文獻與思想并重　微觀與宏觀結(jié)合——評林久貴《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》

郭康松，胡　濤（湖北大學(xué)文學(xué)院，湖北武漢430062）

文獻與思想并重微觀與宏觀結(jié)合——評林久貴《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》

郭康松，胡濤
（湖北大學(xué)文學(xué)院，湖北武漢430062）

作為一位“身歷乾嘉文物鼎盛之時，主持風(fēng)會數(shù)十年，海內(nèi)學(xué)者奉為山斗”的重要人物，阮元不僅在當(dāng)時贏得了朝野的一致贊譽，也引發(fā)了后世學(xué)者的高度重視和關(guān)注。阮元的學(xué)術(shù)研究涉及的領(lǐng)域十分廣泛，他在經(jīng)學(xué)、訓(xùn)詁學(xué)、?？睂W(xué)、名物制度學(xué)、目錄學(xué)、史學(xué)、金石學(xué)、科技史、文學(xué)等領(lǐng)域都取得了令人矚目的成就。而阮元一生研究精力所萃，尤在經(jīng)學(xué)，“只有對他經(jīng)學(xué)成就與思想進行深入探討，才能真正把握其治學(xué)精神，認識其治學(xué)旨趣所在，也才能使我們看到一個較為真實的官員及學(xué)者形象的阮元”。因此，林久貴《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》專門從經(jīng)學(xué)的角度來探討阮元學(xué)術(shù)及思想成就，是研究阮元經(jīng)學(xué)的第一部著作，對我們把握阮元學(xué)術(shù)的精髓，能收到提綱契領(lǐng)之效。

《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》的作者因長期從事文獻整理與研究工作，具有厚實的古典文獻學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，在進行阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究時，深知文獻文本解讀的重要性，遵循了乾嘉考據(jù)學(xué)派由小學(xué)以通經(jīng)明道的治學(xué)原則，在撰寫該書時將文獻分析與思想研究緊密結(jié)合。作者并沒有局限于對阮元相關(guān)研究成果進行簡單總結(jié)、評介，而是在細致分析的基礎(chǔ)上，深入探討其中所蘊含的思想，做到了文獻與思想并重。比如阮元組織編纂的《皇清經(jīng)解》，具有多方面的學(xué)術(shù)價值，之前的論述多集中于它的編纂、刊刻，以及它所具有資料、版本價值?！度钤?jīng)學(xué)研究》在詳細閱讀《皇清經(jīng)解》文本的基礎(chǔ)上，充分發(fā)掘出了它的經(jīng)學(xué)史價值。作者認為阮元將顧炎武的《左傳杜解補正》、《音論》、《易論》、《詩本音》和《日知錄》五部著作列于《皇清經(jīng)解》的開篇，不是隨意的，而是有其深遠的考慮。這反映了阮元視顧炎武為清代考據(jù)學(xué)開山人物的觀點。清代學(xué)者江藩在《國朝漢學(xué)師承記》中列閻若璩于首位，其次是胡渭，且并不打算收錄顧炎武、黃宗羲等學(xué)術(shù)大家，而阮元認為清學(xué)的開山人物是顧炎武與黃宗羲，意在強調(diào)他們所從事的學(xué)術(shù)所具有的經(jīng)世意義，是兼顧學(xué)術(shù)與思想的綜合考量，十分有見地。其次，作者分析出《皇清經(jīng)解》中反映了清中前期經(jīng)學(xué)研究的基本格局及研究形式的變化，發(fā)前人所未發(fā)。除了《皇清經(jīng)解》，本書還重點分析了《十三經(jīng)注疏?？庇洝?、《經(jīng)籍籑詁》以及《考工記車制圖解》、《明堂論》、《明堂圖說》等作品?？梢哉f，在細致的文本分析下，《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》對阮元的經(jīng)學(xué)思想與學(xué)術(shù)貢獻進行了更深入的理論探討。

高水平的研究，必須微觀分析與宏觀把握兼具。《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》對阮元經(jīng)學(xué)成就與思想的研究運用了比較研究和動態(tài)研究方法，很好地做到了微觀與宏觀的結(jié)合。清代乾嘉時期學(xué)術(shù)以樸學(xué)為盛，學(xué)者多長于經(jīng)學(xué)考證。但阮元與其他一般學(xué)者不太相同，他在經(jīng)學(xué)考證的同時，并沒有忽略義理方面的探求，具有將經(jīng)典考據(jù)與義理探求有機結(jié)合的治經(jīng)特色。《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》在研究阮元經(jīng)學(xué)成就的同時，對此方面也有細致的分析。作者對阮元“仁學(xué)”觀的重建、“性命”說的新釋、倡“圣賢之道，無非實踐”新觀念等理學(xué)命題都進行了深入的論說，認為阮元對經(jīng)學(xué)領(lǐng)域諸重要范疇的闡釋，努力廓清千百年來重重誤說，推明原始儒家經(jīng)義，倡導(dǎo)新的經(jīng)學(xué)觀念及新的經(jīng)學(xué)研究范式。他在經(jīng)學(xué)研究中，結(jié)合現(xiàn)實問題，努力發(fā)掘那些習(xí)見觀念、范疇的新內(nèi)涵，以“推闡古圣賢訓(xùn)世之意，務(wù)在切于日用，使人人可以身體力行”，可謂切中肯綮。

《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》并沒有因為研究對象的限定，僅將視野局限在阮元一人，而是在更宏闊的背景下對阮元的經(jīng)學(xué)進行研究。首先，作者詳細分析了阮元學(xué)術(shù)的淵源，具體論述了顧炎武、毛奇齡、戴震，以及揚州地域?qū)W術(shù)圈對阮元學(xué)術(shù)的影響。其次，在對阮元學(xué)術(shù)成就作了深入研究后，作者專門用一章的篇幅論述了阮元經(jīng)學(xué)對清中后期漢宋兼采的學(xué)風(fēng)、今文經(jīng)學(xué)興起的重要影響。尤其值得一提的是，作者還專門分析了阮元的禮學(xué)研究對清中后期禮學(xué)及實學(xué)思潮興盛的影響。作者總結(jié)出阮元禮學(xué)思想有這樣幾個特點：第一，阮元認為“禮學(xué)與理學(xué)異”、“理必附于禮以行”；第二，阮元提出“性”本天成，“情發(fā)于性”、“欲生于情”，但“欲在有節(jié)”，“須治之以禮”；第三，阮元認為“器者所以藏禮”，強化“器”的社會功能；第四，阮元強調(diào)“禮”的踐履特性，突出“禮”的社會效應(yīng)。作者進而通過對清中前期、中后期禮學(xué)的實際情況進行綜合比較，認為“清中后期的禮學(xué)研究者承續(xù)了阮元治禮強調(diào)禮的踐履性和社會性特點，體現(xiàn)出學(xué)者對現(xiàn)實的關(guān)懷，使禮學(xué)研究成為當(dāng)時興起的經(jīng)世實學(xué)的重要組成部分。他們共同推動了此時期禮學(xué)的發(fā)展”，這既彰顯了阮元的禮學(xué)思想，又闡明了其對后學(xué)的影響。

綜觀《阮元經(jīng)學(xué)研究》，作者將對阮元學(xué)術(shù)思想的深入分析建立在對文獻的細致解讀基礎(chǔ)上，使論述資料翔實又具有理論深度；在重點關(guān)注阮元的同時，自覺將視野擴展至清前、中、后期整個學(xué)術(shù)背景上，使讀者對阮元經(jīng)學(xué)成就與思想的理解更加透徹，體現(xiàn)了作者在阮元研究領(lǐng)域所做出的新成績。

［責(zé)任編輯：黃文紅］

Abstracts of Main Essays

On the Construction and Practice of Popularizable Moral Doctrine: Possibility and Limitation YAN Hui

Each value in this world can be proved，but not each of them can be confirmed. This kind of value must belong to“ought to be”. Kant confirms that his principle“human beings should be treated as ends rather than as means”is the most basic and highest moral law which can be universalized. The moral law is“thought to be a correct value”. At the same time，as a moral law which can be practiced and realized，it has a closely correlation with the modern society. In order to turn these moral laws into actualized moral principles，those universalized laws must be changed into certain principles like efficiency and fairness in economics，justice and equality in politics and respect and modesty in public relationship. Furthermore，an individual’s moral obligation and an organization’s moral responsibility should be specified. Only in market can the construction and practice of universalized moral laws come true.

Study on JIA Pinwa’s Literary Writing Themes and Styles during the Past Two Decades：Perseverance and Adaptation

LI Yu-chun

It has been more than 40 years since Jia Pingwa published his first novel in 1973，and he has produced a number of classic novels. Through combing his fictions in these forty years，this article tries to explain that Jia Pingwa continuously pays attention to the countryside and people’s emotional changes from the interaction between the urban and rural areas，which contributes a sad elegy upon contemporary Chinese countryside. In his novels，he always insists on the realism，the early novels are influenced by the revolutionary realism，and the intermediate stage has a characteristics of magic realism，and his later creations show a tendency of naturalism. Jia Pingwa’s works are an important milestone in contemporary Chinese literature history.

Etymological Analysis on the Conceptual Evolution of Chinese Character ZHONG from the Philosophical Perspective

CHEN Dao-de，GAO Yong-han

“Zhong”is an important concept in Chinese traditional culture. It consists of“flags”and“drums”from the origin of this character，suggesting that it represents the“central authority”of one group or tribe. It could be discovered that there is an evolution process from“physics”to“metaphysics”when people are trying to explore the meaning of“Zhong”. In the beginning，“Zhong”represented the central location of one group or tribe，and later on it was developed into“the center”of the space and formed the phrases of“the center of earth”，“the center of sky”and“the center of universe”.“Zhong”was still used in the meaning of physics though the meaning began to be abstracted and activated. With the further abstraction of“Zhong”by Confucius and other philosophers before Qin Dynasty，there came into the meaning of philosophy and formed important philosophy terms，such as“golden mean”and“golden Taoism”，which means that the meaning has been converted into the metaphysics from physics，while the worship and respect of Chinese people towards Zhong made great contribution to this great leap.

Study on the Early Confucian Interpretations of Chinese Monarchism Legitimacy and Some Other Issues from the Recordings of Shanghai Museum Chu-bamboo Tablets

DING Si-xin，ZOU Xiao-yu

From the view of Shanghai Museum Chu slips，the attitudes shown by early Confucians toward the legitimacy of regality and other related questions are as the following：Firstly，regality originates from Heaven（天）and People（民）and its aim is to realize “Tianxia weigong”（the great harmony），which is the ideal of rule of virtue. It also means to build such a harmonious society in which people could settle down，get on with their pursuits and accomplish themselves. Thus it can be seen that regality—in essence，is a“common tool”（“公器”）which comes from people and is ultimately used for them. Secondly，the three bases of the

legitimacy of regality are the order of Heaven，the will of people and the function of virtue，all of which have the inherent consistency and interaction. They lay a foundation for the legitimacy of regality and the aspect of virtue is the most fundamental. Thirdly，benevolence is the way to gain and maintain regality. According to this，governors need not only to cultivate themselves and establish virtue but also to govern people by humanity and guide people toward goodness. Only by this can governors adapt to the order of Heaven and satisfy the will of people and finally get the legitimacy of governing.

Analysis on the Congruence between Syntax and Semantics: Cornerstone of Semantic Formalization

LIN Sheng-qiang，ZOU Chong-Li

Semantic formalization has been the bottleneck in Chinese Information Processing for both linguistics and computational linguistics in China. For the purpose of semantic formalization，it is necessary to apply the Principle of Synta-semantic Correspondence，which means that the syntactic computationality can be projected onto the semantic computationality. However，in natural language，it is not easy to establish syntax-semantic interface，and the problems are mainly caused by those non-continuous. In these structures，there are some special semantic elements which should be the focus of formal semantics，because they are noncompositional and constitute obstacles for application of the Principle Correspondence.

Retrospection on the Modern Chinese Drama Development and Its Major Features（1840-1949）

ZHENG Chuan-yin

Analyzing modern history of Chinese opera from 1840 to 1949，two distinctive periods could be marked out with the time line of the end of 19thcentury and the beginning of 20thcentury：the former one witnesses the turning point in the competition between regional operas“Hua”and Kunqu Opera“Ya”（Hua Ya Zhi Zheng），in which“Hua”，with Peking Opera as the best representative，overshadows“Ya”，namely，Kunqu Opera，to become dominant in China；while the later period，taking the newly introduced drama（Xin Ju）as its major reference，features alignment in theme and stage art. Fighting against imperialism and anti-feudalism，striving for national salvation and survival along with initial acceptance of tragedy beauty and extensive employment of variety rhymes（Banshi Bianhua Ti）constitute the defining features of modern Chinese opera.

Study on the Contributions of the Neo-Philological School to the Promotion of Modern Chinese Academic Transformation

DONG En-qiang

Modern China is an era of transformation，and it also saw the transformation of Chinese academic studies. In the early years of the Republic of China，this transition was accelerated. New school of textual research made indelible contribution to the transition，and they showed different view and philosophy on academic study in comparison with old schools. On historical literature everything is equal and has its value；moreover，the range of it should be enlarged. Since the expansion of historical literature，new research fields（such as studies on DunHuang，Jiagu，archaeology，folklore，etc.）have been exploited with the power of new school of textual research. As regard to academic view，they advocate the idea of“for the academic study”，and pursue truth not application practice.

Study on the Power Disposition Perfection of Land Expropriation Approval Power

ZOU Ai-hua，LOU Ming-yue

China’s current land expropriation rights configuration is flawed，leaving the behaviors of local government uncontrolled，which can’t effectively protect the arable land resources and the legitimate rights and interests of person deprived of land. And these problems are expressed in a specific performance as follows：local governments become the subject of illegal land seizures；the conflict with arable land protection and economic development is being intensified；the relief for the central government’s decision of land requisition is close to blank. Reasons of the above results including the longitudinal approval rights is overly focused on one point，the transverse approval right exists monopoly，the central approval rights does not match the responsibility . Therefore，it is necessary to carry out the following reforms for a better configuration of land expropriation rights：delegate land expropriation rights to the county-level government；the local provincial municipal people’s congress is empowered to wield the approval rights；transfer the central approval rights to the Ministry of natural resources.