節(jié)能減排、重復(fù)使用、回收利用
——可持續(xù)冬奧會(huì)的關(guān)鍵因素

杰倫特·約翰，杰瑞·安德森/Geraint John, Jerry Anderson

徐知蘭 譯/Translated by XU Zhilan

節(jié)能減排、重復(fù)使用、回收利用
——可持續(xù)冬奧會(huì)的關(guān)鍵因素

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: The Key to a Sustainable Winter Olympics

杰倫特·約翰，杰瑞·安德森/Geraint John, Jerry Anderson

徐知蘭 譯/Translated by XU Zhilan

1 維爾2015年世界錦標(biāo)賽/Vail 2015 World Championships

2 都靈冬奧會(huì)/Torino Winter Olympics（圖片來(lái)源/Credit: Dave Black）

3 丹佛空中大跳躍活動(dòng)/Denver Big Air（圖片來(lái)源/Credit: Camara Photography）

針對(duì)這項(xiàng)在全球最大的城市之間開展的全世界最龐大的賽事，博普樂(lè)思建筑事務(wù)所的項(xiàng)目策劃團(tuán)隊(duì)利用其在賽事運(yùn)作方面的專業(yè)背景為上百萬(wàn)來(lái)訪者提供了他們的體驗(yàn)。我們理解賽事錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的各個(gè)方面，也理解整體設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)營(yíng)的重要性，只有這樣才能讓普通觀眾和愛(ài)好者們獲得銜接平順的體驗(yàn)，也能讓各座城市的社區(qū)獲得積極的回報(bào)。

我們已經(jīng)在全球完成了2000多個(gè)項(xiàng)目，親手策劃和監(jiān)督完成的大型項(xiàng)目包括12屆奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)、5屆國(guó)際足球聯(lián)盟世界杯、31屆美國(guó)橄欖球超級(jí)碗大賽和橄欖球世界杯賽。尤其是奧運(yùn)會(huì)最近已成為萬(wàn)眾矚目的體育盛會(huì)，其組委會(huì)也在將奧運(yùn)會(huì)組織成真正可持續(xù)發(fā)展賽事的道路上大幅前進(jìn)，這一切不僅通過(guò)建成環(huán)境，也通過(guò)運(yùn)營(yíng)機(jī)制和對(duì)賽后遺產(chǎn)的策劃得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。

作為賽事策劃者，我們不僅具有更多的道德責(zé)任，也更經(jīng)常與政府組織的法律法規(guī)和體育賽事主辦方的官方指令產(chǎn)生密切的聯(lián)系——例如，倡導(dǎo)可持續(xù)發(fā)展《奧林匹克2020議程》或國(guó)際足球聯(lián)盟的“綠色目標(biāo)倡議”等，都更進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了圍繞重大項(xiàng)目展開的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的投入。

冬奧會(huì)作為研究如何籌備、設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)行一項(xiàng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目的對(duì)象也非常有趣。由于運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目、氣候、形式與賽程等賽事特點(diǎn)與夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)的要求迥然不同，冬奧會(huì)的室外賽場(chǎng)更傾向于使用臨時(shí)設(shè)施——而不是新的永久觀眾席建筑。這也由此讓冬奧會(huì)本身成為一項(xiàng)更有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)重復(fù)使用和更為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的活動(dòng)。在過(guò)去的10年里，我們也同樣見(jiàn)證并參與了越來(lái)越多符合綠色建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的永久奧運(yùn)場(chǎng)館的建設(shè)，當(dāng)時(shí)臨時(shí)設(shè)施尚不在考慮范圍內(nèi)。由于我們理解并設(shè)計(jì)了幾十個(gè)符合綠色建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的場(chǎng)館設(shè)施，將綠色元素納入到我們的設(shè)計(jì)中是我們的第二天性。

考慮到賽事本身的特點(diǎn)，我們廣泛的研究和經(jīng)驗(yàn)都表明，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基本原則——節(jié)能減排、重復(fù)使用、回收利用——可以推廣到所有的設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域，包括冬季賽事的場(chǎng)館。

節(jié)能減排

設(shè)計(jì)效率在可持續(xù)發(fā)展建筑中具有至關(guān)重要的作用。創(chuàng)新的輕質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)將減少所需的建筑材料數(shù)量，并使用在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中減少排放CO2的材料。這樣既減少了總體能耗，也節(jié)約了建設(shè)成本；材料越少，設(shè)計(jì)越簡(jiǎn)單，就能節(jié)省越多的能源和資金。

我們也同樣考慮了可持續(xù)、可回收利用以及來(lái)自本土的建筑材料。例如，木材就比鋼材更易加工。它通常都能在本地獲得，并形成巧妙而簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。其他的考慮因素還包括交通運(yùn)輸和地形環(huán)境這兩方面。就前者而言，海運(yùn)消耗的能源最少，空運(yùn)能耗最多。在建設(shè)施工的方面，最佳方案是利用現(xiàn)有地形，比如將平臺(tái)建在山坡上。

為了達(dá)到其他方面的節(jié)能減排效果，可持續(xù)的設(shè)計(jì)也應(yīng)該關(guān)注如何最大程度減少能耗的措施，如可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)建筑和玻璃幕墻朝向、建筑圍合結(jié)構(gòu)的有效隔熱，以及安裝自然通風(fēng)管道、熒光燈管和可調(diào)節(jié)遮陽(yáng)板等措施來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。通過(guò)這些措施的引進(jìn)，我們可以在整體上有效地利用建筑各部分的高效管理系統(tǒng)，以滿足復(fù)雜而不斷變化的要求。

盡管物理空間的設(shè)施是我們實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要手段，卻并非可持續(xù)策劃的主導(dǎo)要素。仔細(xì)考慮一下，冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)將會(huì)持續(xù)兩周，而在此期間將有幾百萬(wàn)觀眾到場(chǎng)。我們不得不考慮如何才能減少實(shí)際消耗的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。我們要如何管理人們觀看賽事、參加比賽和在其中工作的過(guò)程，讓他們成為可持續(xù)發(fā)展措施的一部分呢？

我們對(duì)賽事進(jìn)行整體設(shè)計(jì)、策劃和考慮運(yùn)作方法，并為此打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。為了減少對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，并反過(guò)來(lái)減少賽事的碳足跡，我們提出了一種將會(huì)帶來(lái)深遠(yuǎn)影響的創(chuàng)造性提議。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，我們會(huì)提出建議實(shí)施一項(xiàng)植樹計(jì)劃，以幫助減少碳排放，或采用可再生能源減少能耗。在考慮賽后遺產(chǎn)的問(wèn)題時(shí)，這個(gè)方法至關(guān)重要。舉辦賽事的國(guó)家常常在太陽(yáng)能板或相關(guān)技術(shù)方面有明確的激勵(lì)機(jī)制，它為我們的賽事客戶提供支付能源賬單的信用。其他的替代能源激勵(lì)策略，如“風(fēng)信用”，則鼓勵(lì)使用風(fēng)能科技為賽事提供能源。

對(duì)冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)而言，水分保持也非常關(guān)鍵，因?yàn)楹馁M(fèi)巨大——需要消耗大量的水資源和電能——在整個(gè)賽事過(guò)程中就需要生產(chǎn)好幾噸雪。未來(lái)冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)將使用更多替代能源來(lái)生產(chǎn)比賽用雪，并將找到獨(dú)特的方法建立和覆蓋蓄水池，以確保水分不會(huì)因蒸發(fā)而流失。

其他方面的努力，包括鼓勵(lì)、規(guī)劃能夠完成大規(guī)模運(yùn)輸?shù)幕A(chǔ)設(shè)施將成為賽事的關(guān)鍵因素。這是一個(gè)極大減少賽事本身對(duì)環(huán)境影響的契機(jī)。

重復(fù)使用

冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)可以有許多方式實(shí)現(xiàn)重復(fù)使用的策略——包括從對(duì)現(xiàn)有場(chǎng)館的重復(fù)使用，到賽事結(jié)束后調(diào)整其中部分設(shè)施的使用功能。

For the world's largest events, in the world's biggest cities, Populous' event planning team uses its technical expertise of event operations to shape millions of visitors' experiences. We understand the intricacies of the event and the importance of a holistic approach to the design and operations of events so that fans and viewers have a seamless experience and cities are able to see the positive returns for their community.

We've worked on more than 2000 projects across the globe and had our hand in planning and overseeing major events including 12 Olympic Games, 5 FIFA World Cups, 31 Super Bowls and the Rugby World Cup. The Olympic Games, in particular, have come into the spotlight recently as the Organizing Committees have taken strides to create truly sustainable events, both through the built environment, operational efforts and planning for the post-games legacy.

As event planners, not only do we have a moral responsibility to do this, but often we adhere to legislation from government organisations and directives from sport's governing bodies–Olympic Agenda 2020, for example, or FIFA's Green Goal initiative–that help further drive sustainable efforts surrounding major events.

The Winter Olympics serve as an interesting study as to how to prepare, design and operate a sustainable event. Because of the nature of the Games, which differs in many ways due to sport, climate, topography, and program from the Summer Olympics requirements, the Winter Olympics outdoor venues tend to be made up of more temporary facilities–rather than new, permanent spectator structures. This inherently lends itself to a more reusable and more sustainable event. In the past decade, we've also seen and been involved with the proliferation of permanent Olympic buildings that are designed to subscribe to LEED standards when temporary facilities aren't an option. Since we understand and have designed dozens of LEED certified facilities, incorporating green attributes into our designs is second nature.

Because of the nature of the general principals of sustainability – reduce, reuse and recycle – can be applied to all areas of design, including the architecture of winter sport.

Reduce

Design efficiency is crucial in developing sustainable structures. Innovative lightweight structures will reduce the amount of building material required, and make use of materials that produce less CO2when manufactured. This reduces both the overall embodied energy and financial costs; the less material and the simpler the designs, the more you save in energy and money.

We can also consider sustainable, recycled and locally sourced materials. Wood, for example, is much easier to manipulate than steel. It can usually be sourced locally, and developed into clever but simple structural solutions. Other factors to be considered include transportation and topography. In the first instance sea freight uses the least embodied energy and air freight uses the most. When it comes to construction, it is best to work with the existing lie of the land, for example, building terracing onto the natural slope of a mountain.

To achieve other savings, sustainable design should also look to minimise heating through considered building and glazing orientation, effective building envelope insulation, and installation of natural ventilation shafts, light tubes and adaptable solar shading. By introducing these measures, we can incorporate the effective use of efficient building management systems to meet complex fluctuating demand.

While the physical facilities play a role in our approach to sustainability, they are by no means the dominant component of our sustainability plan. Consider this – the Winter Olympics last for two weeks and welcom millions of visitors in that time. We are challenged to look at how we reduce the actual operational costs. How do we handle the people visiting, attending and working the Games so they are part of our approach to sustainability?

Our holistic approach to the design, planning and operations of the event allows us to be on the ground floor. To reduce the environmental impact, and in turn, the event's carbon footprint, we come up with creative suggestions with a longterm impact. For example, we'll recommend a tree planting program to assist in reducing CO2emissions, or renewable energy sources to reduce energy demands. When considering the postgames legacy, this approach is critical. Often, there are clear incentives through the state or country where the games are hosted to invest in solar panels or technology that offers our event clients credits against their energy bills. Other alternative energy incentives, like Wind Credits, encourage the use of wind generation technology to power events.

For the Winter Olympics, water retention is critical, as it is costly – in both water and electricity–to produce the tons of snow used during the course of the event. Future Winter Olympics will be much more tuned into alternative energy use to produce snow and finding unique ways to incorporate retention ponds and the ability to cover these ponds to ensure water isn't lost due to evaporation.

4 倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)開幕式/London Opening Ceremony

5 倫敦2012年奧運(yùn)會(huì)沙灘排球場(chǎng)地/London 2012 Beach Volleyball Arena

應(yīng)該可以理解，重復(fù)使用現(xiàn)存場(chǎng)館是最可持續(xù)的選擇。在規(guī)劃一座新建筑時(shí)，當(dāng)務(wù)之急是要調(diào)查清楚能否重新使用現(xiàn)存的建筑，是否能夠進(jìn)行重新裝修，甚至進(jìn)行大幅度的重新設(shè)計(jì)?？晒┲匦率褂玫慕ㄖ?duì)于舉辦一次性體育賽事的城市而言——如奧運(yùn)會(huì)——也尤為重要。由于這些建筑可進(jìn)行多次使用，并且比永久性建筑更加輕質(zhì)，因此它們能夠在建設(shè)和運(yùn)輸環(huán)節(jié)中節(jié)約大量能源。

如果新建筑的建設(shè)必不可少，我們也必須將它們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)得更為靈活，以便在其中舉辦所有類型的賽事，并且每年至少能夠運(yùn)營(yíng)一定天數(shù)。這樣的策略不僅與夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)關(guān)系密切，對(duì)于其他專門為一支團(tuán)體或一座城市設(shè)計(jì)的、更為傳統(tǒng)的體育場(chǎng)館而言也十分重要。如果一座體育館能夠容納完全不同類型的賽事，如橄欖球或棒球比賽，同時(shí)也能舉辦流行音樂(lè)會(huì)或大型集會(huì)，它就能因?yàn)檫@種更高效利用能源的方式成為終其一生都更可持續(xù)的建筑。

如果（由于缺少現(xiàn)成的體育場(chǎng)館而）無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)直接的重復(fù)使用，或（由于觀賽視線不佳或看臺(tái)踏步進(jìn)深不合適等建筑結(jié)構(gòu)或空間設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題而）不適合進(jìn)行重復(fù)使用，也可以采取其他的方式，包括建設(shè)能夠拆除并事后在別處重新組裝的臨時(shí)建筑或賽場(chǎng)。

臨時(shí)建筑被統(tǒng)稱為“覆蓋設(shè)計(jì)”，它們將現(xiàn)有設(shè)施與臨時(shí)設(shè)施組合在一起，以對(duì)場(chǎng)館或場(chǎng)地的最佳利用為目標(biāo)，實(shí)現(xiàn)一場(chǎng)賽事的有效運(yùn)作。覆蓋設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程，能夠幫助形成一項(xiàng)賽事的運(yùn)行策劃，在外觀和功能之間、永久建筑和臨時(shí)設(shè)施之間找到平衡。

臨時(shí)搭建的模塊化看臺(tái)結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于一次性賽事接待的觀眾流量。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，2012年的倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)體育館在奧運(yùn)會(huì)開賽期間容納了8萬(wàn)名觀眾，并能夠在今年秋天結(jié)束后減少為5.4萬(wàn)名觀眾的容量。與此類似的是，2014年韓國(guó)仁川主辦亞洲杯足球賽的主場(chǎng)館容納了7萬(wàn)名觀眾，但其容量最終會(huì)減少到3萬(wàn)人，并成為一座供當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)使用的公園。索契奧運(yùn)會(huì)的奧運(yùn)場(chǎng)館設(shè)計(jì)則通過(guò)使用臨時(shí)租用的座椅將原先3萬(wàn)座的規(guī)模擴(kuò)大到賽時(shí)4.5萬(wàn)座的規(guī)模。

回收利用

回收利用的關(guān)鍵作用貫穿整個(gè)過(guò)程，并對(duì)于從賽事策劃到物理空間設(shè)施的運(yùn)營(yíng)而言都至關(guān)重要。在建設(shè)、運(yùn)營(yíng)和必要條件下的拆除過(guò)程中，回收利用材料能夠極大減少能源的消耗。

由于夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)都需要消耗大量水資源用于灌溉草坪和衛(wèi)生清潔，水資源的回收利用和保護(hù)就變得尤為關(guān)鍵。體育館的屋頂通常都是非常理想的雨水收集設(shè)施。例如，在悉尼的澳洲體育館，從屋頂收集的雨水被用于沖洗廁所和灌溉球場(chǎng)。在像卡塔爾國(guó)家會(huì)議中心這樣的會(huì)場(chǎng)設(shè)施里，中水收集系統(tǒng)被用于低速噴淋供水，以減少水資源的使用。

像鋼材、鋁、玻璃和混凝土這樣的材料也同樣可以回收利用。用于結(jié)構(gòu)體系的鋼材名列這份清單首位，也是最常見(jiàn)的可回收材料之一，因?yàn)榫珶掍摰纳a(chǎn)需要耗費(fèi)大量能源。事實(shí)上，在全球范圍內(nèi)，有60%的結(jié)構(gòu)鋼材都得到了回收利用——大約每年回收利用4.4億噸鋼，相當(dāng)于每天回收利用150座埃菲爾鐵塔。

在對(duì)賽事中的回收利用進(jìn)行評(píng)估時(shí)，我們與環(huán)境管理者展開了緊密合作，針對(duì)使賽事盡可能符合可持續(xù)發(fā)展主題的議題，共同形成了一份全面的計(jì)劃。這項(xiàng)工作經(jīng)常涉及到一項(xiàng)重要的回收利用計(jì)劃，我們建議也作為他們可持續(xù)發(fā)展實(shí)踐的組成部分。它要求我們必須在溝通方面投入精力，并鼓勵(lì)體育比賽愛(ài)好者也加入到這項(xiàng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展方案中。挪威的利勒哈默爾曾因1994年使用可食用餐盤的措施舉世聞名，同樣人盡皆知的是，利勒哈默爾也曾在比賽舉辦期間限制居民在市區(qū)內(nèi)駕駛小汽車，以減少對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。這些姿態(tài)與一項(xiàng)規(guī)模更大且十分復(fù)雜的計(jì)劃進(jìn)行對(duì)話，這些計(jì)劃還考慮了賽后長(zhǎng)期遺產(chǎn)的問(wèn)題——從大規(guī)模的場(chǎng)館建筑到提供餐飲服務(wù)的方式等——它也是奧運(yùn)會(huì)開始真正采用綠色方式的標(biāo)志?！?/p>

6 覆蓋設(shè)計(jì)/Overlay Kit of Parts

7 溫哥華2010年冬奧會(huì)/Vancouver 2010

8 倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)主賽場(chǎng)London Olympic Stadium（4-8 圖片來(lái)源/ Credit: Populous）

9 倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)主賽場(chǎng)的賽后改造/Transformed London Olympic Stadium（圖片來(lái)源/Credit: Morley von Sternberg）

10 仁川亞運(yùn)會(huì)賽時(shí)模式/Incheon Asian Games Mode

11 仁川亞運(yùn)會(huì)賽后模式/Incheon Legacy Mode（10.11 圖片來(lái)源/Credit: Populous）

12 索契冬奧會(huì)開幕式/Sochi Opening Ceremony（圖片來(lái)源/ Credit: Korean Olympic Committee）

Other efforts, like encouraging and planning for the infrastructure that allows for mass transit to be a critical component of the event is key. It's an opportunity to drastically reduce the environmental impact of the event itself.

Reuse

Reuse can be implemented throughout a Winter Olympics in many fashions – from reusing existing stadia to repurposing parts and pieces used for overlay after the event ends.

Reusing existing stadia is, understandably, the most sustainable option. When planning a new building, the first thing to investigate is whether an existing building can be reused, refurbished or even given a radical redesign. Reusable structures are particularly useful for cities staging one-off sports events such as the Olympic Games. Since they can be used several times, and are lighter in weight than permanent buildings, they save enormous amounts of energy in both construction and transportation.

If a new building is necessary, we must design them to have greater flexibility so they can stage all types of events, and operate numerous days a year. This is as relevant for Summer and Winter games as it is for other, more traditional sports venues designed for a team or city. A stadium that can welcome sports as disparate as rugby or baseball, and stage pop concerts or large meetings, will be a more sustainable building over its life thanks to a more efficient use of its embodied energy.

When straight reuse isn't possible (because there is no pre-existing venue) or suitable (because of structural or physical problems like poor sight lines or terrace tread depths), other solutions, such as temporary structures or venues that can be disassembled and later reassembled elsewhere, are possible.

Temporary structures are generally called "overlay design", and they combine existing and temporary elements for the best use of a venue or site to enable efficient operation of an event. Overlay design is a dynamic process that helps to define the operational plan of an event, one that finds the balance between appearance and functionality as well as permanent and temporary components.

Temporary modular grandstand structures can also be employed to cater for a one-off influx of spectators. For example, the 2012 London Olympic Stadium, held 80,000 during the Games, and will have a reduced capacity of 54,000 once complete this autumn. Similarly, the main stadium for the 2014 Asian Games in the South Korean city of Incheon initially held 70,000 spectators, but will eventually shrink to a capacity of 30,000 and become a park for the local community. The Olympic Stadium for the Sochi Games was designed to increase its permanent capacity of 30,000 seats up to a Games time capacity of 45,000 using temporary rental seats.

Recycle

Recycling is crucial throughout the process and spans from the event planning and operations to the physical structures that support it. Through construction, operation, and when necessary, demolition, recycled materials can massively reduce embodied energy.

It's crucial to recycle and conserve the water used during the Summer or Winter Olympics since huge quantities are needed for irrigation and sanitation.The stadium roof is often ideal for collecting rainwater. For example, at ANZ Stadium in Sydney, rainwater collected from the roof is used to flush toilets and irrigate the pitch. At convention centers like Qatar National Convention Centre, a greywater capture system feeds low-flow showers to reduce water usage.

Materials such as steel, aluminium, glass and concrete can and should also be recycled. Structural steel is at the top of this list, and one of the most commonly recycled materials, because virgin steel requires huge amounts of energy to create. In fact, worldwide, 60% of structural material is recycled –around 440 million tonnes are recycled every year –the equivalent of 150 Eiffel Towers every day!

When evaluating how to recycle during the event, we work closely with environmental managers to coauthor an extensive plan looking at opportunities to make the event as sustainable as possible. Often, this involves a significant recycling program that we suggest as part of their sustainable practices. This requires some communication efforts and encourages fans to be part of the sustainable solution. Lillehammer famously used edible plates in 1994, and was also known for preventing residents from driving within the city during the games to reduce impact. These gestures speak to a larger, sophisticated plan that considers the long term legacy of the games – from massive structures to the way food is served – and is the sign of a truly green approach to the Olympic Games.□

博普樂(lè)思建筑事務(wù)所/Populous

2015-08-30