邱菊 張旭 付艷茹071000河北省保定市婦幼保健院兒科
阻斷法氣道阻力測定在兒童支氣管哮喘診療中的應(yīng)用
邱菊 張旭 付艷茹
071000河北省保定市婦幼保健院兒科
目的:通過對比支氣管哮喘患兒規(guī)范化治療前后肺氣道阻力和常規(guī)肺通氣功能指標(biāo)的變化,探討2項(xiàng)檢查改變的情況,明確阻斷技術(shù)測定氣道阻力(R int)和常規(guī)肺通氣功能的相關(guān)性。方法:收治哮喘患兒50例,采用肺功能測定系統(tǒng)分別于哮喘急性發(fā)作期、正規(guī)治療后緩解期行肺氣道阻力和常規(guī)肺通氣功能測定,比較各期實(shí)測值與預(yù)測值。結(jié)果:哮喘患兒急性發(fā)作期肺氣道阻力和常規(guī)肺通氣功能實(shí)測值均較預(yù)測值明顯升高,緩解期肺氣道阻力指標(biāo)恢復(fù)正常或接近正常。單阻斷法測定肺氣道阻力與常規(guī)肺功能對氣道狀況的反應(yīng)是一致的。結(jié)論:哮喘患兒的肺氣道阻力在急性期和緩解期存在特異性動(dòng)態(tài)變化,單阻斷法測定Raw與常規(guī)肺功能對氣道狀況的反應(yīng)是一致的,肺氣道阻力檢測在低齡兒童哮喘的診斷、療效及病情判斷方面具有良好的作用。本研究通過動(dòng)態(tài)分析哮喘患兒肺氣道阻力和常規(guī)肺通氣功能檢測預(yù)計(jì)值和實(shí)測值的變化,明確兒童哮喘與肺氣道阻力的關(guān)系。
氣道阻力;兒童;哮喘
2011年9月-2013年6月收治哮喘患兒50例,男27例,女23例,年齡4~9歲。均符合中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)兒科學(xué)分會(huì)呼吸學(xué)組2008年修訂的兒童哮喘診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]。于急性期及緩解期3個(gè)月行肺氣道阻力和常規(guī)肺通氣功能的測定。緩解期患兒按照哮喘防治指南中的療效判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),達(dá)到臨床控制后,結(jié)合患兒肺功能檢查結(jié)果,約每3個(gè)月進(jìn)行1次藥物降級。
儀器及藥品:采用法國SDR肺功能儀完成所有肺氣道阻力和常規(guī)肺通氣功能的測定;急性期霧化液為沙丁胺醇霧化溶液及布地奈德霧化液。緩解期根據(jù)兒童哮喘診療指南使用白三烯受體拮抗劑及(或)輔舒酮?dú)忪F劑。
檢測方法:測定過程嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行SDR肺功能測量儀操作標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由專業(yè)人員按照測量儀器程序要求規(guī)范操作。測定開始時(shí)通過計(jì)算機(jī)錄入患兒姓名、性別、年齡、身高及ID編碼等基本信息,應(yīng)用法國DR公司生產(chǎn)的SDR肺功能測定系統(tǒng)(Dyn'RSpirometer),測定前經(jīng)短時(shí)間簡單訓(xùn)練。阻力測定為經(jīng)口腔阻斷法,連續(xù)測定6次,得到測定值的平均數(shù),要求6次數(shù)據(jù)離散度20以內(nèi),如離散度較大,則需重新測定。常規(guī)肺通氣功能和氣道阻力主要檢測參數(shù):急性發(fā)作期用力肺活量(FVC)、1秒鐘用力呼氣量(FEV1)、FEV1%、中段呼氣流速(MMEF75/25)、Rint等,每一患兒得到FVC,F(xiàn)EV1,MEF 75/25,Rint數(shù)值。以上數(shù)值均由SDR肺功能測定系統(tǒng)軟件自動(dòng)計(jì)算得出,同時(shí)還記錄出各個(gè)測定值占預(yù)測值的百分比。
哮喘急性發(fā)作期患兒常規(guī)肺通氣功能以及肺氣道阻力實(shí)測值與預(yù)計(jì)值比較,見表1。
哮喘緩解期3個(gè)月患兒常規(guī)肺通氣功能與肺氣道阻力實(shí)測值與預(yù)計(jì)值比較,見表2。
表1 哮喘急性發(fā)作期患兒常規(guī)肺通氣功能以及肺氣道阻力實(shí)測值與預(yù)計(jì)值比較±s)
表1 哮喘急性發(fā)作期患兒常規(guī)肺通氣功能以及肺氣道阻力實(shí)測值與預(yù)計(jì)值比較±s)
肺通氣功能指標(biāo) 預(yù)計(jì)值(n=50) 實(shí)測值(n=50) P FVC(L) 1.69±0.39 1.40±0.40 <0.05 FEV1(L) 1.51±0.49 1.30±0.19 <0.05 FEV1(%) 84.32±0.48 82.10±6.40 >0.05 MMEF75/25(L/s) 2.09±0.59 1.19±0.42 <0.01肺氣道阻力Rint 0.452±0.365 1.064±0.845 <0.05
對哮喘患兒,特別是緩解期患兒,可以通過肺功能的檢測,了解哮喘控制情況,評估非感染性炎癥引起的生理變化,可指導(dǎo)用藥以及制定療程。其中肺常規(guī)通氣檢測多適用于5歲以上兒童,需要患兒良好的配合才能得出可信結(jié)果,而5歲以下兒童由于理解能力和配合能力的欠缺,不能很好配合,F(xiàn)EV1和PEF均易受主觀因素影響,準(zhǔn)確性較差,給臨床診斷帶來一定困難[2],故肺常規(guī)通氣功能檢測有一定的局限性。阻斷技術(shù)是在呼吸過程中給予一個(gè)短暫的阻斷,阻斷末瞬間肺泡內(nèi)壓與口腔開口壓立即會(huì)達(dá)到平衡,用氣道開口壓除以阻斷前瞬間的氣流速度即得氣道阻力[3]。此種方法測定氣道阻力為平靜呼吸時(shí)檢測,避免了用力呼吸在兒童操作中重復(fù)性差的不足,彌補(bǔ)了小年齡兒童肺功能檢測中的欠缺。沈春榮等將此方法應(yīng)用于2~5歲咳喘兒童中,認(rèn)為在低年齡兒童中有較大的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[4]。在阻斷技術(shù)中,重度阻塞、上氣道順應(yīng)性增高均會(huì)延長兩者平衡的時(shí)間,肺泡壓會(huì)被低估,重度阻塞的患者Rint會(huì)比實(shí)際低[5]。臨床上重度喘息的患兒急性期不建議檢測,在病情緩解后再行阻斷技術(shù)測定氣道阻力的檢測,可避免假陰性結(jié)果。
表2 哮喘緩解期3個(gè)月患兒常規(guī)肺通氣功能與肺氣道阻力實(shí)測值與預(yù)計(jì)值比較±s)
表2 哮喘緩解期3個(gè)月患兒常規(guī)肺通氣功能與肺氣道阻力實(shí)測值與預(yù)計(jì)值比較±s)
肺通氣功能指標(biāo) 預(yù)計(jì)值(n=50) 實(shí)測值(n=50) P FVC(L) 1.67±0.59 1.70±0.39 >0.05 FEV1(L) 1.51±0.49 1.49±0.74 >0.05 FEV1(%) 84.49±0.66 86.01±1.11 >0.05 MMEF75/25(L/s) 1.90±0.48 86.01±1.12 >0.05肺氣道阻力Rint 0.461±0.341 0.679±0.475 <0.01
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App lication of b locking m ethod determ ination of airw ay resistance in the diagnosis and treatm ent of bronchial asthm a in children
Qiu Ju,Zhang Xu,Fu Yanru
DepartmentofPediatrics,the Maternaland Child Health HospitalofBaoding City,HebeiProvince 071000
Objective:Through the comparision of the change of the index of pulmonary airway resistance and pulmonary ventilation function in children with bronchialasthma before and after the standardized treatment,to investigate the changesof the two tests,to clear correlations between determination of airway resistance blocking technology(Rint)and pulmonary ventilation function.Methods:50 cases of children with asthma were selected,using the pulmonary function test system,pulmonary airway resistance and pulmonary ventilation function were measured in the acute attack of asthma and remission stage after formal treatment.We compared themeasured and predicted valuesofeach period.Results:In acute attack period of childrenwith asthma, themeasured values of the lung airway resistance and pulmonary ventilation function were significantly higher than the predicted value,in remission,pulmonary airway resistance index was normal or nearly normal.The response of single block method for the determination of pulmonary airway resistance and pulmonary function was consistent.Conclusion:In children with asthma, pulmonary airway resistance had specific and dynamic changes in the acute stage and remission stage,the response ofsingle block method Raw for the determination of pulmonary airway resistance and pulmonary function was consistent,lung airway resistance detection had a good effecton the diagnosis ofasthma in young children,to judge the curative effectand the condition.This study clarified the relationship between childhood asthma and pulmonary airway resistance through dynamic analysis of the changes of the expected value and themeasured value of pulmonary airway resistance and pulmonary ventilation function in children with bronchialasthma.
Airway resistance;Children;Asthma
表1 1 227例兒童各組年齡段血鉛水平比較及鉛超標(biāo)、鉛中毒情況
10.3969/j.issn.1007-614x.2015.14.72