

A. Suffered B. Suffering

C. Having suffered D. Being suffered

解析 C。suffer與主語professor White是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，只能從B、C選項(xiàng)中選，suffer的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在has to take 動(dòng)作之前，所以選C項(xiàng)，是原因狀語。

1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語：doing作定語時(shí)，與它所修飾的中心詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系；being dong作定語時(shí)，表示“正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作”；having done， having been done不能作定語。

例8 The flowers sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

A. to smell B. smelling

C. smelt D. to be smelt

解析 B。 smell為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，與the flowers是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于that/which smell； C、D項(xiàng)均表示被動(dòng)，A項(xiàng)表示將來主動(dòng)，所以都不合適。

例9 Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV； there are pictures in your mind instead of before your eyes.

A. to form B. form

C. forming D. having formed

解析 C。 forming是現(xiàn)在分詞，作pictures的定語，與之是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于which form。A項(xiàng)表示“將形成”，不合題意；D項(xiàng)為現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，只能作狀語。

2. 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語：done （vt.） 作定語，與中心詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示“過去被動(dòng)”。

例10 The repairs cost a lot， but it is money well .

A. to spend B. spent

C. being spent D. spending

解析 B。設(shè)定與主語money是“過去被動(dòng)”關(guān)系。A、D項(xiàng)表示主動(dòng)，C項(xiàng)表示“正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作”，均不合適。

例11 The disc， digitally in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.

A. recorded B. recording

C. to be recorded D. having recorded

解析 A。從that night可以看出應(yīng)該用recorded，表達(dá)的是“已經(jīng)被錄制”之意，B、D項(xiàng)表示主動(dòng)，C項(xiàng)表示“將來被動(dòng)”，均不合適。

例12 The Olympic Games， in 776 B.C， did not include women players until 1912.

A. first played B. to be first played

C. first playing D. to be first playing

解析 A。設(shè)定與Games是“過去被動(dòng)”關(guān)系。C、D項(xiàng)表示主動(dòng)，B項(xiàng)表示“將來被動(dòng)”，均不合適。

如果在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，則是主語與補(bǔ)足語的關(guān)系。

例13 The flu is believed by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

A. to have caused B. to be caused

C. causing D. being caused

解析 B。cause與flu是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以A項(xiàng)to have caused不合適；believe sb. to do是一種句型，所以C項(xiàng)causing和D項(xiàng)being caused也不合適。

例14 Dont leave the water while you brush your teeth.

A. run B. runing

C. being run D. to run

解析 B。leave the water running表示“讓水一直流”，water（賓語）與running（補(bǔ)語）是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。C項(xiàng)being run表示“正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)”，D項(xiàng)to run不能表示“一直流”，所以均不合適。

例15 Youve failed to do what you to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you.

A. will expect B. will be expected

C. expected D. were expected

解析 D。句中you與expect存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，首先排除C。又有have failed提示應(yīng)是過去你被期盼做的事，故應(yīng)為過去時(shí)。

例16 Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers.

A. is B. are

C. has D. have

解析 C。根據(jù)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語，句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，由此排除BD項(xiàng)。根據(jù)主語與caused的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除A項(xiàng)，選C項(xiàng)。

例17 This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year.

A. was named B. named

C. is named D. names

解析 A。根據(jù)主語This coastal area與name之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系排除B、D兩項(xiàng)。根據(jù)句中的last year判斷用一般過去時(shí)，故選A項(xiàng)。

例18 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune .

A. is made B. would make

C. was to be made D. had made

解析 C。句意：（他們）在澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金子，這使成千上萬的人相信他們就要發(fā)財(cái)了。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為一般過去時(shí)，因此believe后的賓語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用過去將來時(shí)表示過去即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，短語make afortune意為“賺大錢”。結(jié)合語意，此處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，因此答案為C。

例19 In the spoken English of some areas in the US， the “r” sounds at the end of the words .

A. are dropped B. drop

C. are being dropped D. have dropped

解析 A。句意：在美國一些地區(qū)的口語中，單詞結(jié)尾“r”這個(gè)音節(jié)不被發(fā)音了。由句意可知sounds和drop之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故需用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，排除BD項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示“正在被……”，不符合語境，故選A項(xiàng)。

[練習(xí)]

1. The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month.

A. has been designed B. had been designed

C. was designed D. would be designed

2. The coffee is wonderful！ It does not taste like anything I ____ before.

A. was having B. have

C. have ever had D. had ever had

3. —What would you do if it _____ tomorrow？

—We have to carry it on， since we have got everything ready.

A. rain B. rains

C. will rain D. is raining

4. Let us keep to the point or we _____ any decisions.

A. will never reach B .have never reached

C. never reach D. never reached

5. The last time I ______ Jane， she _____ cotton in the fields.

A. had been； was picking B. saw； picked

C. had been； picked D. saw； was picking

6. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____ from the university next year.

A. will graduate B. will have graduated

C. graduates D. is to graduate

7. —Do you know our town？

— No. This is the first time I ______ here.

A. was B. have been

C. came D. am coming

8. —Whats wrong with your coat？

—Just now when I wanted to get off the bus， the man next to me _____ on it.

A. sat B. had sat

C. had been sitting D. was sitting

[參考答案]

1～5 BCBAD 6～8 CBD