鄭亞,孫紅
·綜述·
溶血磷脂酸在卵巢癌進展中的機制研究
鄭亞,孫紅△
在卵巢癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中,脂代謝發(fā)揮重要作用,溶血磷脂酸(LPA)作為一種生物活性磷脂分子,通過與多種G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體結(jié)合,參與卵巢癌的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲活動。一方面,LPA可通過促進腫瘤血管新生、調(diào)節(jié)細胞周期、抑制凋亡、促進糖代謝及維持腫瘤干細胞(CSC)的特性來促進卵巢癌細胞增殖;另一方面,LPA可增加基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)及尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活物(uPA)的表達、干預(yù)細胞間連接和骨架蛋白、促進上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT),進而促進卵巢癌的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。此外,卵巢癌患者血漿中高水平的LPA單獨或與卵巢癌的其他腫瘤標(biāo)記物聯(lián)合檢測具有更高的敏感度和特異度。綜述LPA在卵巢癌增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲中的作用機制以及潛在的診斷、治療靶點方面的研究進展。
卵巢腫瘤;溶血磷脂酸;信號通路;治療靶點;診斷
卵巢癌是女性生殖系統(tǒng)腫瘤中死亡率最高的惡性腫瘤[1]。因為卵巢癌很難被早期發(fā)現(xiàn),就診時往往已發(fā)展成晚期,所以患者預(yù)后較差,對于晚期卵巢癌患者,目前治療措施為手術(shù)加鉑類、紫杉醇類的化療。但是絕大多數(shù)患者在數(shù)月內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā),并產(chǎn)生耐藥,這部分患者再應(yīng)用其他化療藥也僅起到微弱的效果[2]。因此,研發(fā)新的分子靶向治療藥物迫在眉睫。近年有關(guān)卵巢癌與脂代謝間關(guān)系的研究較為一致的結(jié)論為,腫瘤細胞依靠脂肪的從頭合成途徑產(chǎn)生大量脂肪酸為腫瘤的生長提供能量,并伴隨脂代謝的改變。研究已證實溶血磷脂酸(LPA)在卵巢癌的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲中起到重要作用[3-4]。本文對LPA在卵巢癌進展中的相關(guān)信號通路以及潛在的生物靶點進行綜述。
在人體內(nèi),LPA的來源主要包括兩種途徑:循環(huán)中的LPA由溶血磷脂酶D/自分泌運動因子(ATX)分解溶血磷脂類(LPLs)而來,另一種主要來源是磷脂酸類(PAs),由磷脂酶A1(PLA1)和PLA2水解所得,這種LPA主要位于細胞內(nèi)或者細胞膜上。
卵巢癌患者的血清和腹水中存在較高水平的LPA,LPA作為一種磷脂類信號分子,通過與G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體結(jié)合發(fā)揮多種生物學(xué)功能,LPA的受體包括6種,分別為LPA1~LPA6,其中LPA1、LPA2、LPA3屬于內(nèi)皮細胞分化基因(EDG)家族,LPA1、LPA2、LPA3按照EDG方式命名時分別稱作EDG2、EDG4、EDG7,LPA1在肺組織高表達,介導(dǎo)肺炎性損傷[5],LPA2及LPA3參與紅細胞的生成和分化[6],其中LPA2及LPA3在卵巢癌中的表達水平遠高于良性卵巢腫瘤或正常卵巢組織[7]。而LPA4、LPA5和LPA6屬于非EDG家族受體,非EDG家族受體目前研究較少。
2.1 LPA在卵巢癌增殖中的作用新生血管對于腫瘤的生長和增殖是必需的,而血管新生需要血管生長因子的刺激,血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)是比較強而有效的一種血管生長因子。Song等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)阻斷轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Rho)、Rho相關(guān)蛋白激酶(ROCK)或細胞型骨髓細胞瘤原癌基因(c-Myc)后,LPA依賴的VEGF水平顯著降低,說明在LPA誘導(dǎo)卵巢癌患者高表達VEGF中,G12/13-Rho-ROCK-c-Myc信號通路發(fā)揮作用。然而,一些卵巢癌細胞系(如Hey-A8、OCC-1)并不表達VEGF,但也對LPA有反應(yīng)[9],說明存在其他促進癌細胞增殖的機制。叉頭框蛋白M1(FOXM1)是一種增殖特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在調(diào)控細胞周期基因表達及促進腫瘤進展中起重要作用[10],LPA能夠誘導(dǎo)FOXM1的表達[11],因此LPA能以這種直接的方式促進腫瘤增殖。
除了對血管新生方面的作用外,LPA還可以間接抑制凋亡[12]以及上調(diào)端粒酶的表達和活性,進而促進卵巢癌增殖[13]。此外,最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LPA能上調(diào)己糖激酶Ⅱ(HKⅡ)的表達,進而使糖酵解加強,為腫瘤提供更多能量,促進了癌細胞的增殖,并證實LPA2為主要受體,這也是首次發(fā)現(xiàn)LPA能夠通過干預(yù)腫瘤的糖代謝發(fā)揮促腫瘤作用[14]。
腫瘤干細胞(CSC)是維持惡性腫瘤生物特性的重要成分,有學(xué)者從卵巢癌細胞系A(chǔ)2780、SKOV3和OVCAR3以及卵巢癌組織中分離CSC,應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)發(fā)現(xiàn)CSC的培養(yǎng)基中LPA和ATX的水平遠高于無CSC培養(yǎng)基中二者的水平,用外源性LPA處理后,其耐藥性、異種移植的成瘤能力等都顯著增強,抑制ATX后,CSC的特性被抑制,表明ATX-LPA的自分泌環(huán)路參與維持CSC的特性[15],因此針對打破這一分泌環(huán)路的藥物或許能為卵巢癌的治療帶來新的靶點。
綜上,LPA可以通過促進腫瘤血管新生、調(diào)節(jié)細胞周期、抑制凋亡、干擾腫瘤糖代謝以及維持CSC特性來促進卵巢癌細胞的增殖。
2.2 LPA在卵巢癌轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲中的作用LPA主要從促進基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)和尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活物(uPA)的表達、干預(yù)細胞間連接和細胞骨架蛋白、促進EMT及促進腫瘤血管生成等方面來增強卵巢癌的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。
MMP和uPA分解細胞外基質(zhì),從而易化癌細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。LPA誘導(dǎo)VEGF的表達,VEGF與VEGF-R2結(jié)合促進MMP-2和uPA的分泌[16],LPA還可以通過G(i)-Ras/Rho/ROCK-核因子κB(NF-κB)信號通路介導(dǎo)MMP-9、uPA的表達[17-18]。2015年Lizalek等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),LPA還能促使uPA受體在卵巢癌細胞表面聚集且表達增加,uPA與其受體結(jié)合增多,這為LPA促進卵巢癌轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲的機制做了補充。
另外,LPA還可以通過干預(yù)腫瘤細胞間連接及細胞骨架蛋白,進而促進癌細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。一方面,LPA可以增加N-鈣黏蛋白和β鏈蛋白的內(nèi)化導(dǎo)致細胞間黏著小帶崩解,使細胞間連接分散[20],2015年,Burkhalter等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),LPA激活Wnt/β-鏈蛋白通路而刺激β1整合素的集簇,啟動了EMT。另一方面,LPA能夠使連接蛋白-1表達增加[22]。
EMT是惡性腫瘤獲得轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲能力的重要機制之一,缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1-α(HIF1-α)在EMT中起著重要作用[23],LPA可以通過原癌基因酪氨酸激酶家族之一Gαi2(G蛋白)-Src激酶途徑刺激HIF1-α的表達,進而使N-鈣黏蛋白和介導(dǎo)EMT的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Slug/Snail2的水平增加[24],促進卵巢癌的EMT。
最后,LPA也可通過促進血管生成促進腫瘤發(fā)展,除上述提及的LPA促進VEGF表達外,LPA與LPA2結(jié)合后刺激生長調(diào)節(jié)癌基因蛋白α(GROα)的表達,而GROα能夠促進血管生成,進而促進腫瘤的發(fā)展[25]。
關(guān)于LPA在卵巢癌中的診斷價值,Zhang等[26]開展了一項病例對照研究,納入了123例卵巢癌患者和101例卵巢良性腫瘤患者,檢測他們血漿中LPA和CA-125的水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)在卵巢癌的診斷中,LPA具有更高的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值和陰性預(yù)測值,LPA和CA-125的受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積分別為0.983、0.910,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。也有學(xué)者收集108例卵巢癌、43例卵巢良性腫瘤和50例正常健康女性,檢測血清中LPA、惡性腫瘤特異性生長因子(TSGF)和CA-125的水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)三者聯(lián)合檢測對卵巢癌診斷的敏感度和特異度顯著高于單項和兩兩聯(lián)合檢測[27]。另外,也有Meta分析,應(yīng)用隨機效應(yīng)模型等方法評估了血漿LPA水平診斷卵巢癌的可靠性[28-29]。為此,已有研究對LPA的檢測方法進行了探討,主要包括放射線酵素法、比色法、免疫酶法、氣相色譜法等[30],為LPA將來在臨床應(yīng)用打下基礎(chǔ),因此LPA可能成為卵巢癌的診斷標(biāo)記,從而有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢癌,改善預(yù)后。
前已提及,Rho因子參與LPA介導(dǎo)的卵巢癌侵襲的信號通路,阿倫磷酸鹽是一種治療骨質(zhì)疏松的藥物,其能阻止包括Rho在內(nèi)的小GTP酶的失活,用阿倫磷酸鹽處理卵巢癌細胞系后,LPA介導(dǎo)的癌細胞轉(zhuǎn)移被明顯抑制[31],而白藜蘆醇則能夠在表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)-Rho/ROCK-NF-κB通路的開始抑制EGFR磷酸化使LPA介導(dǎo)的MMP-9和uPA表達降低[32]。此外,法舒地爾是一種抑制血管痙攣的藥物,其也是ROCK的特異性抑制劑,用法舒地爾處理卵巢癌細胞系后,導(dǎo)致細胞內(nèi)骨架蛋白重組的丟失,顯著抑制癌細胞的侵襲[33]。由于LPA介導(dǎo)卵巢癌的增殖和侵襲時涉及到較多的分子,因此對于其中潛在的有診斷和治療價值的靶點值得進一步研究,以提高卵巢癌患者的生存率。
在女性生殖系統(tǒng)腫瘤中,卵巢癌發(fā)病率雖是位于宮頸癌、子宮內(nèi)膜癌之后的第3位惡性腫瘤,但死亡率卻遠高于前兩者。LPA作為一種生物活性的磷脂類分子,在卵巢癌的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲中起重要的介導(dǎo)作用,其通過對細胞周期、血管新生、腫瘤干細胞及糖代謝的影響介導(dǎo)卵巢癌的增殖,通過促進EMT、干擾細胞間連接和細胞骨架及增強MMP、uPA的表達刺激卵巢癌的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。在診斷價值方面,卵巢癌患者血漿中高水平的LPA較CA-125具有更高的敏感度和特異度,但是相關(guān)研究納入的病例數(shù)較少,并且未按照卵巢癌的期別和惡性程度進行分層研究。因此,將來需要更大樣本量的數(shù)據(jù)支持LPA的診斷價值。進一步闡明LPA作用的分子機制,有望開發(fā)出針對LPA靶向抑制的新型藥物,或許能夠為復(fù)發(fā)性、耐藥性卵巢癌的治療提供新的生物靶點,從而有望降低卵巢癌的死亡率。
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Mechanisms of Lysophosphatidic Acid Involved in the Progression of Ovarian Cancer
ZHENG Ya,SUN Hong.Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Fudan University,Shanghai 200011,China(ZHENG Ya,SUN Hong);Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrine Related Disease,Shanghai 200011,China(ZHENG Ya)
SUN Hong,E-mail:hongsun57@hotmail.com
In the development of ovarian cancer,the aberrant lipid metabolism plays a critical role.Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA),a bioactive molecular,can bind to different G protein-coupled receptors and stimulate the proliferation,metastasis and invasion of ovarian cancer.On one hand,LPA could stimulate proliferation by promoting angiogenesis,regulating cell cycle, inhibiting apoptosis,promoting glucose metabolism and maintaining cancer stem cell(CSC)characteristics.On the other hand, LPA could stimulate the metastasis and invasion by enhancing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)and urokinase-type plasminogen activator(uPA),interfering intercellular junctions and cytoskeletons and inducing epithelialmesenchymal transition(EMT).Besides,testing plasma level of LPA alone or combining with other tumor biomarkers is more sensitive and specific.In this article,we review the latest knowledge on the molecular mechanism of LPA in the proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer as well as potential biological targets.
Ovarian neoplasms;Lysophosphatidic acid;Signal path;Therapeutic targets;Diagnosis(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2016,43:673-676)
2016-06-13)
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上海市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會科研計劃(14ZR1404100)
200011上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院(鄭亞,孫紅);上海市女性生殖內(nèi)分泌相關(guān)疾病重點實驗室(鄭亞)
孫紅,E-mail:hongsun57@hotmail.com
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