由表及里由淺入深
——推理判斷題的解題技巧

文/王泉

由表及里由淺入深
——推理判斷題的解題技巧

文/王泉

推理判斷題包括結(jié)合文意推斷作者的態(tài)度、文章的寓意或目的以及細(xì)節(jié)的暗示。這類題在原文中無(wú)法直接找到答案，屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題。做題時(shí)，應(yīng)該在忠于原文的基礎(chǔ)上由表及里、由淺入深，運(yùn)用歸納、演繹的思維方法，做出合乎邏輯的推理判斷。文中的依據(jù)可能是具體的某幾句話、某幾個(gè)段落，也可能是全篇文章。另外，句、段、篇之間的邏輯關(guān)系和文章的結(jié)構(gòu)與基調(diào)也是我們準(zhǔn)確把握作者意圖和文章邏輯發(fā)展方向的重要依據(jù)。

一、對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的推測(cè)

這類題要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇關(guān)系推斷出具體細(xì)節(jié)，如人物身份、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、代詞指代的內(nèi)容、具體信息等。常見(jiàn)的命題方式有:

1.We can infer from the passage that the author.

2.It can be inferred from the passage that.

3.From Paragraph...，we can learn that

【中考真題1】（2015年浙江卷，題目有刪節(jié)，題號(hào)不變）Twelve-year-old Leonardo was born in a poor family in Bambamarca in Peru.He knew how to read but he had never seen a book in his life.So he asked the new priest（牧師）in his village to give him one.But there was no electricity.So Leonardo borrow ed candles from the church and sat up all night reading it.The next morning，he was at the door of the priest asking for another book to read.

John Medcalf，the priest，was moved.He also realized that people would love to read if given a chance.But he knew how difficult it was for Leonardo and those in his village to get books.And yet，no one can be taught to read and write without books.To make people in a poor，faraway area grow to love books，they have to be with them.So he thought the only way was to bring books to people.

But how could this be done？Mobile libraries or car libraries would be tooexpensive and difficult to continue in the rocky，hilly land of Peru.So what other method could be used？

Medcalf got a new idea from the barefoot（赤腳）doc tors of China.And that was how the bare foot librarians（圖書管理員）first appeared in the villages of northern Peru，almost thirty years ago.

The librarians began by going from village to village，lending books to villagers. They helped start the Rural Library Network of Peru.

At first，they were teachers of the village schools which these faraway libraries belonged to.But the teachers were not very interested in the job because it meant a lo t of hard work.So，village elders took on the job them selves.

Today，there are 600 village libraries across Peru.The bare foot librarians who walk up to 15 hours a day with bags of books are their life line.

39.The underlined word“this”in Paragraph 3 probably refers to（指）“”.

A.to grow to love books B.to bring books to people

C.to read and write D.to build a new library

41.It can be inferred（推斷）from the passage that.

A.the first church in Peru was set up by John Med calf

B.car libraries used to be popular in Leonardo's village

C.teachers were interested in bringing books to villagers

D.the barefoot librarians are important to village libraries

解析：這兩道題都是推理判斷題。第39題推斷代詞指代的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)第二段最后一句：So he thought the only way was to bring books to people.可以推斷出，下一段第一句中的this指的是to bring books to people。答案為B。第41題則是根據(jù)第5段的整體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷。段中指出“這些圖書管理員開(kāi)始從一個(gè)村子走到另一個(gè)村子，把書借給村民們。他們幫助創(chuàng)辦了秘魯鄉(xiāng)村圖書館網(wǎng)絡(luò)”，所以可以看出，赤腳圖書管理員對(duì)山村圖書館很重要。答案為D。

二、對(duì)文章出處或來(lái)源的推測(cè)

這類推理判斷題的常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)形式有:

1.The passage is probably taken from.

2.The passage is probably a part of.

3.Where would this passage most probably appear？

【中考真題2】（2015年包頭卷，保留原題號(hào)）If you are sitting down reading this report，stand up，move your legs and touch your fee t if you can.Do anything but sit.If you cut down on the time you spend sitting，you might live longer.New research shows that sitting less than three hours a day might make your life longer by two years.

The human body is designed to move.But modern lifestyles and office jobs don't give us the chance to move around very often.

63.Where is the passage above probably taken from？

A.A menu in the restaurant.B.A magazine on health.

C.A school textbook.D.A story book.

解析：根據(jù)文章的首句及久坐對(duì)健康危害的主旨內(nèi)容，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這篇文章可能來(lái)自于健康雜志，所以答案選擇B。

三、對(duì)作者寫作目的的推測(cè)

根據(jù)文章推測(cè)作者的寫作意圖。通常我們不能直接在文中找到作者的陳述，而只能在閱讀全文后，通過(guò)捕捉關(guān)鍵信息，客觀地推斷作者的寫作意圖。這類題的提問(wèn)方式常有:

1.The writer writes this passage in order to.

2.What is the purpose of writing this article？

3.The writer's purpose of writing this passage is to.

4.The author writes this passage in order to...

5.What can we learn from the passage/story/...？

【中考真題3】（2015年呼和浩特卷，保留原題號(hào)）Close your eyes for a minute and imagine what life would be like if you couldn't see.Imagine having to read this page，not with your eyes but with your fingers.How do you feel，then？

With medical know ledge and skills today，two-thirds of the world's 42 million blind people should not have to suffer.Unluckily，rich countries have this know ledge，but developing countries do not.

ORBIS is an international charitable（慈善的）organization.Its goal is to help fight blindness a ll over the world.Inside a DC-8 airplane，there is a teaching hospital with television room and classroom.Doc tors are taught the latest technology of helping the blind get sight again here.ORBIS is always trying to keep a closer relation among countries.

ORBIS helps those developing countries by providing sight-saving training.It has taught over 35，000 doctors and nurses.They continue to treat thousands of blind people every year.They have traveled around the earth 3 times，visited 76 countries and treated over 20，000 blind people.They need your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.

For just$38，you can help one person see；for$380 you can bring sight to 10 people；$1，300 helps train a doc tor new skills；and for$13，000 you can provide a training program for a group o f doc tors who can make thousands of blind people see again.Your love can help them open their eyes to the world.

45.The writer writes this passage in order to.

A.introduce an international charitable organization

B.ask people to give the blind a hand

C.tell how you feel if you lose your eyes for a minute

D.explain why ORBIS helps fight blindness

解析：文章第一段讓人們閉上眼睛想象自己失明的情況，第二段指出還有不少盲人正在面臨困難，第三、四段介紹ORBIS——一個(gè)國(guó)際慈善機(jī)構(gòu)在關(guān)心、幫助盲人方面的一些活動(dòng)。第五段號(hào)召大家為盲人復(fù)明治療募捐。所以我們可以推斷，作者寫這篇文章的目的是為了呼吁更多的人來(lái)幫助盲人，答案為B。

四、對(duì)作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的判斷

通常作者的觀點(diǎn)與態(tài)度可分為贊同、反對(duì)或中立，對(duì)文中的人、物或事件等的態(tài)度是贊美、同情、冷漠或憎恨。在推理判斷的過(guò)程中，我們應(yīng)該特別注意作者在表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)或進(jìn)行描述時(shí)的措辭，在文中找到關(guān)鍵的語(yǔ)句支撐。這類題的提問(wèn)方式通常為:

1.What does the writer think o f...？

2.What's the write r's opinion on...？

3.How does the writer fee l about...？

【中考真題4】（2015年溫州卷，文章有刪減，保留原題號(hào)）...A smart home is a home with a communication network.This network connects devices（裝置），such as lights and TV sets，and allows them to be controlled from far away through electrical wiring，mobile phone communication or WiFi over the Internet.

More and more people may start to consider owning a smart home，because it makes life much more convenient.It can help keep your room at a certain temperature. It can record w hat happens inside the home and send the video to your phone. When you are on vacation abroad，you can use a smart home controller to switch on or off the electricity when necessary...

However，for home-use rs，the smart home technology is far from perfect.It can be rather expensive to ow n the technology and the devices.Also，because the smart home system（系統(tǒng)）allow its owner to get home information from anywhere，it leaves the home easy to be attacked by hackers（黑客），who may secretly use or change the information in the system.

Now，many scientists are excited at the future of smart home technology. Imagine being able to get fashion advice from your mirror，or receive food shopping suggestions from your refrigerator.While there are others who worry that those smart devices will make people lazier and lonelier.Whatever it is，one thing is for sure-smart home technology will change the way we live and work.

40.What's the writer's opinion according to the passage？

A.People will become less happy in the future.

B.People's life style will be different in the future.

C.Mobile phones are the most important in smart homes.

D.Sm art homes are much better than other smart system s.

解析：由整篇文章的理解，尤其是文章的最后一句話我們可推斷出作者對(duì)智能家居技術(shù)的觀點(diǎn)為：它一定會(huì)改變我們的生活和工作方式。答案為B。