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      形容詞和副詞比較級結(jié)構(gòu)重難點解讀

      2016-04-29 00:00:00宋同標王玉峰
      青蘋果·教育研究版 2016年9期

      請同學們先看下面教材里的典型句子,注意斜體部分的比較級用法:

      1. It?蒺s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. (人教課標版教材模塊一Unit1 P2)

      2. Today,more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.(人教課標版教材模塊一Unit2 P9)

      3. Finally, in 1991, the sister and their family moved to a safer area and since then they have never looked back. (北師大版教材模塊一Unit2 P26)

      通過教材的原句同學們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)比較級是一個非常活躍的語法項目,既是中學階段的重點語法,也是各類考試的重要考點。下面我們梳理一下比較級的重難點:

      一、比較級的基本句型

      (一)用adj./adv.-er +than...表示“比……”。如:

      I am a better swimmer than he(him).

      【例】 I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time—there are (much) meaningful things to do.

      【答案與解析】 more。本題的watching TV與其他事情比較,屬于兩者比較,用比較級,從a waste of time看出是肯定后者。破折號后面的句子補全就是:——there are more meaningful things to do than watching TV every evening.

      (2)用 as+原級+as...以及not so(as)+原級+as…表示同級比較。如:

      Our neighbor has as big a house as ours.我們的鄰居有一棟跟我們家一樣大的房子。

      【例1】 It?蒺s generally believed that teaching is much an art as it is a science.

      【答案與解析】 as。在“as + adj. + a (an) +單數(shù)名詞+as...” 的比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中,a或an不可放在形容詞之前,本句意思是“人們普遍認為教學既是一門科學,又是一門藝術(shù)。根據(jù)后面的as和句意確定填as。

      【例2】 There are a small number of people involved, possibly as as twenty.

      【答案與解析】 few。根據(jù)前面的small number看出不可能填many或much;從twenty看出形容詞修飾的是可數(shù)名詞people。表示數(shù)量少可以用few和little,都表示否定意義,但是前者修飾可數(shù)名詞,后者修飾不可數(shù)名詞。故填few。該結(jié)構(gòu)中前一個as是副詞,修飾后面的形容詞或副詞原級形式,后一個as是連詞。注意so...as僅用于否定句中。句意:牽涉到的人數(shù)不多,僅有20人。

      二、比較級的特殊用法

      (一)more and more表示“越來越……”。如:

      She felt herself becoming more and more nervous.

      他覺得自己變得越來越緊張。

      It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.

      春天來了, 天氣變得越來越暖和了。

      (二)“the more...the more...”表示“越來越……”。如:

      The more money you make, the more you spend.錢你賺得越多,花得越多。

      【例】 The older she grows, the (interest) she becomes in the traditional food in her own country.

      【答案與解析】 more interested。本題完整的句型為:the more(形容詞/副詞比較級)+主語+謂語,the more(形容詞/副詞比較級)+主語+謂語。根據(jù)句子的意思和連系動詞become可以看出用interest的形容詞形式作表語,再由主語she看出用過去分詞interested形式,再根據(jù)前面The older確定填比較級形式 more interested。

      (三)用形容詞比較級的否定形式,從反面來表示最高級,通常譯為“沒有比……更……”。如:

      No other book has a greater effect on my life.=This book has the greatest effect on my life.

      沒有哪一本書比這本書對我的影響更大的了。

      How beautiful she sings! I've never heard a better voice.= How beautiful she sings! She has the best voice I've ever heard. 她唱的真美呀,我從來沒有聽過如此動聽的聲音。

      【例】 — Go for a picnic this weekend, OK?

      —I couldn?蒺t agree (much). I love getting close to nature.

      【答案與解析】 more。根據(jù)答句“我喜歡接近自然”看出是肯定回應,從答句couldn?蒺t 看用比較級的否定形式表示肯定意義。句意:——周末去野炊好嗎?——非常贊同,我喜歡親近自然。

      (四)more...than結(jié)構(gòu)或as...as...用于倍數(shù)表達。具體表達方式有:

      1.A...X times +形容詞或副詞比較級+than+B。如:

      The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one.

      這本詞典比那本詞典貴五倍。

      This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.這個大廳比我們的教室大五倍。(是我們教室的六倍)

      2. A...X times as+形容詞或副詞原級+as+B。如:

      His father is twice as old as he.他父親的年齡是他年齡的兩倍。

      The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.那架飛機飛行高度是那個風箏的十倍。(高出九倍)

      【例】 The house rent is expensive. I?蒺ve got about half the space I had at home and I am paying three times much here.

      【答案與解析】 as。從“房租很貴”的提示,結(jié)合根據(jù) about half the space“大約一半的空間看出表示付出“三倍的價格”,是倍數(shù)表達句型,much表示原級,所以是X times as...as句型。

      (五)表示“一……就……”的句型no sooner...than...

      本句型是包含比較級的一個特殊句型,意思是“一……就……”,no sooner置于句首通常要用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),即把謂語動詞的一部分置于主語之前,主句部分多用過去完成時態(tài)。

      No sooner had the football game started than it began to rain.足球賽剛開始就下起雨來了。

      He had no sooner / No sooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave again.他剛到就被支走了。

      【例】 —Did Linda see the traffic accident?

      —No, no (soon) had she gone than it happened.

      【答案與解析】 sooner。根據(jù)否定詞回答知道“琳達沒有目睹交通事故”,后面補充說明原因,根據(jù)no和than看出用sooner,表示“她剛走就發(fā)生了”。

      (六)不表示比較意義的比較結(jié)構(gòu)

      有些結(jié)構(gòu)表面上是比較級形式,但是其實已經(jīng)有了其他的意義,要結(jié)合語境判斷,否則會產(chǎn)生歧義。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有:as(so) long as“只要……就……”,引導條件狀語從句;as far as...“就……而言……”;as well as“還有...”;as soon as“一……就……”,引導時間狀語從句。如:

      I don?蒺t care, so long as she let me be with her.只要她讓我和她在一起,我才不在乎呢。

      As far as I know, he?蒺ll be away for three months.據(jù)我所知,他將外出三個月。

      He as well as I likes being in the sun.他和我都喜歡曬太陽。

      As soon as she arrived in the city, she phoned her friend.

      她一到這個城市,就給她的朋友打電話。

      【例】 As as I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.

      【答案與解析】 far。As far as I can see的意思是“依我看”。句意:依我看,只可能有一種方法規(guī)避危險。

      另外還有一些含有比較級的固定短語,如:sooner or later意思是“遲早”, worse still(what?蒺s worse, to make things/ matters worse)“更糟的是”, what?蒺s more“而且”, more or less“有點兒,或多或少,有幾分”, less than“少于,不到”, no more/not any more“不再(強調(diào)數(shù)量)”, no longer/not any longer“不再(強調(diào)時間)”。?蕁

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