蝶橋，哥本哈根，丹麥

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：費(fèi)池因格建筑事務(wù)所Architects:Feichtinger Architectes

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蝶橋，哥本哈根，丹麥

Butterfly Bridge,Copenhagen,Denmark,2015

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：費(fèi)池因格建筑事務(wù)所Architects:Feichtinger Architectes

1　實(shí)景/Bridge view

2　平面/Plan

橋是為城市創(chuàng)造新視角的地方，是展現(xiàn)城市風(fēng)光的怡人水景。橋是城市景觀渾然一體的要素。它們的簡(jiǎn)潔與標(biāo)志性建筑形成鮮明對(duì)比。而屬于行人和自行車(chē)的橋是最通透、最輕巧的。

這種特別的條件要求行人和自行車(chē)的橋具有一種獨(dú)特的形式：3段橋面連接著不同的河岸。它們固定在同一個(gè)平臺(tái)上，橋鞍控制著航船的兩個(gè)通道。當(dāng)兩個(gè)閘門(mén)同時(shí)開(kāi)啟，橋就會(huì)化作一只美麗的蝴蝶——張開(kāi)她那令人驚艷的巨大雙翼。

克里斯蒂安運(yùn)河與特拉格蕾恩河道之間的連接處被設(shè)計(jì)為3座線性的橋段，它們?cè)谒嫔蠀R成一顆星。橋的設(shè)計(jì)則考慮了每條運(yùn)河的具體環(huán)境。其中的兩個(gè)橋段能夠獨(dú)立開(kāi)啟?；顒?dòng)橋段開(kāi)啟后就成為屏障，這就意味著橋是各島之間的聯(lián)系。

這座鋼橋的主體結(jié)構(gòu)由一個(gè)連續(xù)的T型梁網(wǎng)組成。梁網(wǎng)延伸到整座橋上，其梯形斷面為了防腐采用中空焊封。橋面則由各向異性的正交板建成。

可動(dòng)的上層結(jié)構(gòu)為兩個(gè)橋翼，但并沒(méi)有支撐起落的配重。開(kāi)啟時(shí)凈寬為15m，從支點(diǎn)到翼端為23.3m。

橋橫斷面的寬度是7.9m；而縱剖面的高度是不同的，橋頂處為0.5m，到與上層結(jié)構(gòu)相連的柱體處為1.7m。為保證結(jié)構(gòu)需要的高度，縱向梁從轉(zhuǎn)軸處的40cm開(kāi)始向上變寬，到水力起落柱的連接點(diǎn)上為1.7m。到翼端處，結(jié)構(gòu)高度又回到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的橫斷面。水力起落柱的錨點(diǎn)距離轉(zhuǎn)軸處大約5m。轉(zhuǎn)軸及其支撐是中心臺(tái)座的一部分。水力起落柱位于中心面的樁頂上。當(dāng)落下時(shí)，翼端會(huì)搭在對(duì)岸的橋上。

橋翼的結(jié)構(gòu)體系在閉合時(shí)就是一個(gè)帶有支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的單跨梁。一端（平臺(tái)端）是固定的，另一端（通往河岸的坡道）是支起并閂住的。在開(kāi)啟時(shí)，橋翼就是夾住的懸臂。

板厚是根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝要求確定的。中空體的周?chē)烧坏目v橫肋體系支撐：縱向肋由高150～200mm的鋼板構(gòu)成，間距400mm；橫梁由連續(xù)的鋼板構(gòu)成，橫斷面高度在中心是500mm，邊緣是150mm。

在可動(dòng)橋段上層結(jié)構(gòu)的各端以及河岸連接坡道的柱位上，都設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形的中空體作為端部橫梁。

橋體由彈性支座支撐，在移動(dòng)的過(guò)程中通過(guò)定準(zhǔn)部件達(dá)到正確的位置。當(dāng)橋面閉合時(shí)，除了彈性支座外還有兩個(gè)油壓緩沖器。河岸連接處是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的橫斷面，跨度為7.8m，懸長(zhǎng)2.6m。在水面一側(cè)，上層結(jié)構(gòu)牢固地與V形鋼柱組相連。

3　實(shí)景（橋翼升起時(shí)）/Bridge view(wings up)

4　縱剖面/Longitudinal section

與河岸的整體連接是由輕巧的可動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這樣在現(xiàn)有岸墻大修或是未來(lái)對(duì)北橋墩旁的河堤道路拓寬時(shí)，河岸的坡道就可以很方便地拆除或改造。

與河岸相連的中心平臺(tái)。兩個(gè)支撐軸與河岸是通過(guò)中心平臺(tái)相連的。剛性的鋼板結(jié)構(gòu)包括匯集在中心的橋體中心網(wǎng)，以及支撐橋體橫斷面的邊緣支撐。邊緣支撐也是中空斷面，結(jié)構(gòu)高度為60cm。河岸的連接處則是上層結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)斷面。在轉(zhuǎn)軸正下方以及河岸連接處的支座下方有3組V形布局的樁子。支撐體與水力起落柱位于同一個(gè)樁頂上，形成了橋體的固定點(diǎn)。河岸與橋墩相連的上層結(jié)構(gòu)的收進(jìn)是通過(guò)彈性滑撐實(shí)現(xiàn)的。（尚晉 譯）

Bridges are places that offer new perspectives on the city,spectacular views of the water that reveal the cityscape.The bridges are elements that are part of the urban landscape in a natural way.

Through their simplicities,they form a contrast with the monumental buildings.The bridges designated for pedestrians and cyclists offer a maximum of transparency and lightness.

The very specific situation demand an original form for this foot and cycle bridge:Three decks connect the different banks.Fixed on a common platform,apron fixed the other two openings for passing sailboats.When both doors are open at the same time,they form a butterfly,a beautiful figure,which is spectacular for its size.

The link across Christianshavns Kanal and Trangraven is designed as three linear bridge spans that meet above the water's surface in a star shape.The canal bridge design is adapted to the individual canal scenario.

Two of the spans can be opened independently of each other.When the moving spans are up they serve as barriers which means that the bridge always functions to and from Islands Plads.

The main structure of the steel bridge consists of a single-web,continuous T-beam.The beam web,which extends over the entire bridge,is built of a trapezoidal,for reasons of corrosion protection hermetically welded hollow section.The bridge deck is composed of an orthogonal anisotropic plate construction.

The moveable superstructure is formed of two individual bridge flaps.A counterweight to support the process of motion is not provided.The clear opening width is 15m,the length from the pivot point to the flap tip is 23.3m.

The width of the bridge cross-section is 7.9m and the cross-sectional height varies at the bridge top from 0.5m to 1.7m at the junction of the cylinder with the superstructure.

The longitudinal beam widens from the axis of rotation starting at a width of 40cm upwards in order to achieve the structural effective height of 1.7m above the attachment point of the hydraulic cylinder.Towards the flap tip the construction height decreases again to pass to the standard cross-section.

The anchor point of the hydraulic cylinder is about 5m from the axis of rotation.The axis of rotation and its support are part of the central pedestal.The hydraulic cylinders are stored on the pile cap of the center landing.When closed,the flap tip rests on the opposite shore-side bridge.

The structural system of the bridge flaps corresponds in a closed state to a single-span beam with a supportive structure which is restrained on one side(platform side)and pinned and supported on the other side(ramp to the shore).In an open state the bridge flap corresponds to a clamped cantilever.

The plate thicknesses have to be rated according to structural and constructional requirements.The hollow box is peripherally braced with an orthogonal system,consisting of longitudinal and transverse ribs:

- Longitudinal ribs of 150mm–200mm high plates with a spacing of 400mm

- Transverse beams of uninterrupted plates with a varying cross-section height of 500mm in the cross-sectional center to 150mm at the section edge.

At the respective ends of the movable bridge superstructure and at the column locations of the onshore connection ramp a rectangular hollow box is designed as an end cross beam.

The bridge is supported by elastomeric bearings and is brought into the correct position by a centering element in the middle in the process of movement.When closing the bridge two Oleo buffers are provided in addition to the elastomeric bearings.The elastomeric bearing,the centering member and the buffers are mounted on a cantilever on the fixed part of the bridge.The onshore connection corresponds to the standard crosssection with a span of 7.8m and a cantilever of 2.6m.On the water side the superstructure rests firmly connected on the V-steel columns couple.

The entire onshore connection is realized as a very light and removable design,so that in the event of a general overhaul of the existing shore walls and an envisaged widening of the road on the embankment beside the north abutment,the onshore ramp can be easily removed and modified.

Central platform with onshore connection.Two pivot axes and an onshore linkage are connected with the central platform.The rigid plate construction consists of the central webs of the bridge meeting in the middle and a peripheral edge support that holds the cross-sectional shape of the bridge.The edge support also has a hollow profile with a construction height of 60cm.The onshore connection then corresponds to the rule profile of the superstructure.Directly below the axes of rotation,as well as under the bearing of the onshore connection,three pillar couples with V-shaped arranged columns are placed.Support and hydraulic cylinders are positioned on a common pile cap and thus form the fixed point of the bridge.The storage of the superstructure of the onshore connection to the abutment is made on elastomeric slide bearings.

項(xiàng)目信息/ Credits and Data

客戶(hù)/Client:哥本哈根市/City of Copenhagen

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team:Ulrike Gabriel,Guillaume Buton

工程設(shè)計(jì)/Engineers:WTM ENGINEERS GMBH; Beratende Ingenieure im Bauwesen,Hamburg

機(jī)械工程/Mechanical Engineers:SCHIPPKE

長(zhǎng)度/Length:總長(zhǎng)度/Total Length:63m; 不含入口通道長(zhǎng)度/Length Without Access to Podest:43m; 入口通道長(zhǎng)度/ Length Access to Podest:20m; 凈跨度/Clear span:24m; 開(kāi)放橋翼長(zhǎng)度/ Length Opening Leaf:24m

寬度/Width:7.8m

重量/Weight:兩座橋上部結(jié)構(gòu)及柱子鋼結(jié)構(gòu)/Steel Construction:Superstructure and columns(for both bridges)190t

鋼結(jié)構(gòu)/Steel structure:橋墩處主梁高度/Height main girder at pilla:1.60m; 主梁剖面Section main girder:170cm/50cm; 平均水平面之上高度/Height above average water level:ca.2.50m

攝影/Photo Credits:Christian Lindgren(fig.1,8,9); Barbara Feichtinger-Felber(fig.3,6,7)

5　橫剖面/Cross section

6　橋翼升起過(guò)程/Wings up process

7　實(shí)景/Bridge view

8　夜景/Night view

評(píng)論

郝琳：四兩撥千斤

這座橋的名字，讓我聯(lián)想到了環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)中通常提及的兩個(gè)范式——蝴蝶與大象。前者小巧、靈活而縝密；后者厚重且適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)（所謂低技術(shù)的磚與泥）。 橋梁的設(shè)計(jì)，不外乎這兩種。本案的極簡(jiǎn)思路和高完成度的細(xì)節(jié)，好似超級(jí)游艇制造，折射出北歐后工業(yè)社會(huì)的精神與地景。紙一般的輕薄，閉合開(kāi)啟的動(dòng)態(tài)美,配合微妙的燈光與標(biāo)識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)，無(wú)不精準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)然，在這樣的一處文化歷史的水路門(mén)戶(hù)環(huán)境中，以四兩撥千斤的姿態(tài)和技藝呈現(xiàn)，恐怕是最優(yōu)雅的完勝吧；自然，也是造價(jià)不菲呢。竇平平：舒適連續(xù)的步行道和自行車(chē)道是哥本哈根的城市特征。坐落于這里的蝶橋如同一段這樣的城市街道。它超越了橋作為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的作用，更像是將運(yùn)河邊的3個(gè)片區(qū)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的共享空間。叉形結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)化了三者的交匯，并在交匯處形成了一個(gè)迷你廣場(chǎng)。兩翼的變截面梁將自己暴露在外，又旋即偽裝起來(lái)。它將橋面一分為二，形如插入投幣售貨機(jī)中的硬幣。與此同時(shí)，這一對(duì)梁的漸變姿態(tài)也暗示了橋面的分枝。所有這些元素和細(xì)節(jié)共同營(yíng)造了結(jié)構(gòu)、感知和日常的卓越。

9　夜景/Night view

Comments

HAO Lin:Never Less at All

The nickname of the bridge reminds me of two paradigm models of any classic environmental design–butterfly and elegant–airy,fine,precise machine in contrast to low tech massive brick & mortar.Successful bridge design represents this two scenarios as well.Its overall minimal approach and well-executed detailing in this case,similar to the making of a super yacht,echoing to a post-industrial Nordic spirit and landscape–a paper–thin,precisely controlled beauty with subtle lighting and signage design,would be never wrong.Certainly,in the context of heritage water gateway,such skillful mind craft and technique,is an elegant triumph,but not cheap at all.DOU Pingping:Continuous pedestrian and cycle lane is emblematic of Copenhagen.Hence the Butterfly bridge is treated like a street in the city.It is more than a piece of infrastructure,but a common shared space linking the three established communities on the banksides.The forked structure punctuates the intersection,creating a miniature public square in the middle.The variable crosssection beam of each opening wing exposes and then quickly disguises itself.Like a penny in a slot machine,this supporting structure severs the bridge deck into two.The gesture of the beam pair also hints at the bifurcation of the Y-shaped bridge.Altogether,these elements and details create structural,perceptual and everyday advantages.