玉樹(shù)州行政中心，青海，中國(guó)

玉樹(shù)州行政中心，青海，中國(guó)

Yushu Administrative Center, Qinghai, China, 2014

1 州政府主樓/Main building of State government

青海玉樹(shù)位于青藏高原腹地，玉樹(shù)地震災(zāi)后重建活動(dòng)是迄今人類(lèi)在高海拔的生命禁區(qū)開(kāi)展的最大規(guī)模災(zāi)后重建，該項(xiàng)目是玉樹(shù)地震災(zāi)后重建的十大重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目之一。在前期對(duì)藏區(qū)院子的調(diào)研中，建筑師發(fā)現(xiàn)藏式建筑院落空間組合多樣、變化無(wú)窮，往往有較為明顯的高差變化，追求縱向延伸、依托于整體山勢(shì)益顯氣勢(shì)磅礴，形成院中有院、步行景異、高低變幻、錯(cuò)落有致的空間序列。在藏式建筑內(nèi)部，廊院依次遞接、疏密有致，尺度宜人，個(gè)體和環(huán)境形成一種默契的對(duì)話，巧妙地與自然景觀相融合。藏民在這樣的院子中一邊唱著歌一邊干著活，建筑是在這種情緒中營(yíng)建出來(lái)的，這些正是建筑師所追求的感人場(chǎng)所。

玉樹(shù)州行政中心有兩個(gè)特質(zhì)：一是藏文化中的宗山意象，要有一種權(quán)力的象征；二是通過(guò)藏式院落表達(dá)的當(dāng)代行政建筑需在內(nèi)涵上親民。這兩者是有矛盾的，如何解決就是我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的要點(diǎn)。建筑整體的調(diào)子淡雅質(zhì)樸，不凸顯宗教色彩，通過(guò)整體造型和空間院落表達(dá)上述兩方面特質(zhì)。設(shè)計(jì)的特點(diǎn)是含蓄中顯力度，親切又不失威嚴(yán)。

作為“雪”的院子

建筑設(shè)計(jì)方案吸取了藏式“宗山”建筑的特點(diǎn)，從地域特征、民族歷史文化中尋找建筑的原型?！白凇睘榕f制中西藏地方政府的行政機(jī)構(gòu)，由于當(dāng)時(shí)西藏政教一體，宗和宗教結(jié)合十分緊密，“宗”建立在山頭之上，也就形成了“宗山”。宗山周?chē)袑訉盈B疊的附屬用房環(huán)繞，形成鮮明的層次和豐富的水平肌理，稱(chēng)為“雪”。設(shè)計(jì)方案充分利用地形高差勾勒富有趣味和內(nèi)涵的院落空間：陽(yáng)光投入靜謐的內(nèi)院，落在石子鋪成的吉祥紋樣上；在大樹(shù)庇佑下的院子里觀賞藍(lán)天下的普措達(dá)澤神山；在帶有康巴藏族風(fēng)格的花窗前感受心靈的滌蕩。主體建筑位于中央，莊嚴(yán)挺拔，作為“雪”的院落層疊交錯(cuò)，尺度宜人?！白凇薄把毕嘤?，烘托出建筑群體的氣勢(shì)。

柱廊的表達(dá)

玉樹(shù)州行政中心的柱廊，賦予院子空間以敘事性。這是一種發(fā)自內(nèi)心的表達(dá)，表達(dá)的是一種氛圍和意境，一種場(chǎng)所感。無(wú)論是入口處開(kāi)放式的文化展廊，還是層層上升的臺(tái)地院落、半開(kāi)放的休憩庭院等，構(gòu)成了連續(xù)而又獨(dú)特的空間體驗(yàn)。在柱廊穿行可以看見(jiàn)保留的州委小樓、歷屆書(shū)記種植的小樹(shù)林、遠(yuǎn)方的結(jié)古寺、一個(gè)又一個(gè)的內(nèi)部庭院。特別是行政中心入口讓內(nèi)部院落開(kāi)向德吉娘神山和扎曲河圣水，自然地串接起城市與建筑之間的聯(lián)系。人們穿行柱廊的過(guò)程中，歷史的故事和個(gè)體感受，串聯(lián)起各種偶然“事件”的微觀敘事，自動(dòng)生成出內(nèi)涵豐富、可讀性強(qiáng)的場(chǎng)所。

水院“玉樹(shù)”

位處三江源的玉樹(shù)院落怎能沒(méi)有水景？在本方案的院落空間中因地制宜地布置一些水院，水院倒映出周邊的自然環(huán)境，也倒映出建筑上富有藏式意味的牛角窗框和邊瑪墻。玉樹(shù)氣候嚴(yán)寒干燥，樹(shù)木生長(zhǎng)十分緩慢，當(dāng)?shù)孛恳豢么髽?shù)都可以稱(chēng)之為“玉樹(shù)”。在本項(xiàng)目場(chǎng)地中有結(jié)古鎮(zhèn)上為數(shù)不多的高大喬木，十分珍貴。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)這些樹(shù)木的位置和冠徑仔細(xì)核實(shí)，并在設(shè)計(jì)中予以保留，所有建筑都對(duì)它們進(jìn)行避讓?zhuān)w現(xiàn)出對(duì)環(huán)境的尊重。水靜風(fēng)平，玉樹(shù)相映，構(gòu)成一幅優(yōu)美的雪域高原“林卡”意象。

2 水院倒映的保留樹(shù)木和遠(yuǎn)山/Water reflection of preserved trees and far mountains

當(dāng)?shù)亟?gòu)

在項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)和施工過(guò)程中，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)30多批次赴玉樹(shù)藏區(qū)實(shí)地調(diào)研，并積極向藏學(xué)研究專(zhuān)家和當(dāng)?shù)毓そ硨W(xué)習(xí)請(qǐng)教，在現(xiàn)代建筑技術(shù)和工藝條件下最大程度上尊重藏區(qū)當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)俗文化，體現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)匚拿}特色。寺廟喇嘛制作的“玻璃尕層”，是對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)夭貐^(qū)窗戶的抽象表達(dá)。當(dāng)?shù)毓そ称鲋呐哑鰤K，體現(xiàn)了藏式建筑的厚重粗礦。采用涂料拉毛處理的女兒墻，既富有邊瑪草的韻味又符合當(dāng)代工藝。藏區(qū)婦女鋪砌卵石鋪地，一邊歡唱一邊工作。這樣的地方建構(gòu)賦予建筑群落生命力和情緒，營(yíng)建出超越視覺(jué)的空間感受。

青藏高原的大開(kāi)大闔，雪域神山的鬼斧神工，鑄就了藏區(qū)建筑的雄渾品質(zhì)。巍巍昆侖山，茫茫唐古拉，在大自然壯美面前，建筑師對(duì)神山圣水一直秉持敬畏之心。在普措達(dá)澤山下，藏式院子和神山、圣水、玉樹(shù)融為一體，創(chuàng)建和自然、歷史、未來(lái)可能的對(duì)話?！?/p>

3 總平面/Site plan

4 州政府入口/State government entrance

Located in Qinghai province, Yushu lies in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The post-disaster reconstruction of Yushu was the largest ever high-altitude reconstruction project in human history. At the beginning of the research of Tibetan courtyards, the architects found that they often have diverse patterns, significant changes in elevations, and are typically extended longitudinally. With these features, combined with their unique geographical location, the Tibetan courtyards look magnificent. Inside these buildings, the courtyards are one after another with considerable density and size. these features and the environment perfectly fit together, harmoniously coexisting with the natural setting. Tibetans sing and work in these courtyards. Buildings, created in a harmonious and warm atmosphere, is the object of which architects pursue.

The Yushu Administrative Center can be described in as two words: "power" and "civilian". "Power" means that the building acts as an administrative symbol. "Civilian" means that the government must be close to its people. As the matter of fact, these two words usually contradict each other. How to solve this contradiction is what we focused on in this design. Basically, the building's style should be simple and elegant. Religious symbolism should be avoided. In this case, the characteristics of "power" and "civilian" can be expressed through the design of the building's courtyards and its overall massing. All in all, the design should be modest but powerful at the same time.

Courtyard named "snow"

The design is based on the Tibetan Dzong typology, and we examined these precedent buildings due to local geographical and cultural characteristics and the historic Tibetan culture. In the past, Dzongs acted as the administrative centers of Tibetan local governments. Government and religion were tightly related, due to the fact that back then, the Tibetan government integrated temporal and spiritual power. In the past, Dzongs were built on the tops of mountains, a so-called "Dzong Mountain". There were many of attached houses surrounding each Dzong Mountain, these formed into a distinct hierarchy of levels and a diverse horizontal texture. The houses around a Dzong Mountain were known as snow. Our design made full use of changes in elevation, so as to present a fun and interesting nature to the building. We intended to convey an experience, whose narrative is as follows. "the sun shines brightly on the quiet courtyard, making the texture of paths made of pebbles glitter. Enjoy Potatso Mountain, which is embedded in the blue sky, under the shadow of the big tree in the courtyard. Feel your heart which is touched by the beauty of Tibetan style window design. The main building lies in the middle surrounded by the courtyard called snow."

The expression of the colonnade

In the Yushu Administrative Center, The colonnade seems to tell a story to us, which was written from the heart and represents the atmosphere and mood of the space. The entrance, featuring a the culture exhibition gallery, the platform courtyard, and the semi-open courtyard constitute a continuous space that intends to bring people unique feelings. Walking along the colonnade, we can see the previous government building, the distant JieGu Temple, groves of trees that previous Secretaries planted, and internal courtyards placed one after another. the entrance of the government office faces DeJiNiang mountain and the ZhaQu river, reinforcing the natural connection between the city and the building. As people walk through the colonnade, their individual feelings and historical stories string together and become parts of a length narrative.

Yushu courtyard with water

Since Qinghai is located at the source of three rivers (the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Mekong River), there should obviously be a water feature. Within the courtyard spaces, we provided water features according to the local conditions, which reflect the natural environment, the Tibetan oxhorn window frames, and the Bianma grass wall. In Yushu, the weather is cold and dry, and these trees grow very slowly, so every big tree can also be called "Yushu". There are a small number of mature trees located throughout the site, which are very precious. Our design team did careful research on their position, as well as the diameters of their crowns. these trees would be preserved and the complex avoided them to show our respect to nature. the tranquil waters and the bright trees have created a beautiful snowfield "LingKa (garden)" image.

5 西配院水景/Water scenery at western courtyard

Locally Constructed

In the process of program design and construction, our team traveled to the Yushu Tibetan area more than thirty times for field surveys, and to consult Tibetan historians and local artisans. Within the limits of modern architectural technology and technique, we respected the local customs and exhibited local cultural characteristics. The traditional window lintels, handcrafted by Buddhist monks, implicity express the local Tibetan style. The building blocks were made by local craftsmen, and reflect the massive Tibetan architecture. Parapets were decorated by paint, and have the combined charm of Bianma grass and contemporary technology. Tibetan women enjoyed singing while paving the pebble floor. The construction process provided the building as well as the surrounding community with a kind of vitality and emotion that is more profound than mere visual stimulation.

The beauty of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is a wonder of nature, which also contributes to the elegance of the Tibetan style of architecture. The spectacular Kunlun Mountain and Tanggula Mountain, whose beauty is beyond words, are a feast for the eyes. Facing these magnificent sights, architects are doing their job with earnest reverence for nature. In the arm of Potatso Mountain, Tibetan courtyards harmoniously lie with the mountains, rivers and trees. They are communicating with nature, history and the future.□

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人/Principal in Charge: 莊惟敏/ZHUANG Weimin

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: 莊惟敏，張維，姜魁元，龔佳振，屈張等/ZHUANG Weimin, ZHANG Wei, JIANG Kuiyuan, GONG Jiazhen, QU Zhang, et al.

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 63,300m2

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 72,638m2

建筑高度/Height: 45m

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2010-2011

竣工時(shí)間/Completion: 2014

攝影/Photos: 姚力/YAO Li

6 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

7 南立面/South elevation

評(píng)論

湯朔寧：普措達(dá)澤山下的新建筑

在如今我國(guó)快速城市化進(jìn)程中，如何使新建建筑免于國(guó)際范式的同質(zhì)化影響，孕育與生俱來(lái)的氣質(zhì)并與環(huán)境相長(zhǎng)而生？玉樹(shù)州行政中心設(shè)計(jì)從玉樹(shù)地區(qū)特有的神山圣水人文地理環(huán)境入手，尊重高原藏地文化，打破了我國(guó)行政辦公建筑規(guī)模巨大、尺度恢宏、軸線對(duì)稱(chēng)等設(shè)計(jì)范式，以神山普措達(dá)澤山為背景，圣水瀾滄江發(fā)源之扎曲河為依托，將化整為零的行政中心之“宗山”建立在依據(jù)地形而建的層疊藏式院落的“雪域”之上，“須彌不動(dòng)住中央”的雪域宗山形象呼之欲出而又融入環(huán)境。玉樹(shù)州行政中心純凈潔白的柱廊、層層上升的臺(tái)地院落、臨水而設(shè)的開(kāi)放庭院構(gòu)成了不斷喚回歷史記憶的生活化場(chǎng)景，在莊重中更凸顯親民。建筑師對(duì)于藏族傳統(tǒng)文化的尊重也在細(xì)部中得到體現(xiàn)，邊瑪墻、梯形套窗、松格門(mén)框、玻璃尕層、吉祥圖案的鵝卵石、熠熠發(fā)光的金色拱柱與故址上精心留存的貴玉之樹(shù)，形成了印刻在記憶中的深深印記。在這里，場(chǎng)所精神根植于場(chǎng)地自然特征之上，時(shí)間與空間、人與自然、現(xiàn)世與歷史融合在一起的場(chǎng)景，成為了鐫刻著玉樹(shù)人思想與感情烙印的“心理文化地圖”。普措達(dá)澤山下的這一新建筑正如吉祥白月，照耀與保護(hù)著震后重生的玉樹(shù)。

Comments

TANG Shuoning: the new building at the foot of the Potatso Mountain

How do architects design buildings according to their inherent nature and maintain the existing appearance of their surroundings, while avoiding the global phenomena of assimilation and imitation which an urbanized China has generally followed? The Yushu Administrative Center has been designed based on Tibetan cultural characteristics, and shows respect for the Tibetan plateau culture. This design broke the routine of administrative building designs in China, typified by huge, magnificent and symmetrical masses. The Yushu Administrative Center utilized Potatso Mountain as a backdrop, and the center of the complex was built along the Zhaqu River, which is the source of the Mekong River. this approach allowed a decentralized government complex, or Dzong, which was built above the Tibetan-style courtyard, to sit atop a snowy land. In this way, the imagery of the Dzong in the snow is able to be vividly portrayed, yet allows it to fit well within its surrounding environment. It is like the Buddhist verse; "Sumeru remains firm but lies in the center".

the pure white colonnade, the terraced yard, and the open-plan courtyard of the Yushu Administrative Center creates a scene of local life, and also recalls a sense of the past and its rich history. the decision to include historic features in the design of this building endears it to the locals. The architects that were involved in this work paid reverence to the traditional Tibetan culture, and is reflected in the details of the design. Examples of this include Bianma grass walls, trapezoidal windows, latticed doorframes, traditional window lintels, auspicious patterns in the cobblestones, glittering golden buttresses, and carefully maintained and preserved trees. this emphasis and consideration for traditional design has the effect of imprinting itself into the people's consciousness.

the architect seeks to maintain the natural spirit, or genius loci, of this structure. Time and space, man and nature, and present and past have all been gathered together to draw a map of Yushu culture, imbued with the thoughts and emotions of the locals.

the new building at the foot of Potatso Mountain is like a bright moonlight, it illuminates and protects post-earthquake Yushu. (English translation by Dandan WANG)

8 入口門(mén)廊文化展廳/Cultural exhibition of entrance porch

9 鳥(niǎo)瞰/Bird's eye view

10 內(nèi)院/Courtyard

11 主樓廊柱/Porch of main building

12 剖面/Section

13 劈裂裝飾混凝土砌塊墻體/Splitting decorative concrete block wall