雷靖祎,常海霞,廖菽丹,馬鋒
遠(yuǎn)端缺血后處理對(duì)兔心臟缺血/再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制研究
雷靖祎,常海霞,廖菽丹,馬鋒
目的:觀察遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理對(duì)兔心臟缺血/再灌注損傷的作用,并探討其可能機(jī)制。
方法:36只健康新西蘭大白兔隨機(jī)分為6組(每組6只):假手術(shù)組、缺血對(duì)照組、缺血后處理組(MPostC組)、遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理組(RPostC組)、缺血后處理+5-羥葵酸組(MPostC + 5-HD組)、遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理+5-羥葵酸組(RPostC + 5-HD)。結(jié)扎左冠狀動(dòng)脈左室支45 min,再灌注120 min造模,結(jié)扎雙側(cè)髂外動(dòng)脈5 min骨骼肌短暫缺血。于缺血前、后及再灌注1 h、2 h觀察心功能指標(biāo)和肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)活力及心肌梗死范圍。
結(jié)果:(1)再灌注1 h、2 h后,MPostC組、RPostC組心功能指標(biāo)較缺血對(duì)照組明顯改善(P<0.05)。MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組分別較MPostC組、RPostC組改善不明顯(P<0.05);(2)再灌注2 h時(shí),MPostC組、RPostC組的CK、LDH活力均顯著低于缺血對(duì)照組(P均<0.05),MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組的CK、LDH活力分別較MPostC組、RPostC組明顯增高(P均<0.05);(3)缺血對(duì)照組的缺血范圍[缺血區(qū)重量/左心室重量(AAR/LVg),缺血區(qū)面積/左心室面積(AAR/LVs)]與其他5組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);MPostC組、RPostC組梗死范圍[梗死區(qū)重量/缺血區(qū)重量(AN/AARg)、梗死區(qū)面積/缺血區(qū)面積(AN/AARs)]均較缺血對(duì)照組明顯降低(P均<0.05),MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組分別與MPostC組、RPostC組比,梗死范圍均增加(P均<0.05)。MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組、缺血對(duì)照組的梗死范圍組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
結(jié)論:經(jīng)典的缺血后處理和遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理對(duì)心臟缺血/再灌注損傷均有明顯的保護(hù)作用,其共同的機(jī)制可能為線粒體ATP敏感鉀通道(MitoKATP)的激活。
遠(yuǎn)端缺血后處理;缺血/再灌注損傷;心臟保護(hù);ATP敏感性鉀通道
Methods: A total of 36 healthy New Zealand rabbits were divided into 6 groups: ①Sham group, ②Ischemic reperfusion control (CON) group,③Myocardial ischemic post-conditioning (MpostC) group,④Remote ischemic post-conditioning(RPostC) group, ⑤MPostC+5-HD group, ⑥RPostC+5-HD group. n=6 in each group. The ischemic reperfusion injury model was established by left ventricular descending artery occlusion for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min. Bilateral external iliac artery was occluded for 5 min to induce the short skeletal muscle ischemia. The indexes of cardiac function and plasma CK , LDH activities were measured at baseline, end of ischemia and 1, 2 h after reperfusion respectively, the sizes of myocardial infarction (MI) were examined and compared among different groups.
Results: ①Compared with CON group, the indexes of cardiac function were improved in MPostC and RPostC groups at 1, 2 h after reperfusion, P<0.05, and compared with MPostC group and RPostC group, the indexes of cardiac function were improved in MPostC+5-HD and RPostC+5-HD groups, P<0.05. ②Compared with CON group, plasma CK, LDH activities
were decreased in MPostC and RPostC groups at 2 h after reperfusion, P<0.05, and compared with MPostC group and RPostC group, the CK, LDH activities were increased in MPostC+5-HD and RPostC+5-HD groups, P<0.05. ③The ischemic ranges and areas were similar between CON group and the other 5 groups P>0.05. The MI ranges and areas in MPostC and RPostC groups were much less than that in CON group, P<0.05, and compared with MPostC group and RPostC group, the MI ranges and areas increased in MPostC+5-HD and RPostC+5-HD groups, P<0.05. The MI ranges and areas were similar between CON group and MPostC+5-HD, RPostC+5-HD groups, P>0.05.
Conclusion: Classical ischemic post-conditioning and remote organ ischemic post-conditioning both have protective effect on myocardial reperfusion injury in experimental rabbit, which might be related to the activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels.
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:699.)
組織細(xì)胞缺血一段時(shí)間,當(dāng)重新恢復(fù)血流灌注后,細(xì)胞功能代謝障礙及結(jié)構(gòu)反而較恢復(fù)血流灌注前加重,器官功能進(jìn)一步惡化,這稱為缺血/再灌注損傷(Ischemia/reperfusion injury, I/RI)。隨著溶栓、介入治療的廣泛應(yīng)用,I/RI已經(jīng)成為臨床普遍存在的器官損傷現(xiàn)象。Zhao等[1]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血后處理(Ischemic postconditioning,IPTC)具有明顯縮小心肌梗死面積、抗再灌注心律失常、改善心肌舒縮功能、抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡等作用,可以明顯減輕心臟I/RI,因其彌補(bǔ)了缺血預(yù)處理在干預(yù)時(shí)間上的不足,越來越引起研究者的關(guān)注。進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)端器官如腎臟、小腸、骨骼肌等的缺血后處理,均可以減輕I/RI而產(chǎn)生心肌保護(hù)作用,特別是骨骼肌遠(yuǎn)端缺血后處理因其簡單方便日益為學(xué)者所重視[2]。然而,遠(yuǎn)端器官IPTC對(duì)于I/RI發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制目前仍不完全明了,本試驗(yàn)旨在通過骨骼肌遠(yuǎn)端缺血后處理觀察其對(duì)兔心臟I/RI的影響,及對(duì)其可能的機(jī)制進(jìn)行探討。
實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物:36只健康雄性新西蘭大白兔(解放軍第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供),體重2.5~3.0 kg,隨機(jī)分成6組,每組6只。假手術(shù)組:手術(shù)開胸暴露心臟左冠狀動(dòng)脈的左室支,只穿線,不結(jié)扎;缺血對(duì)照組:左室支結(jié)扎45 min,后再灌注2 h;心肌缺血后處理組(MPostC組):在心肌缺血末再灌注開始時(shí),對(duì)結(jié)扎的左室支給予開通30 s再閉塞30 s,循環(huán)3次,后再灌注2 h;遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理組(RPostC組):分離雙側(cè)髂外動(dòng)脈,在心肌缺血末再灌注開始前12 min,用動(dòng)脈夾夾閉雙側(cè)髂外動(dòng)脈,行缺血5 min后在開通1 min,循環(huán)2次,并于心肌再灌注時(shí)同時(shí)松開雙側(cè)髂外動(dòng)脈,與心肌同時(shí)灌注2 h;心肌缺血后處理組+5-羥葵酸組(MPostC + 5-HD組):在心肌缺血末再灌注開始時(shí),在給予缺血后處理的同時(shí),經(jīng)左心室導(dǎo)管給予線粒體三磷酸腺苷(ATP)敏感鉀通道(mitoKATP)特異性阻滯劑5-HD(美國Sigma公司) 5 mg/kg,余同心肌缺血后處理組;遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理組+5-羥葵酸組(RPostC + 5-HD組):在心肌缺血末再灌注開始時(shí),在給予遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理的同時(shí),經(jīng)左心室導(dǎo)管給予5-HD 5 mg/kg,余同遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理組。
心肌梗死模型制備:3%戊巴比妥納30 mg/kg麻醉,氣管插管,接小動(dòng)物呼吸機(jī),左頸總動(dòng)脈插管監(jiān)測血壓、心率,心電圖機(jī)記錄心電圖。小止血鉗夾斷3、4肋軟骨,開胸暴露心包,剪開心包找出左冠狀動(dòng)脈的左室支,左心耳到心尖連線的中點(diǎn)處,5-0針線縫扎左室支,內(nèi)徑0.5 cm的硅膠管套線,束緊后止血鉗夾緊線,觀察心肌顏色,中心缺血區(qū)由紅色變暗灰色,缺血區(qū)周邊有暗紅色的充血帶,心電圖出現(xiàn)明顯的T波高尖、ST段上抬,提示心肌缺血。阻斷前給予肝素500 U/kg,缺血45 min后,松開夾線鉗(但不抽出絲線),心肌缺血區(qū)有充血反應(yīng),再灌注2 h,I/RI損傷模型建立。
雙下肢骨骼肌缺血的制備:制作心肌梗死模型前,2%利多卡因局麻雙側(cè)腹股溝區(qū),分離髂外動(dòng)脈,應(yīng)用動(dòng)脈夾同時(shí)夾閉雙側(cè)髂外動(dòng)脈固定位置,通過遠(yuǎn)端動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)消失及恢復(fù)反映下肢I(xiàn)/RI情況。
檢測指標(biāo):(1)心功能指標(biāo):左頸總動(dòng)脈插管入左心室,連接信號(hào)處理系統(tǒng),在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)(基線、心肌缺血45 min及再灌注1 h、再灌注2 h)描記心電圖、心率、左心室收縮壓(LVSP)及左心室舒張末
期壓力(LVEDP);(2)血清肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)活性測定:分別于結(jié)扎冠狀動(dòng)脈前、缺血45 min、再灌注1 h、再灌注2 h,從左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈采血5 ml,3 500 r/min離心10 min分離血清,按照試劑盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)要求測CK、LDH活力水平。(3)心肌缺血、梗死程度:再灌注2 h后,重新結(jié)扎冠狀動(dòng)脈,頸靜脈注入4 ml 2%(w/v)伊文氏蘭,2 min后將心臟剪下,-20℃冰凍1 h后,切成1.0~1.5 mm厚的薄片,置于1% 氯化三苯四唑(TTC)中,37℃溫育15 min,用數(shù)碼相機(jī)拍攝心臟切面。用Optimas軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)心肌壞死區(qū)(白色)、缺血區(qū)(紅色和白色)和非缺血區(qū)(藍(lán)色)面積。吸干水分后稱取各區(qū)重量,以重量和面積評(píng)價(jià)心肌缺血及梗死程度。缺血程度用缺血區(qū)重量/左心室重量(AAR/LVg)、缺血區(qū)面積/左心室面積(AAR/ LVs)表示;梗死程度用梗死區(qū)重量/缺血區(qū)重量(AN/AARg)、梗死區(qū)面積/缺血區(qū)面積(AN/AARs)表示。
2.1 6組大白兔不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)心功能指標(biāo)的變化(表1、2)
基線、缺血時(shí)、再灌注時(shí),6組大白兔的心率差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。基線時(shí)(缺血前)6組大白兔的LVSP和LVEDP差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。缺血45 min時(shí),與假手術(shù)組比,其他5組LVSP均顯著下降 、LVEDP顯著升高(P均<0.05)。再灌注1 h、2 h后,MPostC組、RPostC組LVSP較缺血對(duì)照組明顯增高,LVEDP明顯降低(P均<0.05)。MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組分別較MPostC組、RPostC組LVSP明顯降低,LVEDP明顯升高(P均<0.05)。
表1 6組大白兔不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的心率變化比較
表1 6組大白兔不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的心率變化比較
注:MPostC:心肌缺血后處理;RPostC:遠(yuǎn)端肢體缺血后處理; 5-HD:5-羥葵酸
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表2 6組大白兔不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的左心室收縮壓和左心室舒張末期壓力的比較(
表2 6組大白兔不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的左心室收縮壓和左心室舒張末期壓力的比較(
注:與假手術(shù)組比*P<0. 05;與缺血對(duì)照組比△P<0. 05;與MPostC組比▲P<0. 05 ;與RPostC組比#P<0. 05。余注見表1
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2.2 6組大白兔不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清肌酸激酶及乳酸脫氫酶活力比較(表3)
基線和缺血45 min時(shí),6組大白兔CK、LDH活力差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。再灌注1 h、2 h時(shí),與假手術(shù)組比較,其他5組大白兔CK、LDH活力均顯著升高(P均<0.05);再灌注2 h時(shí),MPostC、RPostC 組的CK、LDH活力均顯著低于缺血對(duì)照組(P均<0.05)。再灌注2 h時(shí),MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組大白兔的CK、LDH活力分別較MPostC組、RPostC明顯增高(P均<0.05),MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組與缺血對(duì)照組間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.3 6組大白兔心肌缺血程度和梗死程度的比較(表4)
6組大白兔心肌缺血程度(AAR/LVg、AAR/ LVs)的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。MPostC組、RPostC組與缺血對(duì)照組比,梗死程度(AN/AARg、AN/AARs)均明顯降低(P均<0.05)。MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組的梗死程度(AN/AARg、AN/AARs)分別較MPostC組、RPostC組明顯增高(P<0.05),MPostC+5-HD組、RPostC+5-HD組、缺血對(duì)照組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
表3 6組大白兔不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脫氫酶活力比較
表3 6組大白兔不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脫氫酶活力比較
注:與假手術(shù)組比*P<0. 05;與缺血對(duì)照組比△P<0. 05;與MPostC組比▲P<0. 05 ;與RPostC組比#P<0. 05。余注見表1
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表4 6組大白兔心肌缺血程度和梗死程度的比較
表4 6組大白兔心肌缺血程度和梗死程度的比較
注:與缺血對(duì)照組比*P<0. 05;與MPostC組比△P<0. 05 ;與RPostC組比▲P<0. 05。-:無;余注見表1
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心肌缺血發(fā)生后,盡早開通閉塞血管,恢復(fù)缺血心肌有效的灌注,是限制和縮小梗死面積、改善預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵,然而I/RI卻嚴(yán)重影響了血管開通的治療效果。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血預(yù)處理和缺血后處理可以使心肌細(xì)胞耐受更長時(shí)間的缺血/再灌注所導(dǎo)致的損傷,是有效的內(nèi)源性心肌保護(hù)策略。其中缺血后處理彌補(bǔ)了缺血預(yù)處理在干預(yù)時(shí)間上的不足,而遠(yuǎn)端器官的缺血后處理,因其操作起來簡單方便,更加為學(xué)者所重視。
2003年,Zhao等[1]以采用夾閉犬前降支60 min后再灌注的方法,建立在體急性心肌梗死模型,于再灌注開始即刻對(duì)夾閉的血管進(jìn)行30 s再灌注/30 s缺血,交替3次,之后持續(xù)再灌注3 h,發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌梗死比例和血漿CK活性明顯降低,與缺血預(yù)處理組相比無顯著差異,初步證實(shí)了缺血后處理能夠改善再灌注心臟功能,減少梗死面積。2005年,Kerendi等[2,3]通過再灌注前阻斷腎動(dòng)脈及復(fù)流,減少了大鼠缺血再灌注心肌的梗死面積達(dá)50%,由此提出遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理的概念。由于四肢對(duì)缺血耐受性好,且容易觀察缺血程度及方便實(shí)施缺血處理,因此較腎臟更具臨床應(yīng)用前景。
我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)采用阻斷兔左室支造模,分別給予經(jīng)典缺血后處理和骨骼肌缺血后處理的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)不論是采用經(jīng)典的缺血后處理還是遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理(骨骼?。?,對(duì)I/RI均能產(chǎn)生明顯的心臟保護(hù)作用,表現(xiàn)在:(1)心功能方面:再灌注1 h后,缺血后處理組和遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理組心功能指標(biāo)均較缺血對(duì)照組明顯改善,且作用持續(xù)到再灌注2 h后;(2)心肌酶方面:缺血后處理組和遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理組血漿CK及LDH活力于再灌注1 h及2 h的變化趨勢均較缺血對(duì)照組明顯降低;(3)心肌梗死面積方面:與缺血對(duì)照組相比,不論是經(jīng)典的缺血后處理還是遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理均能顯著降低心肌梗死面積,而且兩者間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。而且我們發(fā)現(xiàn),不論是經(jīng)典的缺血后處理還是遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理其對(duì)I/RI所產(chǎn)生明顯的心臟保護(hù)作用均被mitoKATP阻滯劑5-HD所阻斷,提示mitoKATP在缺血后處理心肌保護(hù)機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用。
目前認(rèn)為缺血后處理產(chǎn)生心臟保護(hù)作用是通過再灌注損傷補(bǔ)救酶通路(RISK)來完成的,它可能抑制線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換孔(mPTP)的開放進(jìn)而減少心肌細(xì)胞的壞死[3],后者在再灌注開始時(shí)開放,能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡和加速細(xì)胞死亡進(jìn)程。缺血后處理通過激活阿片樣物質(zhì)及選擇性阿片受體、釋放內(nèi)源性腺苷、減少氧自由基生成、增加內(nèi)源性一氧化氮產(chǎn)生、減少炎癥因子釋放以及下調(diào)組織因子表達(dá)等作用,激活細(xì)胞膜受體,進(jìn)而激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶—絲/蘇氨酸激酶(PI3-Alt)[4,5]和細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)兩條再灌注損傷補(bǔ)救激酶途徑[6,7]。在這一過程中,腺苷、阿片類物質(zhì)和緩激肽是主要作用物質(zhì),mPTP的開放是導(dǎo)致再灌注細(xì)胞死亡的關(guān)鍵因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),mitoKATP的激活開放在減輕I/RI中扮演重要角色,其激活后能夠關(guān)閉mPTP[8],進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞色素C、凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子、核酸內(nèi)切酶等,從而抑制線粒體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡通路的激活[9-11];此外mitoKATP的激活使K+內(nèi)流增加,降低了線粒體膜電
位差,減少Ca2+內(nèi)流,減輕了線粒體Ca2+超載和基質(zhì)水腫,減輕心肌能量代謝障礙,減少自由基的生成,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)心肌保護(hù)作用[12-14]。
對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理目前研究較少,其保護(hù)作用的確切機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,有研究表明非選擇性的腺苷受體阻滯劑8-SPT可以抑制腎動(dòng)脈缺血后適應(yīng)的保護(hù)作用[2]。Loukogeoragakis等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),健側(cè)肢體的短時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)隔缺血后處理可以保護(hù)人類傷側(cè)肢體的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能,而非選擇性KATP抑制劑格列本脲阻斷其作用,提示KATP在遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理中發(fā)揮重要作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),5-HD可以阻斷不論是經(jīng)典的缺血后處理還是遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理的心臟保護(hù)作用,從而說明缺血后處理和遠(yuǎn)隔器官缺血后處理均通過激活mitoKATP這一機(jī)制發(fā)揮心臟保護(hù)作用。
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Protective Effect and its Mechanism for Remote Ischemic Post-conditioning in Myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion Injury in Experimental Rabbits
LEI Jing-yi, CHANG Hai-xia, LIAO Shu-dan, MA Feng.
Department of Cardiology, Xi’an Central Hospital, Xi’an (710003), Shaanxi, China
Objective: To observe the protective effect of ischemic post-conditioning on myocardial reperfusion injury with the potential mechanism in experimental rabbits.
Remote post-conditioning; Ischemia/reperfusion injury; Cardiac protection; ATP-sensitive potassium channels
2014-10-12)
(編輯:許 菁)
710003 陜西省,西安市中心醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科
雷靖祎 副主任醫(yī)師 碩士 主要從事冠心病及心律失常介入治療 Email:807310866@qq.com 通訊作者:雷靖祎
R54
A
1000-3614(2015)07-0699-05
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2015.07.020