許慶輝 郭軍110000遼寧省沈陽維康醫(yī)院
母乳性黃疸新生兒92例臨床分析
許慶輝郭軍
110000遼寧省沈陽維康醫(yī)院
目的:總結(jié)母乳性黃疸綜合征的發(fā)病率及發(fā)病規(guī)律以及母乳性黃疸是否對新生兒神經(jīng)、精神系統(tǒng)發(fā)育有遠(yuǎn)期影響等。方法:研究對象必須完全符合母乳性黃疸的診斷依據(jù),足月兒、體重≥2 500 g,母乳無代謝疾病或感染性疾病,確診后每2 d測1次血清膽紅素。輕度感染黃疸臨床觀察;中度黃疸予以停止母乳喂養(yǎng)至黃疸減輕,以及之后繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng)的膽紅素水平觀察;血清未結(jié)合膽紅素≥342μmol/L時給予光療,并分為停止母乳喂養(yǎng)組及繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng)組,觀察兩組有無差異性,觀察母乳性黃疸的預(yù)后。結(jié)果:母乳性黃疸多發(fā)生在生后4~8 d,黃疸峰值多出現(xiàn)在生后2~3周,停母乳喂養(yǎng)48~72 h,黃疸指數(shù)可明顯下降,繼續(xù)哺乳黃疸可重復(fù)出現(xiàn),但不會達(dá)到原有水平。光療時停止母乳喂養(yǎng)組與繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng)組膽紅素下降速度差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。92例患兒中除3例有煩躁、哭鬧表現(xiàn)外,無一例核黃疸出現(xiàn),無神經(jīng)、精神系統(tǒng)損傷。結(jié)論:母乳性黃疸基本預(yù)后良好,應(yīng)提倡早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療。輕度母乳性黃疸可觀察,中度者可以暫停母乳喂養(yǎng),對于重度的患兒須光療,但不必要求停止母乳喂養(yǎng)。
高未結(jié)合膽紅素血癥;母乳性黃疸;光療;膽紅素峰值
我院在1996年2月-1999年2月3年間出生了704名新生兒,其母乳性黃疸的發(fā)病情況見表1。
研究對象為足月兒(>37周),體重>2 500 g,排除產(chǎn)婦患有代謝性疾病或感染性疾病,排除新生兒生理性黃疸、ABO溶血、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶缺乏癥、敗血癥、窒息等。確診患兒必須符合以下條件:①完全母乳喂養(yǎng),生后48 h出現(xiàn)黃疸,持續(xù)的時間>2周;②血清膽紅素以未結(jié)合膽紅素升高為主;③排除病理性黃疸;④除黃疸表現(xiàn)外其余發(fā)育正常;⑤停止母乳喂養(yǎng)3~5 d后黃疸減輕,繼續(xù)哺乳黃疸復(fù)現(xiàn)。92例患兒當(dāng)中,男孩53例,女孩39例。
表1 患兒母乳性黃疸的發(fā)病情況(例)
342μmol/L的41例患兒暫停母乳喂養(yǎng)2~4 d監(jiān)測膽紅素水平,前2 d膽紅素水平下降為(35±21)μmol/L,第4天下降為(80±5)μmol/L,如此時繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng)則黃疸又復(fù)發(fā)出現(xiàn),但膽紅素水平較原水平明顯下降;膽紅素≥342μmol/L的24例重度黃疸患兒給予光療,其中9例停用母乳喂養(yǎng),24 h膽紅素下降(62.5±29)mol/L,15例治療期間繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng),24 h膽紅素下降(61.5±35)mol/L(P>0.05),重癥母乳性黃疸患兒若使膽紅素峰值<205.2μmol/L,停止母乳喂養(yǎng)者所需光療時間(35±11)h,繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng)所需光療時間(36.5±10)h(P>0.05)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:母嬰血常規(guī)檢查均正常,肝功正常,血清膽紅素均以未結(jié)合膽紅素增高明顯。膽紅素出現(xiàn)的日齡:2~4 d 52例,5~9 d 38例,>9 d 2例;膽紅素峰值分布情況:≤205.2 μmol/L 27例;205.2~342μmol/L 41例;>342μmol/L 24例。
92例患兒黃疸消退的時間:2~3周23例,1~2個月45例,>2個月24例,其中3例患兒在黃疸峰值時,有哭鬧和煩躁的表現(xiàn),但無一例核黃疸。幾年來觀察無明顯神經(jīng)、精神系統(tǒng)受累。遠(yuǎn)期智力有無影響還有待觀察。
新生兒黃疸是新生兒期最常見的并發(fā)癥,尤其在生后2周內(nèi),大約50%的足月兒和80%的早產(chǎn)兒均可發(fā)生,近幾年來由于普及母嬰同室及母乳喂養(yǎng),我院的母乳性黃疸的發(fā)病率有逐年上升的趨勢,目前其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不十分清楚,一般認(rèn)為:①可能與患兒肝臟內(nèi)二磷酸尿苷葡萄糖醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶(UDPGT)受抑制有關(guān),Arias和Beran曾經(jīng)提出母乳的孕-3α、20β-二醇及非酯化脂肪酸競爭性抑制肝臟內(nèi)UDPGT致使未結(jié)合膽紅素轉(zhuǎn)化為結(jié)合膽紅素能力下降。②膽紅素腸肝循環(huán)增加,肝細(xì)胞攝取未結(jié)合膽紅素在UDPGT催化下,結(jié)合膽紅素隨膽汁分泌入小腸,結(jié)合膽紅素是酯化物,基本不被腸道黏膜吸收,母乳喂養(yǎng)可使葡萄糖醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶的酯鏈斷裂,大量產(chǎn)生未結(jié)合膽紅素,致使未結(jié)合膽紅素回吸收增加。③近來又有報道稱β-葡萄糖醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶增高是母乳性黃疸的重要原因。
根據(jù)我院近年來的研究,總結(jié)出母乳性黃疸的發(fā)生日齡多在4~8 d,黃疸峰值多發(fā)生在生后第3周,膽紅素范圍多在150~450μmol/L。對于輕、中度黃疸觀察治療時可以繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng),膽紅素濃度可以逐漸降低;對于重度黃疸兒要及時光療,停止母乳喂養(yǎng)與繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng)膽紅素下降速度無明顯差異。新生兒母乳性黃疸預(yù)后良好,無核黃疸發(fā)生。
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觀察及干預(yù):92例母乳性黃疸患兒均予以密切觀察,27例血清膽紅素≤205.2μmol/L的輕度黃疸兒繼續(xù)母乳喂養(yǎng),監(jiān)測膽紅素水平;膽紅素205.2~
Clinicalanalysison 92 newborn w ith breastm ilk jaundice
Xu Qinghui,GuoJun
Weikang HospitalofShenyang City,Liaoning Province 110000
Objective:Tomake a summary about the incidence ofmilk breast jaundice syndromeand pathogenesis regularity,and breastmilk jaundice whether has a long-term effect on neonatal nerve and spirit system development and so on.Methods:Main research object should be completely suitable with the diagnosis ofmike breast jaundice,full term,weight≥2 500 g,mothers also have nometabolic diseases or infectious diseases,babies need to be tested the serum bilirubin once after diagnosing every two days.Ifbabies infectmild jaundice,they should be observed clinically.Ifbabies infectmoderate jaundice,theirmothers should stop breastfeeding until jaundice alleviation.Then the level of bilirubin should be observed after continuing breastfeeding.Babies should take phototherapywhen serum does not combinewith bilirubin≥342μmol/L together.In this condition,itwas divided into two groups,breast feeding stopping group and breastfeeding continuity group,and we observed the differences of these two groups, and BMJ changes.Results:Babies usually have BMJ after they were born 4~8 d;jaundice is easy to appear a peak after 2~3 weeks.If breastfeeding could be stopped 48~72 h,jaundice should be obvious reduce.Ifmothers continue to breastfeed babies, jaundice would be appearance again.But jaundice cannot reach the previous level.There have no obvious differences(P>0.05)between breastfeeding stopping group and breastfeeding continuity group on the speed ofbilirubin decrease.In 92 children cases, except three irritable and crying babies,noboby has nuclear jaundice,and nerve and spiritsystem damage.Conclusion:In basic,it is a good phenomenon aboutbreastmilk jaundice changes.Nevertheless,breastmilk jaundice needs to be found and treatmentearly.Mild BMJ patientsmight be observed clinically;moderate patients should stop breastfeeding temporarily;severe patientsmust acceptphototherapy,butmothers do notneed to stop breastfeeding.
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia;Breastmilk jaundice;Phototherapy;Bilirubin peak資料與方法
10.3969/j.issn.1007-614x.2015.12.41