薯玉輪作對馬鈴薯根區(qū)土壤養(yǎng)分及酶活效應分析

萬年鑫,鄭順林,周少猛,張琴,彭彬,袁繼超(四川農業(yè)大學農學院/農業(yè)部西南作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點實驗室,成都611130)

薯玉輪作對馬鈴薯根區(qū)土壤養(yǎng)分及酶活效應分析

萬年鑫,鄭順林*,周少猛,張琴,彭彬,袁繼超
(四川農業(yè)大學農學院/農業(yè)部西南作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點實驗室,成都611130)

摘要在連續(xù)2年定位盆栽試驗基礎上,對馬鈴薯連作與輪作下根區(qū)土壤養(yǎng)分及酶活性進行測定,研究馬鈴薯玉米(薯玉)輪作對土壤根區(qū)養(yǎng)分及酶活性的效應,為解決馬鈴薯連作障礙提供理論依據(jù).結果表明:在馬鈴薯連作下,成熟期時土壤養(yǎng)分含量較播種前均降低;成熟期時薯玉輪作下僅全磷含量增加3.32%;而玉米馬鈴薯(玉薯)輪作下土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷、全鉀和速效鉀分別升高6.84%、32.67%、4.13%、3.77和10.81%.而在玉薯輪作下土壤氮素、速效鉀和薯玉輪作下堿解氮含量則降低,但其降低幅度低于馬鈴薯連作.由此表明,馬鈴薯連作對土壤養(yǎng)分的消耗較大,特別是對速效養(yǎng)分的消耗,降低幅度高于輪作.對于根區(qū)土壤的酶活性,除多酚氧化酶活性外,土壤脲酶活性、過氧化氫酶活性、蔗糖酶活性在成熟時均呈升高趨勢,玉薯輪作與薯玉輪作較播種前分別升高了5.71%、2.19%、4.85%和52.07%、32.23%、11.62%.雖然馬鈴薯連作下土壤酶活性也升高,但是增幅顯著低于輪作,說明薯玉輪作能夠較快提高土壤酶活性,加速根區(qū)土壤生理生化反應.

關鍵詞薯玉輪作;連作障礙;土壤養(yǎng)分;土壤酶活性

浙江大學學報(農業(yè)與生命科學版) 42(1):74～80,2016

Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.)

http://www.journals.zju.edu.cn/agr

E-mail:zdxbnsb@zju.edu.cn

第一作者聯(lián)系方式:萬年鑫(http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0260-4089),E-mail:nianxin09@163.com

URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20160119.1929.010.html

Analysis of potato-maize rotation on rhizosphere soil nutrient and enzyme activity for potato.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.),2016,42(1):74-80

WAN Nianxin,ZHENG Shunlin*,ZHOU Shaomeng,ZHANG Qin,PENG Bin,YUAN Jichao(College of Agronomy,Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Cultivation in Southwest,Ministry of Agriculture,Chengdu 611130,China)

Summary As the fourth major food crop,potato growing area increased year by year,which was an important mainstay industry in some provinces of China.In recent years,continuous cropping became common in potato growing areas.However,continuous cropping obstacle is one of the main factors limiting potato industry,which can lead to yield and quality losses,diseases spreading,and unbalanced soil ecology system.Therefore,it is an urgent task to explore effective ways to reduce the continuous cropping obstacle of potato and improve the yield and quality.

Crop rotation is an effective practice to overcome the continuous cropping obstacle.Many scientific researchers have demonstrated that the crop rotation can relieve soil sickness by improving soil quality,ecological microclimate and crop productivity.Therefore,the crop rotation practice can partly eliminate the continuous cropping obstacle,but the selection of appropriate companion crops is the key.In this study,maize was selected as a rotation successive crop,which is widely planted in mountainous area of southwest China.A short term (2 years)potexperiment with potato-maize rotation,maize-potato rotation compared with potato successive cropping was conducted to study the changes in soil nutrients and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soils.Meanwhile,the effects of potato-maize rotation on rhizosphere soil nutrient and enzyme activity were also discussed.

The results showed that,in mature period,rhizosphere soil nutrient contents of potato continuous cropping were decreased compared with those before seeding.Only total phosphorus of the rhizosphere soils in potato-maize crop rotation were increased by 3.32%,respectively.Total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and available phosphorus,total potassium and available potassium compared with those before seeding,maize-potato crop rotation were increased by 6.84%,32.67%,4.13%,3.77%and 10.81%,respectively.The total nitrogen,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in maize-potato rotation and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen in potato-maize rotation were decreased in the mature period,which were still higher than those in the potato continuous cropping.It was showed that soil nutrients,especially the available nutrients were over used in potato continuous cropping,compared with those in the rotation cropping.

Polyphenol oxidase activity had a significant difference in tuber bulking.For other soil enzyme activities of rhizosphere,in the mature stage of the maize-potato crop rotation,the activities of rhizosphere soil urease,catalase,invertase were increased by 5.71%,2.19%and 4.85%,respectively,and also increased by 52.07%,32.23%and 11.62%in potatomaize rotation,which were significantly higher than those in the potato continuous cropping system.

In summary,potato-maize crop rotation system can effectively relieve the potato continuous cropping obstacle by improving soil enzyme activities,and accelerating physiological and biochemical reactions of rhizosphere soils.Furthermore,the rotation system can relieve the potato continuous cropping obstacle effectively,and provide a theoretical basis for solving the problem of potato continuous cropping obstacle.

Key words potato-maize rotation;continuous cropping obstacle;soil nutrient;soil enzyme activity

馬鈴薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是我國重要的糧經典型作物之一,成為繼玉米、水稻、小麥之后我國將大力發(fā)展的第四大糧食作物.內蒙古與貴州、甘肅、四川、云南、重慶等西部省區(qū)是我國馬鈴薯主產區(qū),其總種植面積逐年增加,面積占全國馬鈴薯種植面積的65%[1],是部分地區(qū)的重要支柱產業(yè),并占據(jù)著重要的地位.近年來,馬鈴薯連作問題較為嚴重,存在著連作障礙及茬口選擇問題[2],嚴重影響馬鈴薯產業(yè)化的發(fā)展.作物長期連作會造成同一病蟲草害肆虐,作物生育狀況惡化,產量下降和品質變劣,更有甚者會致使作物死亡[3 5].因此,作物連作障礙問題目前已經成為農作物生產和農業(yè)發(fā)展中亟待解決的問題.有研究表明,連作使馬鈴薯產量和質量均下降[6-7],對連作障礙機制的研究表明,連作導致土壤理化特性惡化,酶活性降低,微生物多樣性減少[8-10].因此,探索如何有效地降低馬鈴薯連作障礙,提高馬鈴薯產品品質和產量已刻不容緩[11].

本研究采用盆栽試驗,取馬鈴薯連作和馬鈴薯玉米(薯玉)、玉米馬鈴薯(玉薯)輪作的根區(qū)土壤,并對其根區(qū)土壤養(yǎng)分含量和土壤酶活性進行分析,研究連作和輪作根區(qū)土壤養(yǎng)分含量和酶活性差異,探討輪作對馬鈴薯土壤養(yǎng)分的消耗機制、酶活性效應,為生產實踐中解決馬鈴薯連作障礙提供理論依據(jù)與技術支持.

1　材料與方法

1.1材料

供試馬鈴薯品種為川芋117,玉米品種為正紅6號.

1.2試驗設計

試驗在四川農業(yè)大學農場試驗地進行,土壤類型為紫色壤土,前茬為馬鈴薯,供試土壤基礎肥力(0～20 cm)為全氮2.68 g/kg,全磷0.58 g/kg,全鉀13.00 g/kg,堿解氮138.68 mg/kg,有效磷18.72 mg/kg,速效鉀126.31 mg/kg,p H 4.94.于2012年取試驗地土層深度20 cm土壤,混勻后,裝入長、寬、高為0.6 m× 0.4 m×0.35 m的盆栽(竹筐)中,2013年在盆栽中分別種植馬鈴薯、玉米和馬鈴薯.2014年,在盆栽中分別種植馬鈴薯、馬鈴薯和玉米,試驗處理見表1.每個處理種植8盆,每盆玉米種植4株,馬鈴薯種植6株.取樣時期分別為播種前、苗期、塊莖膨大期和成熟期.取樣方法為每個處理3次重復,每次重復為隨機3株馬鈴薯根際土、2株玉米根際土分別混勻,將植株四周帶土拔出,用刷子輕輕將根區(qū)周圍的土壤刷出,用塑封帶裝后放入實驗室備用.一部分在室內自然風干、磨細,過孔徑1.0mm篩,用于土壤酶活性的測定;另一部分土壤風干,用于土壤養(yǎng)分指標測定分析.

1.3土壤各指標的測定方法

土壤養(yǎng)分含量的測定參照土壤農化分析的方法[12].其中,土壤全氮采用凱氏定氮法,土壤全磷采用磷鉬藍比色法,土壤全鉀測定采用(NaOH 熔融-火焰光度計法),堿解氮測定采用堿解擴散法,速效磷采用NH4F-HCl法測定,速效鉀測定采用NH4OAc浸提后的火焰分光光度法,有機質采用重鉻酸鉀容量法—稀釋熱法.

土壤酶活性的測定參照土壤酶學的方法[13].其中,脲酶采用苯酚鈉-次氯酸鈉比色法測定,以每1 g土壤在37℃下24 h內酶解尿素釋放的NH3-N的毫克數(shù)來表示;多酚氧化酶測定采用鄰苯三酚比色法,以2 h后1 g干土紫色沒食子素的含量表示;蔗糖酶采用3,5-二硝基水楊酸比色法測定,以24 h后1 g土壤葡萄糖的毫克數(shù)表示;過氧化氫酶采用高錳酸鉀滴定法測定,以每1 g土所消耗的0.02 mol/L KMn O4的毫升數(shù)表示.

1.4數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel2007進行統(tǒng)計,DPS7.05進行方差分析.

2　結果與分析

2.1土壤養(yǎng)分分析

2.1.1薯玉輪作下土壤氮素含量變化

與播種前比較,在成熟期,玉薯輪作下根區(qū)土壤全氮升高6.84%,薯玉輪作降低4.14%,而馬鈴薯連作下根區(qū)土壤全氮含量顯著低于輪作處理,與播種前比較降低14.55%,差異達顯著水平,其他時期全氮含量無顯著差異(表2).堿解氮隨生長期而逐漸減少,播種前,玉薯輪作下堿解氮含量顯著低于馬鈴薯連作和薯玉輪作下堿解氮含量,隨生長期差異逐漸變小.與播種前土壤堿解氮含量相比較,成熟期的堿解氮含量分別減少26.10%、13.36%和22.93%.馬鈴薯連作所消耗的全氮、堿解氮含量最高,無論是薯玉輪作還是玉薯輪作,土壤氮素含量降低均比馬鈴薯連作少.說明輪作能夠減緩對土壤氮素的消耗.

2.1.2薯玉輪作下土壤磷素含量變化

整個生育期,根區(qū)土壤的全磷含量在小范圍內呈小幅度波動(表3).在馬鈴薯連作下全磷含量呈下降趨勢;薯玉、玉薯輪作在塊莖膨大期時,全磷含量為最低,與播種前比較,成熟期時馬鈴薯連作下降15.49%,玉薯輪作和薯玉輪作分別增加32.67%和3.32%.根區(qū)土壤有效磷含量變化幅度大于全磷,成熟期馬鈴薯連作和薯玉輪作分別降低了35.96%和46.99%,玉薯輪作反而升高4.13%.本研究中,根區(qū)土壤的全磷值受作物種類影響較大,而速效磷在生育期內其含量變化差異很大,與土壤全磷含量變化結果相差較大,說明植株與根區(qū)土壤速效磷之間交換快,反應劇烈.

2.1.3薯玉輪作下土壤鉀素含量變化

整個生育期,全鉀含量變化幅度小(表4).與播種前比較,成熟期玉薯輪作下全鉀升高3.77%,馬鈴薯連作和薯玉輪作分別降低1.83%和5.41%.對于根區(qū)速效鉀含量變化,馬鈴薯連作呈下降趨勢,玉薯輪作則緩慢上升,薯玉輪作在不同時期變化很大.直至成熟期,馬鈴薯連作下降23.91%,玉薯輪作升高10.81%,薯玉輪作降低5.55%.說明不管是連作還是輪作,不同時期,對鉀需求大,尤其對速效鉀.

2.1.4薯玉輪作下土壤有機質含量變化

在各處理下有機質含量均呈緩慢下降趨勢(表5).與播種前比較,成熟期的有機質含量分別下降25.22%、29.37%和36.20%.盡管馬鈴薯是不耐連作型作物,但本試驗中,馬鈴薯連作下有機質含量卻比輪作高,下降幅度低于玉薯、薯玉輪作.

2.2土壤酶活性分析

蔗糖酶活性在塊莖膨大期和成熟期各處理間均出現(xiàn)顯著性差異,在各處理下蔗糖酶活性呈上升趨勢,尤以薯玉輪作下蔗糖酶活性升高得最快(表6).與播種前比較,成熟期馬鈴薯連作、玉薯輪作和薯玉輪作,其蔗糖酶活性依次升高7.65%、35.71%和52.07%.脲酶活性與蔗糖酶活性變化趨勢相似.除玉薯輪作呈平穩(wěn)的趨勢外,其他處理呈緩慢上升趨勢.與播種前比較,成熟期脲酶活性分別升高18.84%、2.19%和32.23%.對于多酚氧化酶活性,除在塊莖膨大期不同處理間存在顯著差異外,在整個時間段內,各處理間多酚氧化酶活性差異不顯著.除薯玉輪作下多酚氧化酶活性升高3.21%外,其他處理分別降低3.5%和7.10%.過氧化氫酶主要來源于細菌、真菌以及植物根系的分泌物.它能解除過氧化氫的毒害作用.整個生育期,過氧化氫酶的活性變化很大,尤其以塊莖膨大期和成熟期為典型,塊莖膨大期內連作均顯著高于輪作的過氧化氫酶活性,而成熟期,結果正好相反,與播種前比較,除馬鈴薯連作降低10.83%,輪作處理分別升高4.85%和11.62%.說明,在播種前與苗期,根區(qū)土壤的酶活性變化差異不明顯,而后塊莖膨大期與成熟期時,根區(qū)土壤的酶活性發(fā)生劇烈改變.這時植株與土壤的作用強烈,以塊莖膨大期最為明顯,是影響馬鈴薯生長發(fā)育的重要時期.

3　討論與結論

在馬鈴薯連作下土壤全氮、全磷、全鉀均呈下降趨勢,與輪作處理比較,差異顯著.除薯玉輪作下全氮含量降低外,在薯玉、玉薯輪作下成熟期全氮、全磷、全鉀含量均升高,但兩者升高程度不同.玉薯輪作后全效養(yǎng)分高于薯玉輪作.這說明,在不同連作、輪作系統(tǒng)中,不同作物根系養(yǎng)分含量,及其根系分泌物產生自毒作用[14]和殘茬對土壤全效養(yǎng)分影響有所差異.速效養(yǎng)分變化與全效養(yǎng)分變化未表現(xiàn)出一致性,僅玉薯輪作下速效磷和薯玉輪作下速效鉀出現(xiàn)小幅升高,其他處理均急速下降,且馬鈴薯連作下降幅度高于其他處理.整個試驗時期內,土壤速效養(yǎng)分比全效養(yǎng)分變化快,全效養(yǎng)分更趨向穩(wěn)定狀態(tài).造成這種現(xiàn)象,可能是因為試驗取樣為根區(qū)土壤.經研究發(fā)現(xiàn),根區(qū)土壤與非根區(qū)土壤養(yǎng)分存在差異[15].根系是植株與土壤進行物質交換的活動中心,反應速度快,也更劇烈,從而影響土壤養(yǎng)分含量,產生差異.因而在生產實踐中,可考慮采用玉薯輪作方式解決馬鈴薯連作障礙問題.

土壤有機質是評價土壤肥力水平的一項重要指標.有機質含量高低影響土壤的結構性和保肥、供肥能力.此次試驗結果表明,不管是薯玉輪作還是玉薯輪作,其有機質消耗均高于馬鈴薯連作.這與前人的研究不一致[16 17],原因可能是在輪作系統(tǒng)中,其總生育時期均長于馬鈴薯連作,消耗的有機質多,同時馬鈴薯連作對土壤肥力消耗不大,對有機質含量影響較小.

土壤酶活性反映土壤中多種生物化學過程的強度和土壤養(yǎng)分轉化的強弱[18 19].在營養(yǎng)物質轉化、能量代謝、污染物質凈化和溫室氣體排放等過程中都發(fā)揮著十分重要的作用,因此土壤酶被認為是土壤生態(tài)過程的中心[15,18,20].在對設施蔬菜輪作的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)輪作土壤的脲酶、過氧化氫酶的活性顯著提高,有助于土壤分解有機化合物從而提高土壤肥力[21].本研究中,除馬鈴薯連作下過氧化氫酶活性降低,其他處理下蔗糖酶、脲酶和過氧化氫酶活性均升高,且輪作下根區(qū)土壤酶活性升高程度高于馬鈴薯連作.輪作系統(tǒng)下根區(qū)土壤酶活性均高于馬鈴薯連作下根區(qū)土壤酶活性.同時,在塊莖膨大期,各處理間根區(qū)酶活性差異明顯,造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因可能是不同作物種類對養(yǎng)分消耗量不同導致土壤殘留養(yǎng)分的差異,從而引起土壤各種酶活性的差異.且在生長旺盛期,土壤根系活動旺盛,與根區(qū)土壤養(yǎng)分作用劇烈,從而影響根區(qū)土壤酶活性大小.與連作系統(tǒng)相比,土壤酶活性對輪作系統(tǒng)效果更敏感[16,22-23],輪作向土壤中輸入的物質種類和數(shù)量要多,同時更有利于土壤的良性發(fā)育.

土壤多酚氧化酶能把土壤中芳香族化合物氧化成醌,醌與土壤中蛋白質、氨基酸、糖類、礦物等物質反應生成大小分子質量不等有機質和色素,完成土壤芳香族化合物循環(huán).多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)是由植物根系分泌、土壤微生物活動及動植物殘體分解等釋放的復合性酶,可降解土壤中酚類物質,減緩植物間的化感作用,也因此為優(yōu)勢植物擴大其生境創(chuàng)造條件[24 25].在本研究中,多酚氧化酶與其他酶活性變化趨勢不同.塊莖膨大期各個處理差異顯著,而其他時期差異不顯著.造成這種差異的原因可能是,在生長旺盛期,為減緩植物間的化感作用,根系分泌旺盛;同時可能玉米對化感物質不敏感,酶活性高,而馬鈴薯對化感物質敏感,酶活性低.在成熟期時,薯玉輪作的多酚氧化酶活性升高,馬鈴薯連作的多酚氧化酶活性降低幅度高于玉薯輪作.連作下土壤酶活性主要考慮與土壤肥力有關的蔗糖酶、脲酶、過氧化氫酶,對多酚氧化酶研究較少[8].本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),連作、輪作系統(tǒng)下多酚氧化酶活性存在差異,且差異顯著.因此,可考慮將土壤多酚氧化酶作為馬鈴薯連作障礙的指標之一,但這需要做進一步的驗證.

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收稿日期(Received):2015-07-10;接受日期(Accepted):2015-08-07;網(wǎng)絡出版日期(Published online):2016-01-19

*通信作者(

Corresponding author):鄭順林(http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-3477),E-mail:zhengshunlin123@163.com

基金項目:四川省科技廳科技支撐計劃項目(2012NZ0017);四川省育種攻關配套項目(2011NZ0098-15-5).

DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.07.103

中圖分類號S 532

文獻標志碼A